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Hua JT, Cool CD, Green FHY. Pathology and Mineralogy of the Pneumoconioses. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:327-339. [PMID: 36972614 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pneumoconioses represent the spectrum of lung diseases caused by inhalation of respirable particulate matter small enough (typically <5-µm diameter) to reach the terminal airways and alveoli. Pneumoconioses primarily occur in occupational settings where workers perform demanding and skilled manual labor including mining, construction, stone fabrication, farming, plumbing, electronics manufacturing, shipyards, and more. Most pneumoconioses develop after decades of exposure, though shorter latencies can occur from more intense particulate matter exposures. In this review, we summarize the industrial exposures, pathologic findings, and mineralogic features of various well-characterized pneumoconioses including silicosis, silicatosis, mixed-dust pneumoconiosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, chronic beryllium disease, aluminosis, hard metal pneumoconiosis, and some less severe pneumoconioses. We also review a general framework for the diagnostic work-up of pneumoconioses for pulmonologists including obtaining a detailed occupational and environmental exposure history. Many pneumoconioses are irreversible and develop due to excessive cumulative respirable dust inhalation. Accurate diagnosis permits interventions to minimize ongoing fibrogenic dust exposure. A consistent occupational exposure history coupled with typical chest imaging findings is usually sufficient to make a clinical diagnosis without the need for tissue sampling. Lung biopsy may be required when exposure history, imaging, and testing are inconsistent, there are unusual or new exposures, or there is a need to obtain tissue for another indication such as suspected malignancy. Close collaboration and information-sharing with the pathologist prior to biopsy is of great importance for diagnosis, as many occupational lung diseases are missed due to insufficient communication. The pathologist has a broad range of analytic techniques including bright-field microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and special histologic stains that may confirm the diagnosis. Advanced techniques for particle characterization such as scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy may be available in some centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Hua
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carlyne D Cool
- Division of Pathology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Francis H Y Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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D’Angelo T, Arico FM, Broccio L, Ascenti G, Mazziotti S, Booz C, Martin SS, Yel I, Lanzafame LRM, Blandino A, Sofia C. Multi-Contrast Differentiation by Dual-Energy Spectral CT Angiography in a Patient with Pulmonary Barium Granulomas. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050832. [PMID: 36899976 PMCID: PMC10000742 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Barium inhalation usually relates to accidental aspiration during radiological procedures with an oral contrast agent. When present, barium lung deposits are visible as high-density opacities on chest X-ray or CT scan due to high atomic number, and they may be indistinguishable from calcifications. Dual-layer spectral CT has shown good material differentiation capabilities, due to its increased high-Z element range and smaller spectral separation between low- and high-energy spectral data. We present the case of a 17-year-old female with a history of tracheoesophageal fistula, who underwent chest CT angiography on a dual-layer spectral platform. Despite the close Z numbers and K-edge energy levels of the two different contrast materials, spectral CT was able to identify barium lung deposits from a previous swallowing study and to clearly distinguish them from calcium and the surrounding iodine-containing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso D’Angelo
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Francesco M. Arico
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (T.D.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Lydia Broccio
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ascenti
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvio Mazziotti
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Christian Booz
- Division of Experimental Imaging, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simon S. Martin
- Division of Experimental Imaging, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Yel
- Division of Experimental Imaging, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ludovica R. M. Lanzafame
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Alfredo Blandino
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Sofia
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, BIOMORF Department, University Hospital “Policlinico G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy
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Pathak H, Patel D. Barium sulphate aspiration. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2021; 51:69-70. [PMID: 33877141 DOI: 10.4997/jrcpe.2021.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pathak
- Tricolour Hospitals, Dr Vikram Sarabhai Road, Vadivadi, Vadodara, Gujarat 390007, India,
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Omole JG, Alabi QK, Aturamu A, Adefisayo MA, Oluwayomi O, Dada MB, Ige MS. Barium chloride dose-dependently induced heart and lung injury in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:1303-1312. [PMID: 31407482 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Barium (Ba) is one of the environmental pollutant metals that incite deleterious effects on human health. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to different doses of barium chloride (BaCl2 ) on heart and lung of Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to BaCl2 at 150, 300, and 600 mg/L for seven consecutive days. Results indicated that exposure to Ba caused heart and lung damage evidenced by significant increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level decreased when compared with control. Moreover, BaCl2 significantly decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetylcholinesterase activities as well as glutathione level in heart and lung of the treated rats. Furthermore, the dose-dependent increase in cardiac and lung lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidative protein product and nitric oxide levels were accompanied by marked increase in metallothionein in the BaCl2 -treated rats. Administration of BaCl2 altered hematological parameters and significantly increased concentrations of interleukin-6 in the treated rats. Histology analysis showed significant alteration in the heart and lung tissues of Ba-treated rats. In conclusion, BaCl2 -induced heart and lung damages via disruption of antioxidant defense systems, and activation of inflammatory mediators and alteration in hematological parameters in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Omole
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Quadri K Alabi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Aturamu
- Health Center College of Education, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Modinat A Adefisayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Oludare Oluwayomi
- Health Center College of Education, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Moses B Dada
- General Hospital, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Mokolade S Ige
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Alqurashi MM, Alshammari MA, Al-Jahdali H. Barium aspiration through a tracheo-oesophageal fistula caused by percutaneous tracheostomy. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-220486. [PMID: 28747413 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamdan Al-Jahdali
- Division of Pulmonary Services, Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Loza K, Föhring I, Bünger J, Westphal GA, Köller M, Epple M, Sengstock C. Barium sulfate micro- and nanoparticles as bioinert reference material in particle toxicology. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1492-1502. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1235740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Isabell Föhring
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany, and
| | - Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany, and
| | - Götz A. Westphal
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany, and
| | - Manfred Köller
- Bergmannsheil University Hospital/Surgical Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany,
| | - Christina Sengstock
- Bergmannsheil University Hospital/Surgical Research, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Farsalinos KE, Voudris V, Poulas K. Are metals emitted from electronic cigarettes a reason for health concern? A risk-assessment analysis of currently available literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:5215-32. [PMID: 25988311 PMCID: PMC4454963 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have found that metals are emitted to the electronic cigarette (EC) aerosol. However, the potential health impact of exposure to such metals has not been adequately defined. The purpose of this study was to perform a risk assessment analysis, evaluating the exposure of electronic cigarette (EC) users to metal emissions based on findings from the published literature. METHODS Two studies were found in the literature, measuring metals emitted to the aerosol from 13 EC products. We estimated that users take on average 600 EC puffs per day, but we evaluated the daily exposure from 1200 puffs. Estimates of exposure were compared with the chronic Permissible Daily Exposure (PDE) from inhalational medications defined by the U.S. Pharmacopeia (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel), the Minimal Risk Level (MRL) defined by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (manganese) and the Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) defined by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (aluminum, barium, iron, tin, titanium, zinc and zirconium). RESULTS The average daily exposure from 13 EC products was 2.6 to 387 times lower than the safety cut-off point of PDEs, 325 times lower than the safety limit of MRL and 665 to 77,514 times lower than the safety cut-off point of RELs. Only one of the 13 products was found to result in exposure 10% higher than PDE for one metal (cadmium) at the extreme daily use of 1200 puffs. Significant differences in emissions between products were observed. CONCLUSIONS Based on currently available data, overall exposure to metals from EC use is not expected to be of significant health concern for smokers switching to EC use, but is an unnecessary source of exposure for never-smokers. Metal analysis should be expanded to more products and exposure can be further reduced through improvements in product quality and appropriate choice of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26500, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Voudris
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece.
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Li X, Lü ZR, Wang W, Han XP, Yang JM, Park YD, Zhou HM, Sheng Q, Lee J. Effect of Ba2+ on the activity and structure of α-glucosidase: Inhibition kinetics and molecular dynamics simulation. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Konduru N, Keller J, Ma-Hock L, Gröters S, Landsiedel R, Donaghey TC, Brain JD, Wohlleben W, Molina RM. Biokinetics and effects of barium sulfate nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:55. [PMID: 25331813 PMCID: PMC4219084 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticulate barium sulfate has potential novel applications and wide use in the polymer and paint industries. A short-term inhalation study on barium sulfate nanoparticles (BaSO₄ NPs) was previously published [Part Fibre Toxicol 11:16, 2014]. We performed comprehensive biokinetic studies of ¹³¹BaSO₄ NPs administered via different routes and of acute and subchronic pulmonary responses to instilled or inhaled BaSO₄ in rats. METHODS We compared the tissue distribution of ¹³¹Ba over 28 days after intratracheal (IT) instillation, and over 7 days after gavage and intravenous (IV) injection of ¹³¹BaSO₄. Rats were exposed to 50 mg/m³ BaSO₄ aerosol for 4 or 13 weeks (6 h/day, 5 consecutive days/week), and then gross and histopathologic, blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid analyses were performed. BAL fluid from instilled rats was also analyzed. RESULTS Inhaled BaSO₄ NPs showed no toxicity after 4-week exposure, but a slight neutrophil increase in BAL after 13-week exposure was observed. Lung burden of inhaled BaSO₄ NPs after 4-week exposure (0.84 ± 0.18 mg/lung) decreased by 95% over 34 days. Instilled BaSO₄ NPs caused dose-dependent inflammatory responses in the lungs. Instilled BaSO₄ NPs (0.28 mg/lung) was cleared with a half-life of ≈ 9.6 days. Translocated ¹³¹Ba from the lungs was predominantly found in the bone (29%). Only 0.15% of gavaged dose was detected in all organs at 7 days. IV-injected ¹³¹BaSO₄ NPs were predominantly localized in the liver, spleen, lungs and bone at 2 hours, but redistributed from the liver to bone over time. Fecal excretion was the dominant elimination pathway for all three routes of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary exposure to instilled BaSO₄ NPs caused dose-dependent lung injury and inflammation. Four-week and 13-week inhalation exposures to a high concentration (50 mg/m³) of BaSO₄ NPs elicited minimal pulmonary response and no systemic effects. Instilled and inhaled BaSO₄ NPs were cleared quickly yet resulted in higher tissue retention than when ingested. Particle dissolution is a likely mechanism. Injected BaSO₄ NPs localized in the reticuloendothelial organs and redistributed to the bone over time. BaSO₄ NP exhibited lower toxicity and biopersistence in the lungs compared to other poorly soluble NPs such as CeO₂ and TiO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjun Konduru
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jana Keller
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Donaghey
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Joseph D Brain
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, GV/TB - Z470, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany.
| | - Ramon M Molina
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Kravchenko J, Darrah TH, Miller RK, Lyerly HK, Vengosh A. A review of the health impacts of barium from natural and anthropogenic exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:797-814. [PMID: 24844320 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing public awareness of the relatively new and expanded industrial barium uses which are potential sources of human exposure (e.g., a shale gas development that causes an increased awareness of environmental exposures to barium). However, absorption of barium in exposed humans and a full spectrum of its health effects, especially among chronically exposed to moderate and low doses of barium populations, remain unclear. We suggest a systematic literature review (from 1875 to 2014) on environmental distribution of barium, its bioaccumulation, and potential and proven health impacts (in animal models and humans) to provide the information that can be used for optimization of future experimental and epidemiological studies and developing of mitigative and preventive strategies to minimize negative health effects in exposed populations. The potential health effects of barium exposure are largely based on animal studies, while epidemiological data for humans, specifically for chronic low-level exposures, are sparse. The reported health effects include cardiovascular and kidney diseases, metabolic, neurological, and mental disorders. Age, race, dietary patterns, behavioral risks (e.g., smoking), use of medications (those that interfere with absorbed barium in human organism), and specific physiological status (e.g., pregnancy) can modify barium effects on human health. Identifying, evaluating, and predicting the health effects of chronic low-level and moderate-level barium exposures in humans is challenging: Future research is needed to develop an understanding of barium bioaccumulation in order to mitigate its potential health impacts in various exposured populations. Further, while occupationally exposed at-risk populations exist, it is also important to identify potentially vulnerable subgroups among non-occupationally exposed populations (e.g., elderly, pregnant women, children) who are at higher risk of barium exposure from drinking water and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kravchenko
- Division of Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,
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Bhoelan BS, Stevering CH, van der Boog ATJ, van der Heyden MAG. Barium toxicity and the role of the potassium inward rectifier current. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014; 52:584-93. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2014.923903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jackson M, Kapur N, Goyal V, Choo K, Sarikwal A, Masters IB, Isles AF. Barium aspiration in an infant: a case report and review of management. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:37. [PMID: 24818122 PMCID: PMC4013468 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of bilateral inhalation of barium in an infant following a barium swallow for investigation of dusky spells associated with feeds. A bronchoscopy subsequently revealed the presence of a mid-tracheal tracheo-esophageal cleft. To date, little has been reported on barium aspiration in children and there is no consensus for management. We review the literature on barium aspiration, its consequences, and make recommendations for management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jackson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - N Kapur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; The Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - V Goyal
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; The Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - K Choo
- University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - A Sarikwal
- University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Children's Hospital , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - I B Masters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; The Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Alan F Isles
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland Children's Respiratory Centre , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; The Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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LeGalley E, Krekeler MPS. A mineralogical and geochemical investigation of street sediment near a coal-fired power plant in Hamilton, Ohio: an example of complex pollution and cause for community health concerns. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 176:26-35. [PMID: 23395990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Hamilton Municipal Electric Plant is a 125 MW coal-fired power plant, owned and operated by the City of Hamilton in Butler County, Ohio. The plant is located within 110 m of 50 homes. Bulk chemical investigation of street sediment near these homes indicates average concentrations of 25 ppm Cr, 40 ppm Cu, 15 ppm Ni, 215 ppm Pb, and 500 ppm Zn. Lead and Zn have maximum concentrations of 1207 ppm and 1512 ppm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy indicates coal ash spherules are present in the street sediment as well as a variety of Pb, Ni, Cr, W, and BaSO4 particulates. Transmission electron microscopy indicates heavy metals are sorbed onto clay particles with some preference for illite over chlorite. This investigation shows bulk chemistry and electron microscopy approaches are very effective tools to investigate particulate pollutants and identify contexts in complex urban settings involving coal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin LeGalley
- Department of Geology & Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Abstract
Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation. Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization. This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steve Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE MS F-44 Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Risk and Significance of Chest Radiograph and Pulmonary Function Abnormalities in an Elderly Cohort of Former Nuclear Weapons Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:1046-53. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318229aaff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dallas CE, Williams PL. Barium: rationale for a new oral reference dose. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2001; 4:395-429. [PMID: 11695044 DOI: 10.1080/109374001753146216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has an established oral reference dose (RfD) value for Ba of 0.07 mg Ba/kg/d based on a 1984 investigation that reported hypertension. In this study, the toxicological data for Ba has been reevaluated and a revised oral RfD is proposed. The toxicokinetic, acute, and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive animal studies as well as epidemiological and occupational health human studies for Ba exposure were reviewed for applicability to an oral RfD. The available human studies have some utility but suffer from either a small population size, a short exposure regimen, or difficulties in identifying definitive Ba exposure in the study population. As a result, the available long-term animal studies were found to be more appropriate for the RfD derivation. A dose-response assessment of no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values determined that kidney effects are the most sensitive endpoint for adverse health effects related to chronic soluble Ba ingestion in mammals. The most complete animal studies were conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP, 1994) and the lowest species NOAELs were 75 mg Ba/kg/d in male mice and 60 mg Ba/kg/d for male rats. The male rats were identified to be the most sensitive population tested and their NOAEL value was selected for extrapolation to an oral RfD. Application of overall uncertainty factors to the lowest NOAEL value from a chronic animal study of either 90 (based on an approach proposed by Dourson, 1994) or the generally accepted 100 results in an oral RfD of 0.66 mg Ba/kg/d or 0.6 mg Ba/kg/d, respectively. It is proposed to use the more conservative value of 0.6 mg Ba/kg/d. This reassessment results in nearly an order of magnitude increase in the U.S. EPA oral RfD for Ba.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Dallas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Peão MN, Aguas AP, de Sá CM, Grande NR. Inflammatory response of the lung to tungsten particles: an experimental study in mice submitted to intratracheal instillation of a calcium tungstate powder. Lung 1993; 171:187-201. [PMID: 8341086 DOI: 10.1007/bf00203719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten has been implicated as a cause of a severe form of pneumoconiosis in humans, the so-called "hard metal" lung disease. We have investigated the effect of intratracheal instillation of a powder of calcium tungstate on the pulmonary tissue of CD-1 mice. The tungsten-induced alterations were studied using 3 microanatomical methods: cytologic study of exudates obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); histologic examination of paraffin-embedded sections of the lung; and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of lung samples using x-ray microanalysis to detect tungsten in situ. The animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after a single intratracheal instillation of 250 micrograms calcium tungstate particles suspended in 100 microliters of saline. We found that the metal particles induced a marked inflammatory response in the bronchoalveolar space characterized by a biphasic attraction of leukocytes with cellular peaks observed at day 1 and 14. More than 50% of the BAL macrophages showed ingested tungsten. In the lung parenchyma, the inflammatory infiltrates were predominantly located at the periphery of the bronchiolar walls. From 7 days on after the tungsten deposition, large inflammatory exudates were seen invading focal areas of the alveolar domain of the lung. SEM views revealed that the tungsten particles could be inside alveolar macrophages, in cells making up the alveolar wall, or inside periacinar lymphatics. Our data document that tungsten particles cause a marked inflammatory response in the lung tissue and that the leukocyte exudates may invade alveolar areas of the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Peão
- Department of Anatomy, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Four men who mined barytes in Scotland and who developed pneumoconiosis are described. Three developed progressive massive fibrosis, from which two died; and one developed a nodular simple pneumoconiosis after leaving the industry. The radiological and pathological features of the men's lungs were those of silicosis and high proportions of quartz were found in two of them post mortem. The quartz was inhaled from rocks associated with the barytes in the mines. The features of silicosis in barium miners are contrasted with the benign pneumoconiosis, baritosis, that occurs in workers exposed to crushed and ground insoluble barium salts. Diagnostic difficulties arise when silicosis develops in workers mining minerals known to cause a separate and benign pneumoconiosis. These difficulties are compounded when, as not infrequently happens, the silicotic lesions develop or progress after exposure to quartz has ceased.
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Abstract
The histochemistry of barium was investigated with particular reference to the use of sodium rhodizonate. It was found that not all batches of sodium rhodizonate were able to effect satisfactory visualisation of barium deposits. None of the other histological parameters considered gave a consistent indication of the presence of barium.
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