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Morrell EL, Odriozola E, Dorsch MA, Fiorentino MA, Rivera ME, Poppenga R, Navarro MA, Uzal FA, Cantón G. A review of cardiac blackleg in cattle, and report of 2 cases without skeletal muscle involvement in Argentina. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:929-936. [PMID: 36039784 PMCID: PMC9597342 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221120816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackleg is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei. Cardiac blackleg has been reported in ruminants as an uncommon presentation of the disease; its pathogenesis is not understood completely. We include here a literature review of cardiac blackleg and a description of 2 cases in 12-15-mo-old feedlot steers in Argentina. Fourteen of 1,190 steers died suddenly over a period of 10 d. Postmortem examinations were performed on 5 of these animals. Grossly, severe, diffuse, fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis, multifocal necrohemorrhagic myocarditis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, mild splenomegaly, and moderate congestion of meningeal vessels were observed. No significant gross lesions were observed in the skeletal muscles of any animal. Histology was performed on 2 of the steers. The main microscopic features were necrotizing myocarditis with myriad intralesional gram-positive rods with subterminal spores plus fibrinosuppurative pericarditis and pleuritis. C. chauvoei was detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR in the myocardium of both animals. These findings confirm a diagnosis of cardiac blackleg in these 2 steers and presumptively in the other affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matías A. Dorsch
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
National University of Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina
- Animal Health Research Platform,
National Institute of Agricultural Research, La Estanzuela,
Colonia, Uruguay
| | - María A. Fiorentino
- National Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
National University of Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - María E. Rivera
- National Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Robert Poppenga
- Davis Laboratories, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA,
USA
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food
Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, CA, USA
- Instituto de Patología Animal,
Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile,
Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food
Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Germán Cantón
- National Institute of Agricultural
Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
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Abreu CC, Blanchard PC, Adaska JM, Moeller RB, Anderson M, Navarro MA, Diab SS, Uzal FA. Pathology of blackleg in cattle in California, 1991-2015. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:894-901. [PMID: 30358517 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718808567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blackleg is an infectious disease of cattle and rarely other ruminants, produced by Clostridium chauvoei and characterized by necrotizing myositis. In most cases of blackleg, the large muscles of the pectoral and pelvic girdles are affected, with other skeletal muscles and the heart involved less frequently. We studied 29 blackleg cases selected from the archives of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, 1991-2015. Immunohistochemistry was also evaluated to detect C. chauvoei in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of cattle. Nineteen animals had gross and/or microscopic lesions in both skeletal muscle and heart, 9 had lesions in the skeletal musculature alone, and 1 in the heart alone. Gross lesions in the skeletal musculature involved the following muscle groups: hindquarters ( n = 8), forequarters ( n = 5), neck ( n = 5), lumbar area ( n = 3), brisket ( n = 2), diaphragm ( n = 2), abdominal wall ( n = 1), thoracic wall ( n = 1), and tongue ( n = 1). Of the 20 animals that had lesions in the heart, 11 had pericarditis and myocarditis; 7 had pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis; and 1 each had pericarditis and myocarditis. Immunohistochemistry was 100% sensitive to detect C. chauvoei in FFPE skeletal muscle and/or heart of cattle with blackleg. Simultaneous lesions in skeletal musculature and heart were relatively common in blackleg cases in California; the most affected skeletal muscles were those of the hindlimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Abreu
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Patricia C Blanchard
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - John M Adaska
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Robert B Moeller
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Mark Anderson
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Santiago S Diab
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil (Abreu).,California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, Tulare (Blanchard, Adaska, Moeller).,Davis (Anderson, Diab).,San Bernardino (Abreu, Navarro, Uzal) Branches, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Idrees MA, Younus M, Farooqi SH, Khan AU. Blackleg in cattle: Current understanding and future research perspectives- A review. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:176-180. [PMID: 29733903 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blackleg is an endogenous acute infection that principally affects cattle. The disease is caused by Clostridium chauvoei (C. chauvoei), an anaerobic spore forming bacterium. Control of this disease is based on stringent husbandry measures and scheduled vaccination plan. In recent years, the major virulence factors of C. chauvoei have been discovered and described. However, the pathogenesis of blackleg in cattle and in particular, circulation of the pathogen from point of entry to target tissues is yet not fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest review of literature that significantly contributed for understanding the disease in cattle, and provides a foundation to preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Idrees
- Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - M Younus
- Department of Clinical Studies, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - S H Farooqi
- Department of Clinical Studies, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan.
| | - A U Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 35200, Jhang, Pakistan
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