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Tüfekci H, Sejian V. Stress Factors and Their Effects on Productivity in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2769. [PMID: 37685033 PMCID: PMC10486368 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Products obtained from sheep have an economically important place in the world. Their adaptability to different climatic conditions, their ease of care and feeding, their high utilization of poor pasture areas with low yield and quality, the ease of flock management, their high twinning rate, and their short intergenerational period are some of the advantages of sheep production. Sheep production has the ability to adapt better to environmental stress factors, as can be understood from the presence of sheep in different geographical regions at a global level. However, the changes in environmental conditions and production cause some negative results in animals. All these negative results expose animals to various stress factors (heat, cold, transport, treatment, nutritional, shearing, weaning, etc.). All stress factors that directly and indirectly affect sheep production ultimately lead to compromised performance, decreased productivity, increased mortality, and adverse effects on the immune system. In order to cope with the current stress parameters in animals and to achieve optimum production, a holistic approach is needed according to the environmental conditions and available resources. It is important to consider the factors involved in these responses in order to manage these processes correctly and to develop adequate strategies and improve sheep welfare. This review aimed to reveal the importance of some stress factors in sheep and their effects on sheep productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Tüfekci
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumbapet, Pondicherry 605009, India;
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Candiani D, Rapagnà C, Van der Stede Y, Michel V. Welfare of sheep and goats at slaughter. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06882. [PMID: 34765030 PMCID: PMC8573542 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The killing of sheep and goats for human consumption (slaughtering) can take place in a slaughterhouse or on-farm. The processes of slaughtering that were assessed for welfare, from the arrival of sheep and goats until their death (including slaughtering without stunning), were grouped into three main phases: pre-stunning (including arrival, unloading from the truck, lairage, handling and moving of sheep and goats); stunning (including restraint); and bleeding. Stunning methods were grouped into two categories: mechanical and electrical. Twelve welfare consequences that sheep and goats may experience during slaughter were identified: heat stress, cold stress, fatigue, prolonged thirst, prolonged hunger, impeded movement, restriction of movements, resting problems, social stress, pain, fear and distress. These welfare consequences and their relevant animal-based measures are described in detail in this Scientific Opinion. In total, 40 welfare hazards that could occur during slaughter were identified and characterised, most of them related to stunning and bleeding. Staff were identified as the origin of 39 hazards, which were attributed to the lack of appropriate skill sets needed to perform tasks or to fatigue. Measures to prevent and correct hazards were identified, and structural and managerial measures were identified as those with a crucial role in prevention. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, animal-based measures, origin of hazards and preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences are proposed.
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Sandagdorj B, Baigalmaa T, Burenjargal S, Horiuchi M, Enkhdalai M, Bayanbat D, Janchiv D, Jamyandorj O, Ulzii-Orshikh P, Nyam-Osor P. Relationship between lactational performance and metabolic parameters of Mongolian native grazing mares. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:91-98. [PMID: 34539210 PMCID: PMC8437754 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the lactational performance of mares in relation to metabolic
parameters can help practitioners to manipulate animal rearing management for sustainable
mare milk production. The aim of this study was to characterize the lactational
performance of Mongolian native mares grazing on natural pastureland by revealing the
seasonal effects on metabolic parameters. In this study, 8 multiparous mares were used.
Milk yield and composition and serum metabolic parameters, such as alanine
aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), triacylglycerol, total
cholesterol (TCH), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), albumin, urea, total protein,
cortisol (Cort), and insulin, were determined at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, and
270 days of lactation. During the lactation period, milk yield peaked at around the 90th
day and declined sharply in the following period. While the milk fat and protein contents
decreased gradually from the early stages of lactation to the late stages, the lactose
content was highest at mid-lactation and stayed constant until the end of the lactation
period. Meanwhile, changes were observed between the stages of lactation, and the
differences in metabolic parameters were significant (P<0.05), except for AST and GLU.
The strongest correlation was found with NEFA (P<0.01), followed by the Cort
(P<0.05) concentration, with both parameters showing negative correlation, and strong
positive correlation was detected between the milk yield and TCH (P<0.05)
concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrakh Sandagdorj
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Tserenpil Baigalmaa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Sedhuu Burenjargal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Munkhbat Enkhdalai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Davaakhuu Bayanbat
- School of Animal Science, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Dashdorj Janchiv
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | - Ooyo Jamyandorj
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
| | | | - Purevdorj Nyam-Osor
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
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Snoj T, Jenko Z, Cebulj-Kadunc N. Fluctuations of serum cortisol, insulin and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in growing ewes over the year. Ir Vet J 2014; 67:22. [PMID: 25337389 PMCID: PMC4203860 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-67-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The physiological levels of endocrine and metabolic parameters in Slovene autochthonous breeds of sheep are not yet well known, nor are the mechanisms of their adaptability and responses to climate and environmental factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate fluctuations of cortisol, insulin and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in growing ewes over an one-year period. Blood samples were collected monthly from 10 yearling Jezersko-Solchava, 10 Bovec and 10 Istrian ewes. Serum cortisol, insulin and NEFA were measured with commercial kits. Results Mean monthly cortisol values fluctuated with low levels in summer and high levels in autumn. Significant peaked cortisol values of 25.69 ± 6.89, 14.67 ± 2.43 and 21.11 ± 7.25 μg/L in Jezersko-Solchava, Bovec and Istrian breed, respectively, were found in September (Bovec breed) and October (Jezersko-Solchava and Istrian breed). Mean monthly insulin values increased during the observation period. The highest levels of 14.60 ± 3.15, 16.03 ± 5.35 and 12.56 ± 2.52 μIU/mL in Jezersko-Solchava, Bovec and Istrian breed, respectively, were observed in the last sample collection in May. NEFA concentrations were found to be low except in some autumn and spring months. The peak values were observed in March for Jezersko-Solchava and Istrian breed (0.60 ± 0.05 and 0.66 ± 0.10 mmol/L), and in April for Bovec breed (0.71 ± 0.11 mmol/L). Conclusions Monthly fluctuations of cortisol, insulin and NEFA were measured in all observed sheep breeds, but between-breed differences in monthly values of examined parameters were insignificant. Significantly increased serum cortisol levels were found in autumn for all breeds and were probably associated with the onset of puberty and low environmental temperature. A gradual increase of insulin level in the examined ewes was in parallel with their growth. Significantly higher NEFA values in spring suggest qualitatively insufficient feed supply during that period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaz Snoj
- Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Gerbiceva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nina Cebulj-Kadunc
- Institute of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary faculty, Gerbiceva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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González-Montaña JR, Martín MJ, Benech A, Alonso ME, Alonso AJ, Cal-Pereyra LG. Handling the gastric groove closure in adult sheep using lysine-vasopressin. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Greiveldinger L, Veissier I, Boissy A. Behavioural and physiological responses of lambs to controllable vs. uncontrollable aversive events. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:805-14. [PMID: 19084342 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the cognitive processing by which animals evaluate their environment helps to predict situations detrimental to their welfare. Appraisal theories developed in cognitive psychology offer a framework to study such cognitive processing. Here we investigated whether the controllability of an aversive event (an airblast and a sliding grate preventing access to a food reward) affected emotional responses in lambs. The animals could (vs. could not) interrupt the aversive event and thus gain access to food by performing an operant task (placing their muzzle in an aperture). Among lambs trained to perform the operant task, seven learnt it completely and six partially (i.e. they approached their muzzle to the aperture). Each of the 13 lambs that learnt the task completely or partially was paired with a "yoked" partner not taught how to interrupt the aversive event. Behaviour, cortisol and cardiac activity were recorded and the groups were compared with ANOVAs for mixed models. Compared with the lambs unable to interrupt the aversive event, the lambs taught to control it were more inclined to enter and stay in the test arena, and more inclined to eat there. These differences were generally more marked in pairs where the operant task had been fully learnt. An occurrence of the aversive event was followed by a transient backwards-pointing position of the ears and an increased heart rate in all the lambs. These responses were less pronounced in controlling lambs that had completely learnt the operant task. We show that an aversive situation is perceived as less stressful by sheep when they can exert control over it and this effect depends on the degree of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greiveldinger
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, UR1213 Herbivores, Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related to the welfare of animals during transport. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Machatschke IH, Wallner B, Schams D, Dittami J. Social Environment Affects Peripheral Oxytocin and Cortisol during Stress Responses in Guinea-Pigs. Ethology 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Alexander SL, Irvine CHG. The effect of endotoxin administration on the secretory dynamics of oxytocin in follicular phase mares: relationship to stress axis hormones. J Neuroendocrinol 2002; 14:540-8. [PMID: 12121490 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to define the secretory dynamics of oxytocin and vasopressin in pituitary venous effluent from ambulatory horses during acute endotoxaemia, a stimulus that may release both hormones. Our secondary aim was to investigate the role of oxytocin in regulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by comparing oxytocin, vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and ACTH secretory profiles during endotoxaemia and by monitoring the ACTH response to oxytocin administration. Pituitary venous blood was collected nonsurgically continuously and divided into 1-min segments from eight follicular phase mares. Four mares were sampled for 30 min before and 3.5 h after receiving an i.v. infusion of bacterial endotoxin (TOX). Four control mares were sampled for 2.5 h without infusion of TOX. Another three follicular phase mares were given 5 U of oxytocin to replicate the peak response to TOX and pituitary blood collected every 1 min for 10 min before and 15 min after injection. Endotoxin raised the secretion rates of all hormones measured. All hormones were released episodically throughout the experiment, with TOX increasing the amplitude of peaks in each hormone. Peaks in oxytocin and vasopressin were coincident in each treated mare. Similarly, ACTH peaks were coincident with peaks of oxytocin and vasopressin in each treated mare, and with peaks of CRH in three mares. However, oxytocin administration did not affect ACTH secretion. We conclude that during endotoxaemia in horses: (i) oxytocin and vasopressin are secreted synchronously; (ii) oxytocin is unlikely to be acting as an ACTH secretagogue since inducing peak oxytocin concentrations observed during TOX does not raise ACTH; and therefore (iii) the close relationship between oxytocin and ACTH secretion is circumstantial and due to the fact that oxytocin secretion is concurrent with that of vasopressin, a proven ACTH secretagogue in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Alexander
- Department of Endocrinology, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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