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Lesueur FEK, Torregrossa H, Gomajee R, Bolze C, Melchior M. Sex differences in cigarette brand purchases among adult smokers: results from the DePICT national repeated survey of French adults (2016-2017). THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2021; 22:223-228. [PMID: 33386472 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-020-01244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tobacco industry has been reported to employ sex-specific marketing strategies, which include different types of tobacco packaging, publicity, as well as price strategies. We examined whether characteristics associated with the purchase of more expensive cigarette brands varied by sex, in the context of the introduction of plain tobacco packaging and the strengthening of tobacco control policies in France. METHODS Our study population consists of 1380 regular smokers of manufactured cigarettes from the DePICT study, a nation-wide two-wave survey of French adults aged 18-64 years. Participants were interviewed by telephone in 2016 and 2017. Factors associated with the use of more vs. less expensive cigarette brands were determined by multivariable logistic regression stratified by sex. RESULTS Several sex-specific factors were associated with the purchase of more expensive cigarette brands. In women, those factors included higher education, cannabis use, and no use of roll-your-own tobacco. While in men purchase of more expensive cigarette brands was linked to younger age, being born outside of France, living with a non-smoker, and attachment to the cigarette brand. DISCUSSION Factors which predict tobacco purchase patterns are different in women and men, highlighting the need for sex-specific tobacco control initiatives to counter the tobacco industry's gendered marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne El-Khoury Lesueur
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Hugo Torregrossa
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Ramchandar Gomajee
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Camille Bolze
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Department of Social Epidemiology, 75012, Paris, France
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Zare S, Zheng Y. Consumer Preferences for E-cigarette Flavor, Nicotine Strength, and Type: Evidence from Nielsen Scanner Data. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 23:823-828. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Many countries regulate e-cigarette attributes such as flavors and nicotine strength. Despite a large literature on consumer preferences for e-cigarette attributes, none used consumer-level longitudinal purchase data. We therefore use a unique large dataset on U.S. adults' e-cigarette purchases as to gain insight into real-world consumer choices and purchasing patterns.
Methods
A total of 7098 purchase transactions, made by 1239 households on e-cigarette from various retail outlets for 2013 through 2017, were collected from Nielsen scanner data. We then apply an innovative multinomial logit model to examine which factors affected adult choices over 23 e-cigarettes products broken down by eight brands, three flavors, three nicotine strength levels, and two types.
Results
We found that tobacco flavor, medium nicotine strength (12< mg/ml ≤18), or disposables lead to higher adult purchases and such preference can vary over cigarette smoking status, purchase frequency, gender, race, and age. Specifically, smokers tend to purchase tobacco flavor, non-smokers or female vapers tend to purchase medium strength, and infrequent vapers tend to purchase disposables. Vapers are quite responsive to e-cigarette prices and also display loyalty (inertia) to e-cigarette brands, flavor, and nicotine strength.
Conclusions
When modeled together, e-cigarette flavors, strength, type, price, and previous choice were all found to influence vapers' current purchase decision in the actual retail environment.
Implications
The evidence presented here indicates that the impacts of certain restrictions on e-cigarette attributes, such as a flavor ban or maximum level of nicotine content, might have heterogeneous impacts on adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Zare
- School of Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, Population, & Public Health, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Haggart K, Hoek J, Blank ML. Flavor Capsule Variants' Performance in a "Dark Market": Implications for Standardized Packaging. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:853-856. [PMID: 30060215 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By increasing excise taxes, eliminating tobacco marketing, and requiring standardized (plain) packaging of tobacco products, governments internationally have reduced smoking's allure. Yet product innovations, such as flavor capsule variants (FCVs), remain unregulated and may appeal to non-smokers. We examined the growth of FCVs in a country with a progressive policy environment. METHODS Each year, New Zealand tobacco companies must provide details of the number of cigarette sticks released for each brand and variant to the Ministry of Health. We used this information to analyze FCVs' performance for British American Tobacco (BAT) and Philip Morris International (PMI), which account for a large proportion of New Zealand tobacco sales. We report the quantity released of each variant and share of parent brand portfolio, and examine growth patterns within the premium, everyday, and value market subsections. RESULTS BAT introduced FCVs in 2012 and by 2014 offered FCVs in all market subsections; PMI introduced a Marlboro FCV in 2014. FCVs grew rapidly relative to unflavored variants and, by 2017, represented nearly 10% of BAT's product portfolio and more than 3% of PMI's product portfolio. By 2017, FCVs accounted for more than a third of the Dunhill sticks released, 14% of Holiday, and 17% of Pall Mall. CONCLUSIONS FCVs' rapid growth may have reduced declines in the numbers of sticks released. Policy makers should disallow FCV innovations, which offer no health benefits to smokers and may instead attract non-smokers to smoking. Where timely, these regulations could be incorporated into standardized packaging policies. IMPLICATIONS FCVs have grown quickly in countries with comprehensive tobacco marketing restrictions, which suggests tobacco companies are now focusing on novel product designs to attract new smokers. Standardized packaging regulations could address both external packaging and stick design innovations, such as FCVs; alternatively, specific regulations prohibiting FCVs may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Haggart
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mei-Ling Blank
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Partos TR, Hiscock R, Gilmore AB, Branston JR, Hitchman S, McNeill A. Impact of tobacco tax increases and industry pricing on smoking behaviours and inequalities: a mixed-methods study. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/phr08060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Increasing tobacco prices through taxation is very effective for reducing smoking prevalence and inequalities. For optimum effect, understanding how the tobacco industry and smokers respond is essential. Tobacco taxation changes occurred in the UK over the study period, including annual increases, a shift in structure from ad valorem to specific taxation and relatively higher increases on roll-your-own tobacco than on factory-made cigarettes.
Objectives
Understanding tobacco industry pricing strategies in response to tax changes and the impact of tax on smokers’ behaviour, including tax evasion and avoidance, as well as the effect on smoking inequalities. Synthesising findings to inform how taxation can be improved as a public health intervention.
Design
Qualitative analysis and evidence synthesis (commercial and Nielsen data) and longitudinal and aggregate cross-sectional analyses (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project data).
Setting
The UK, from 2002 to 2016.
Data sources and participants
Data were from the tobacco industry commercial literature and retail tobacco sales data (Nielsen, New York, NY, USA). Participants were a longitudinal cohort (with replenishment) of smokers and ex-smokers from 10 surveys of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (around 1500 participants per survey).
Main outcome measures
(1) Tobacco industry pricing strategies, (2) sales volumes and prices by segments over time and (3) smokers’ behaviours, including products purchased, sources, brands, consumption, quit attempts, success and sociodemographic differences.
Review methods
Tobacco industry commercial literature was searched for mentions of tobacco products and price segments, with 517 articles extracted.
Results
The tobacco industry increased prices on top of tax increases (overshifting), particularly on premium products, and, recently, the tobacco industry overshifted more on cheap roll-your-own tobacco than on factory-made cigarettes. Increasingly, price rises were from industry revenue generation rather than tax. The tobacco industry raised prices gradually to soften impact; this was less possible with larger tax increases. Budget measures to reduce cheap product availability failed due to new cheap factory-made products, price marking and small packs. In 2014, smokers could buy factory-made (roll-your-own tobacco) cigarettes at real prices similar to 2002. Exclusive roll-your-own tobacco and mixed factory-made cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco use increased, whereas exclusive factory-made cigarette use decreased, alongside increased cheap product use, rather than quitting. Quitting behaviours were associated with higher taxes. Smokers consumed fewer factory-made cigarettes and reduced roll-your-own tobacco weight over time. Apparent illicit purchasing did not increase. Disadvantaged and dependent smokers struggled with tobacco affordability and were more likely to smoke cheaper products, but disadvantage did not affect quit success.
Limitations
Different for each data set; triangulation increased confidence.
Conclusions
The tobacco industry overshifted taxes and increased revenues, even when tax increases were high. Therefore, tobacco taxes can be further increased to reduce price differentials and recoup public health costs. Government strategies on illicit tobacco appear effective. Large, sudden tax increases would reduce the industry’s ability to manipulate prices, decrease affordability and increase quitting behaviours. More disadvantaged, and dependent, smokers need more help with quitting.
Future work
Assessing the impact of tax changes made since 2014; changing how tax changes are introduced (e.g. sudden intermittent or smaller continuous); and tax changes on tobacco initiation.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 6. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea R Partos
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - J Robert Branston
- Centre for Governance and Regulation, School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sara Hitchman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Bragg MA, Miller AN, Kalkstein DA, Elbel B, Roberto CA. Evaluating the influence of racially targeted food and beverage advertisements on Black and White adolescents' perceptions and preferences. Appetite 2019; 140:41-49. [PMID: 31055011 PMCID: PMC9743992 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study measures how racially-targeted food and beverage ads affect adolescents' attitudes toward ads and brands, purchase intentions for advertised products, and willingness to engage with brands on social media. METHODS Black and White adolescents were recruited through Survey Sampling International in 2016. Participants completed an online survey in which they were randomized to view either four food and beverage ads (e.g., soda, candy commercials) featuring Black actors or four food and beverage ads featuring White actors. RESULTS For the two components of the attitudinal outcome, Black participants were more likely to report a positive affective response toward racially-similar ads compared to Whites. However, White participants were more likely to like ads that were racially-dissimilar compared to Black participants. Data were analyzed in 2016-2017, and we used an alpha level of 0.05 to denote statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Both Black and White adolescents reported more positive affective responses to ads that featured Blacks compared to ads that featured Whites. Because there were no differences on two outcomes, future research should examine the influence of racially-targeted marketing in real-world contexts (e.g., social media) and longitudinal exposure to targeted advertising on dietary behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Bragg
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30thStreet, New York, NY, 10016, United States,College of Global Public Health, New York University, 726 Broadway, New York, NY, 10012, United States,Corresponding author. Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30thStreet, New York, NY, 10016, United States. (M.A. Bragg)
| | - Alysa N. Miller
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30thStreet, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - David A. Kalkstein
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Building 420, Stanford, CA, 2130, United States
| | - Brian Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30thStreet, New York, NY, 10016, United States,New York University Wagner School of Public Service, 295 Lafayette St, New York, NY, 10012, United States
| | - Christina A. Roberto
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Mezzanine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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Nogueira SO, Tigova O, Castellano Y, Mons U, Kyriakos CN, McNeill A, Trofor AC, Zatoński WA, Przewoźniak K, Demjén T, Tountas Y, Quah ACK, Fong GT, Fu M, Vardavas CI, Fernández E. Cigarette brand loyalty among smokers in six European countries: Findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 16:A12. [PMID: 31516466 PMCID: PMC6661850 DOI: 10.18332/tid/99116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to describe the degree of smokers' loyalty to a specific brand of tobacco products and the variables related to choosing a specific brand among smokers in six European countries. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted for a representative sample of adult smokers from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Spain (approximately 1000 smokers per country). The prevalence of smokers' having a usual brand of cigarettes smoked (factory-made or roll-yourown cigarettes), the brand of choice, the factors for choosing a specific brand and the degree of loyalty to that brand (not at all, a little, somewhat and a lot) were assessed by country, sociodemographics and smoking-related variables. RESULTS In total, 86.6% of the smokers reported having a usual brand. In three out of the six countries, one brand holds the loyalty of between 17.8% and 24.5% of the smokers that reported having a usual brand for factory-made cigarettes. Most participants reported being loyal 'a lot' to their brand of choice (44.4%). The reasons most reported for choosing a cigarette brand were the taste (83.2%) and the price (51.7%). CONCLUSIONS Brand loyalty is high among factory-made and roll-your-own cigarette smokers in six European countries. Future research on longitudinal trends of brand loyalty to evaluate the effect of tobacco control policies in these European countries is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O. Nogueira
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olena Tigova
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Castellano
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ute Mons
- Cancer Prevention Unit and WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina N. Kyriakos
- European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention (ENSP), Brussels, Belgium
- University of Crete (UoC), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, King’s College London (KCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Antigona C. Trofor
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy ‘Grigore T. Popa’ Iasi, Iasi, Romania
- Aer Pur Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Witold A. Zatoński
- Health Promotion Foundation (HPF), Warsaw, Poland
- European Observatory of Health Inequalities, President Stanisław Wojciechowski State University of Applied Sciences, Kalisz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Przewoźniak
- Health Promotion Foundation (HPF), Warsaw, Poland
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center (MSCI), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tibor Demjén
- Smoking or Health Hungarian Foundation (SHHF), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yannis Tountas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UoA), Athens, Greece
| | - Anne C. K. Quah
- Department of Psychology and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo (UW), Waterloo, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo (UW), Waterloo, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcela Fu
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constantine I. Vardavas
- European Network for Smoking and Tobacco Prevention (ENSP), Brussels, Belgium
- University of Crete (UoC), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Smith TT, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Colby SM, McClernon FJ, Strasser AA, Tidey JW, White CM, Donny EC. Whether to push or pull? Nicotine reduction and non-combusted alternatives - Two strategies for reducing smoking and improving public health. Prev Med 2018; 117:8-14. [PMID: 29604326 PMCID: PMC6163095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Combustible cigarettes remain the most harmful and addictive tobacco product, and reducing the prevalence of smoking continues to be a critical public health goal. While nicotine is the constituent primarily responsible for addiction to cigarettes, most of the harm associated with smoking comes from byproducts of tobacco combustion. Recently, two different approaches for reducing the harms of smoking have emerged, both of which focus on breaking the link between the addiction to nicotine and the harms caused by smoking. First, the addictive potential of cigarettes could be minimized by requiring a large reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes. Evidence for a nicotine reduction policy thus far shows that the use of very low nicotine content cigarettes results in a reduction in the number of cigarettes people smoke per day and a reduction in cigarette dependence. Second, emerging alternative nicotine delivery systems (ANDS) like electronic cigarettes may provide sufficient nicotine to act as substitutes for cigarettes while delivering much lower levels of toxicants. Evidence suggests that the emergence of ANDS has increased the percentage of smokers who are able to quit. The present paper will briefly review the evidence for each of these approaches, and consider what contemporary reinforcement and addiction theories can tell us about their likely success. We argue that the most effective endgame approach is one that pursues both nicotine reduction and alternative nicotine delivery systems as complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, United States.
| | | | - Neal L Benowitz
- Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, United States
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jennifer W Tidey
- Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies, Brown University, United States
| | - Cassidy M White
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, United States
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Hoek J, Gendall P, Eckert C, Louviere J, Blank ML, Thrasher JF. Young adult susceptible non-smokers’ and smokers’ responses to capsule cigarettes. Tob Control 2018; 28:498-505. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundFlavour capsule cigarette variants (FCVs), which allow users to customise their smoking experience and reduce the harshness of smoking, have captured an increasing share of many markets. We examined tobacco companies’ argument that such product innovations aim simply to shift market share, by estimating smokers’ and susceptible non-smokers’ responses to FCVs.MethodsWe conducted an online survey of 425 smokers (daily and non-daily), susceptible non-smokers (n=224) and former smokers (n=166) aged between 18 and 25. Restrpondents completed a choice experiment, a behavioural probability measure and a perception task. We analysed the choice data using a conditional logistic regression and a rank-ordered logistic regression, and the probability and perception data using t-tests and descriptive statistics.ResultsNon-smokers preferred an FCV relative to an unflavoured cigarette, whereas the opposite was the case for smokers. Susceptible non-smokers and former smokers were more likely to try a fruit flavoured FCV than an unflavoured stick, while daily smokers were more likely than non-daily smokers to do the same. Susceptible non-smokers, former smokers and non-daily smokers also had more positive perceptions of FCVs relative to unflavoured sticks than did daily smokers.ConclusionsFCVs appeal more to non-smokers than to smokers, and more to non-daily smokers than to daily smokers. They thus appear likely to recruit non-smokers and potentially increase overall smoking prevalence. Policy responses include ensuring standardised packaging legislation disallows FCVs by specifically regulating the appearance and design of tobacco products, or introducing bespoke regulation that addresses the threat posed by FCVs.
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Perkins KA, Karelitz JL. Acute perceptions of preferred cigarettes when blinded to brand. Tob Control 2018; 28:311-316. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundMarketing claims often have promoted specific perceptions that users should expect from acutely smoking that cigarette brand. Yet, little controlled study has determined the degree to which actual perceptions are based on the cigarette’s tobacco constituents in the absence of knowledge about the brand’s identity.Methods194 adult dependent smokers rated their perceptions on ‘liking’, ‘satisfying’, ‘strong’ and perceived amount of ‘nicotine’ after smoking ad lib one of their preferred brands of cigarettes. All did so either when blinded (n=118) or unblinded (n=76) to the brand they were given, with the blinding conditions from separate studies. These between-groups secondary analyses determined differences in perceptions based on blinding to brand, controlling for age and cigarettes/day.ResultsAll perceptions were lower for those smoking own brand under blinded versus unblinded conditions, as hypothesised. Consistent with lowered perceptions for smoking one’s own brand obtained from the 118 blinded to brand, their ‘somewhat’ ratings for a ‘how similar to own brand’ item indicated uncertainty, just mid-way between ‘not at all’ and ‘very much’ on the 0–100 visual analogue scale. (The 76 unblinded were already informed it was their own brand.)ConclusionsAcute perceptions of one’s own cigarette are substantially lower when smokers are simply unaware of brand, relative to those aware it is their preferred brand. Results support the notion that perceptions of smoking own brand are enhanced by marketing efforts to associate brands with expectations of pleasurable subjective effects, beyond the impact due solely to the cigarette’s manufactured product constituents.
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Domaradzka E, Bielecki M. Deadly Attraction - Attentional Bias toward Preferred Cigarette Brand in Smokers. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1365. [PMID: 28848479 PMCID: PMC5554524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that biases in visual attention might be evoked by affective and personally relevant stimuli, for example addiction-related objects. Despite the fact that addiction is often linked to specific products and systematic purchase behaviors, no studies focused directly on the existence of bias evoked by brands. Smokers are characterized by high levels of brand loyalty and everyday contact with cigarette packaging. Using the incentive-salience mechanism as a theoretical framework, we hypothesized that this group might exhibit a bias toward the preferred cigarette brand. In our study, a group of smokers (N = 40) performed a dot probe task while their eye movements were recorded. In every trial a pair of pictures was presented - each of them showed a single cigarette pack. The visual properties of stimuli were carefully controlled, so branding information was the key factor affecting subjects' reactions. For each participant, we compared gaze behavior related to the preferred vs. other brands. The analyses revealed no attentional bias in the early, orienting phase of the stimulus processing and strong differences in maintenance and disengagement. Participants spent more time looking at the preferred cigarettes and saccades starting at the preferred brand location had longer latencies. In sum, our data shows that attentional bias toward brands might be found in situations not involving choice or decision making. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of formation and maintenance of attentional biases to stimuli of personal relevance and might serve as a first step toward developing new attitude measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Domaradzka
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland
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Pinilla J, Abásolo I. The effect of policies regulating tobacco consumption on smoking initiation and cessation in Spain: is it equal across socioeconomic groups? Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:8. [PMID: 28149259 PMCID: PMC5273787 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-016-0109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Spain, the Law 28/2005, which came into effect on January 2006, was a turning point in smoking regulation and prevention, serving as a guarantee for the progress of future strategies in the direction marked by international organizations. It is expected that this regulatory policy should benefit relatively more to lower socioeconomic groups, thus contributing to a reduction in socioeconomic health inequalities. This research analyzes the effect of tobacco regulation in Spain, under Law 28/2005, on the initiation and cessation of tobacco consumption, and whether this effect has been unequal across distinct socioeconomic levels. Methods Micro-data from the National Health Survey in its 2006 and 2011 editions are used (study numbers: 4382 and 5389 respectively; inventory of statistical operations (ISO) code: 54009), with a sample size of approximately 24,000 households divided into 2,000 census areas. This allows individuals’ tobacco consumption records to be reconstructed over five years before the initiation of each survey, as well as identifying those individuals that started or stopped smoking. The methodology is based on “time to event analysis”. Cox’s proportional hazard models are adapted to show the effects of a set of explanatory variables on the conditional probability of change in tobacco consumption: initiation as a daily smoker by young people or the cessation of daily smoking by adults. Results Initiation rates among young people went from 25% (95% confidence interval (CI), 23–27) to 19% (95% CI, 17–21) following the implementation of the Law, and the change in cessation rates among smokers was even greater, with rates increasing from 12% (95% CI, 11–13) to 20% (95% CI, 19–21). However, this effect has not been equal by socioeconomic groups as shown by relative risks. Before the regulation policy, social class was not a statistically significant factor in the initiation of daily smoking (p > 0.05); however, following the implementation of the Law, young people belonging to social classes IV-V and VI had a relative risk of starting smoking 63% (p = 0.03) and 82% (p = 0.02) higher than young people of higher social classes I-II. On the other hand, lower social class also means a lower probability of smoking cessation; however, the relative risk of cessation for a smoker belonging to a household of social class VI (compared to classes I-II) went from 24% (p < 0.001) lower before the Law to 33% (p < 0.001) lower following the law’s implementation. Conclusion Law 28/2005 has been effective, as after its promulgation there has been a decrease in the rate of smoking initiation among young people and an increase in the rate of cessation among adult smokers. However, this effect has not been equal by socioeconomic groups, favoring relatively more to those individuals belonging to higher social classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Pinilla
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos en Economía y Gestión (Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). Facultad de Economía, Empresa y Turismo. Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ignacio Abásolo
- Departamento de Economía Aplicada y Métodos Cuantitativos; Instituto Universitario de Desarrollo Regional (Universidad de La Laguna). Facultad de Economía, Empresa y Turismo. Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Guajara, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife Spain
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Marsh L, Cameron C, Quigg R, Hoek J, Doscher C, McGee R, Sullivan T. The impact of an increase in excise tax on the retail price of tobacco in New Zealand. Tob Control 2016; 25:458-63. [PMID: 26138823 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, the New Zealand (NZ) government introduced an annual 10% tobacco excise tax increase. We examined retailers' adherence to recommended retail prices (RRP), and whether the RRP included the full tax increase. METHODS We collected price data on three British American Tobacco (BAT) factory-made cigarette brands, (premium, mainstream, and budget), and one roll-your-own tobacco brand before and after the 2014 tax increase from a sample of tobacco retailers. We examined price increases in each tobacco brand and compared these with the RRP. The extent to which the excise tax increases had been included in the RRP since 2010 was estimated using data sourced from the Ministry of Health and NZ Customs. FINDINGS The median increase in price from before to after the tax change was only 3% for the budget brand (461 retailers). This contrasted with the median of 8% for the premium brand (448 retailers), and 11% for both mainstream and roll-your-own brands (471 and 464 retailers, respectively). While many retail outlets made changes according to the RRP set by BAT, several did not comply. Our analyses suggest BAT may be undershifting excise tax on the budget brand, and overshifting tax on brands in other price partitions. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco companies do not appear to be increasing the RRPs of budget brands in line with tobacco excise tax increases. The increasing price differential between budget brands, and mainstream and premium brands may undermine cessation and impede realisation of New Zealand's Smokefree 2025 goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Marsh
- Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Claire Cameron
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Robin Quigg
- Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Crile Doscher
- Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Rob McGee
- Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Trudy Sullivan
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cowie GA, Swift E, Partos T, Borland R. Quitting activity and tobacco brand switching: findings from the ITC-4 Country Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:109-13. [PMID: 25827182 PMCID: PMC4506928 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among Australian smokers, to examine associations between cigarette brand switching, quitting activity and possible causal directions by lagging the relationships in different directions. METHODS Current smokers from nine waves (2002 to early 2012) of the ITC-4 Country Survey Australian dataset were surveyed. Measures were brand switching, both brand family and product type (roll-your-own versus factory-made cigarettes) reported in adjacent waves, interest in quitting, recent quit attempts, and one month sustained abstinence. RESULTS Switching at one interval was unrelated to concurrent quit interest. Quit interest predicted switching at the following interval, but the effect disappeared once subsequent quit attempts were controlled for. Recent quit attempts more strongly predicted switching at concurrent (OR 1.34, 95%CI=1.18-1.52, p<0.001) and subsequent intervals (OR 1.31, 95%CI=1.12-1.53, p=0.001) than switching predicted quit attempts, with greater asymmetry when both types of switching were combined. One month sustained abstinence and switching were unrelated in the same interval; however, after controlling for concurrent switching and excluding type switchers, sustained abstinence predicted lower chance of switching at the following interval (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.47-0.93, p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS The asymmetry suggests brand switching does not affect subsequent quitting. IMPLICATIONS Brand switching does not appear to interfere with quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Cowie
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria
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Gerber A, Hofen-Hohloch AV, Schulze J, Groneberg DA. Tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality (ToPIQ-II) - a modified study protocol and first results. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015; 10:5. [PMID: 25717342 PMCID: PMC4339475 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-associated particulate matter (PM) has to be seen as an independent health hazard and needs to be discussed separately from the already well-known toxic and carcinogenic compounds contained in cigarette smoke. We believe that brand-specific amounts of PM are of public interest and should be investigated. Methods An automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter was developed and placed into a glass-chamber to generate cigarette smoke as reliably as possible. Cigarettes were smoked automatically according to a standardized protocol. Mean concentrations (Cmean) and area under the curve (AUC) of PM2.5 released by the brands P&S, Virginia (without filter) and the 3R4F standard research cigarette of the University of Kentucky, USA, were measured and compared with each other. Results Cmean PM2.5 of 3R4F reference was 1,725 μg/m3, for P&S: 1,982 μg/m3 and for Virginia without filter: 1,525 μg/m3. AUC PM2.5 for 3R4F reference was: 527,644 μg/m3×sec, for P&S: 606,171 μg/m3×sec, and for Virginia without filter: 464,788 μg/m3×sec. Conclusions Our modified ToPIQ-II study protocol shows significant brand-specific differences in the amounts of PM2.5 released by cigarettes into the environment, when compared to 3R4F reference cigarettes. We believe that information about PM-release of all relevant brands in relation to reference cigarettes should be published. In the light of PM as an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality, this may serve as a basis for further epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gerber
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander V Hofen-Hohloch
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Schulze
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Salloum RG, Goma F, Chelwa G, Cheng X, Zulu R, Kaai SC, Quah ACK, Thrasher JF, Fong GT. Cigarette price and other factors associated with brand choice and brand loyalty in Zambia: findings from the ITC Zambia Survey. Tob Control 2015; 24 Suppl 3:iii33-iii40. [PMID: 25631482 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about cigarette pricing and brand loyalty in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines these issues in Zambia, analysing data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Zambia Survey. METHODS Data from Wave 1 of the ITC Zambia Survey (2012) were analysed for current smokers of factory-made (FM) cigarettes compared with those who smoked both FM and roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes, using multivariate logistic regression models to identify the predictors of brand loyalty and reasons for brand choice. RESULTS 75% of FM-only smokers and 64% of FM+RYO smokers reported having a regular brand. Compared with FM-only smokers, FM+RYO smokers were, on average, older (28% vs 20% ≥40 years), low income (64% vs 43%) and had lower education (76% vs 44% < secondary). Mean price across FM brands was ZMW0.50 (US$0.08) per stick. Smokers were significantly less likely to be brand loyal (>1 year) if they were aged 15-17 years (vs 40-54 years) and if they had moderate (vs low) income. Brand choice was predicted mostly by friends, taste and brand popularity. Price was more likely to be a reason for brand loyalty among FM+RYO smokers, among ≥55-year-old smokers and among those who reported being more addicted to cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS These results in Zambia document the high levels of brand loyalty in a market where price variation is fairly small across cigarette brands. Future research is needed on longitudinal trends to evaluate the effect of tobacco control policies in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi G Salloum
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fastone Goma
- University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Grieve Chelwa
- School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Xi Cheng
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard Zulu
- Institute of Economic and Social Research, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Susan C Kaai
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - James F Thrasher
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Tauras JA, Chaloupka FJ, Quah ACK, Fong GT. The economics of tobacco control: evidence from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project. Tob Control 2014; 23 Suppl 1:i1-3. [PMID: 24500268 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the importance of economic research in advancing tobacco control policies has become increasingly clear. Extensive research has demonstrated that increasing tobacco taxes and prices is the single most cost-effective tobacco control measure. The research contained in this supplement adds to this evidence and provides new insights into how smokers respond to tax and price changes using the rich data on purchase behaviours, brand choices, tax avoidance and evasion, and tobacco use collected systematically and consistently across countries and over time by the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project. The findings from this research will help inform policymakers, public health professionals, advocates, and others seeking to maximise the public health and economic benefits from higher taxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Tauras
- Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago, , Illinois, USA
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