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Dario d'Ovidio, White S, Santoro D. Problem-Oriented Approach in Exotic Companion Mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:309-326. [PMID: 36965873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Dermatologic disorders are some of the most common conditions affecting exotic companion mammals. This article provides a clinical approach of the conditions presenting with alopecia, pruritus, scaling/crusting, erosion/ulceration, and nodules in order to select and interpret the appropriate diagnostic tests to achieve a diagnosis for a successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private Practitioner, Via C. Colombo 118, Arzano, Naples 80022, Italy; Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Italy.
| | - Stephen White
- Dermatology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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White SD. Rabbit Dermatology. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:347-357. [PMID: 36965875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The majority of rabbit skin disease presentations can be divided into pruritus, alopecia, scaling, and nodules. Some disease will have more than one of these clinical signs. Ectoparasites, bacterial and fungal infections, and neoplasia account for most of the causes seen. Diagnostic tests include skin scraping and cytology, microbial culture, and biopsy. Therapy is dependent on cause. In addition to discussing the various causes and their treatments, important clinical care points are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D White
- Department of Veterinary, Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Hetterich J, Fehr M, Dierig JA, Willems A, Reuschel M. [Limb fractures in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica) - A case series of orthopedic long-term effects in fracture patients]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:348-360. [PMID: 36323271 DOI: 10.1055/a-1953-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limb fractures account for a large proportion of all orthopedic diseases in pet rabbits and are a common reason for presentation. The fracture etiologies and characteristics vary considerably in comparison to trauma of the extremities in cats and dogs. For this reason, conservative and surgical treatment options need to be adapted. To our knowledge, long-term effects of limb fracture therapies in pet rabbits have not been described scientifically. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article features a case series of 13 pet rabbits with limb fractures. Their medical records were analyzed retrospectively and all patients were presented for a follow-up examination including clinical and orthopedic examination. RESULTS Orthopedic anomalies (abducted limb postures) were identified in four patients. Arthrotic ossification was found in twelve of thirteen animals - in six cases to a high extent. Measurement of the fractured bones revealed a shortening in ten of thirteen cases. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Orthopedic long-term complications following fracture treatments were commonly detected in the patient population of this study. Permanent issues may result in anomalies of limb posture or postural control which are not noticed by the rabbit owners in every case. Ultimately, the patients should be examined routinely after the conclusion of fracture therapy in order to detect and adequately treat possible orthopedic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hetterich
- Klinik für Heimtiere, Reptilien und Vögel, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Michael Fehr
- Klinik für Heimtiere, Reptilien und Vögel, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Julie-Ann Dierig
- Klinik für Heimtiere, Reptilien und Vögel, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Anne Willems
- Klinik für Heimtiere, Reptilien und Vögel, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Maximilian Reuschel
- Klinik für Heimtiere, Reptilien und Vögel, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Alonso FH. Atypical cytomorphologic description of a seminoma in a rabbit. Vet Med Sci 2021; 8:121-124. [PMID: 34889525 PMCID: PMC8788883 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminoma is reported as a rare disease associated with specific micro‐morphologic findings. In the present report, we describe the case of a testicular seminoma in a 7‐year‐old Holland Lop rabbit, in which the cytology presented an atypical pattern. Upon presentation, the left testicle was severely enlarged, and the patient also had a history of radiation therapy for a previously diagnosed thymoma. Following excision and histopathology of the abnormal organ, results showed a mixed intratubular‐diffuse pattern with evidence of torsion. Moreover, cytology revealed a cohesive pattern with multiple malignancy criteria. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a seminoma with these cytologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio H Alonso
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Kitts, West Indies
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Saxmose Nielsen S, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Buijs S, Edwards S, Candiani D, Mosbach-Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Winckler C. Health and welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05944. [PMID: 32626497 PMCID: PMC7008839 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The AGRI committee of the European Parliament requested EFSA to assess the welfare of rabbits farmed in different production systems, including organic production, and to update its 2005 scientific opinion about the health and welfare of rabbits kept for meat production. Considering reproducing does, kits and growing rabbits, this scientific opinion focusses on six different housing systems, namely conventional cages, structurally enriched cages, elevated pens, floor pens, outdoor/partially outdoor systems and organic systems. To compare the level of welfare in the different housing systems and rabbit categories, welfare impact scores for 20 welfare consequences identified from the literature were calculated, taking their occurrence, duration and severity into account. Based on the overall welfare impact score (sum of scores for the single welfare consequences), obtained via a 2‐step expert knowledge elicitation process, the welfare of reproducing does is likely (certainty 66–90%) to be lower in conventional cages compared to the five other housing systems. In addition, it is likely to extremely likely (certainty 66–99%) that the welfare of kits is lower in outdoor systems compared to the other systems and that the welfare is higher in elevated pens than in the other systems. Finally, it is likely to extremely likely (certainty 66–99%) that the welfare of growing rabbits is lower in conventional cages compared to the other systems and that the welfare is higher in elevated pens than in the other systems. Ranking of the welfare consequences allowed an analysis of the main welfare consequences within each system and rabbit category. It was concluded that for reproducing does, as well as growing rabbits, welfare consequences related to behavioural restrictions were more prominent in conventional cages, elevated pens and enriched cages, whereas those related to health problems were more important in floor pens, outdoor and organic systems. Housing in organic rabbit farming is diverse, which can result in different welfare consequences, but the overall welfare impact scores suggest that welfare in organic systems is generally good.
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Guide to skin diseases in rabbits. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l6506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mäkitaipale J, Sievänen H, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O. Tibial bone density, cross-sectional geometry and strength in Finnish pet rabbits: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study. Vet Rec 2018; 183:382. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mäkitaipale
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research; Tampere Finland
| | - Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Oxley JA, Kogan L. A preliminary study investigating the use of rabbit-related Facebook groups in relation to rabbit health information. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.12968/vetn.2018.9.7.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori Kogan
- Professor of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Oxley JA, Ellis CF, McBride EA, McCormick WD. A Survey of Rabbit Handling Methods Within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 22:207-218. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1459192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare Frances Ellis
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - E. Anne McBride
- Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Because most research on rabbit husbandry, welfare, and nutrition was performed on production animals, evidence for best practices in pet rabbits is scarce, and guidelines must be based on transfer of results, deduction, and common sense. Rabbits benefit from being kept with at least one conspecific; from large enclosures and multistory hutches; from drinking water offered ad libitum in open dish drinker systems; and from receiving hay ad libitum, with restricted amounts of fresh grass, herbs, or green leafy vegetables, and a high-fiber complete diet. Offering hay ad libitum bears several advantages and should be considered a matter of course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Bradbury AG, Dickens GJE. Appropriate handling of pet rabbits: a literature review. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:503-509. [PMID: 27558778 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many rabbits show fear behaviours when lifted off the ground. Estimates from owner surveys suggest that around 60% of pet rabbits struggle when lifted and fear-related aggression is common. This article integrates information from both laboratory and pet rabbit studies to formulate a list of recommendations for appropriate handling of rabbits. Reduction of the frequency of the stressor can be achieved by educating owners on alternative management practices to reduce the need to carry their rabbits. However, in some situations, it is unavoidable that a rabbit is lifted. Amelioration of the stress in these instances can be achieved by a 2 pronged strategy. First, the population of rabbits can be made more resilient to infrequent stressors by selectively breeding for confident rabbits and by better socialisation of unweaned kits, and, where possible, training of individual animals to permit handling. Secondly, any unavoidable lifting can be made less stressful by educating veterinary staff in appropriate methods of holding rabbits during both consultations and inpatient care. Better understanding of appropriate interactions with rabbits will improve welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bradbury
- Innovia Technology, St Andrew's Road, Cambridge, CB4 1DL.
| | - G J E Dickens
- Innovia Technology, St Andrew's Road, Cambridge, CB4 1DL
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