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Meek HC, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. Morphological and Phenotypic Characteristics of the Bovine Nasopharyngeal Mucosa and Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J Comp Pathol 2022; 198:62-79. [PMID: 36116893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nasopharynx is an anatomically complex region of the upper respiratory tract that directly communicates with the nasal cavity, laryngopharynx, oesophagus and trachea. The nasopharyngeal mucosa contains moderate quantities of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that is appropriately located for immunological sampling but also creates vulnerability to pathogens. In recent years, the nasopharynx has been inculpated in the pathogenesis of important diseases of cattle (foot-and-mouth disease) and humans (COVID-19), yet the tissue has never been described in detail in any species. In order to characterize the morphology and cellular composition of the bovine nasopharynx, samples of mucosa were collected from the nasopharynx of five 8-13-month-old steers and examined using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and multichannel immunofluorescence. Morphologically, the nasopharyngeal epithelium was highly heterogeneous, with a continuum ranging from stratified squamous epithelium to highly attenuated, follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Distribution of MALT was similarly regionally variable ranging from absent to clusters of multiple lymphoid follicles. Phenotypic characterization demonstrated dense distributions of dendritic cells and T lymphocytes surrounding lymphoid follicles, which comprised mostly B lymphocytes. The FAE overlaying the lymphoid follicles also contained higher numbers of dendritic cells and lymphocytes compared with the adjacent non-lymphoid epithelium, although cytotoxic T cells were notably scarce in the FAE. The bovine nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue had comparable elements to other MALTs with specific differences that may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of infectious agents that have specific tropism for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haillie C Meek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA; Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA; Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA.
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Sun J, Cui Y, Yu S, Xu Y, He J, Liu P, Huang Y, Li Q. Yak (Bos grunniens) Tonsils: Morphological Description and Expression of IgA and IgG. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:999-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Si‐Jiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yuan‐Fang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Jun‐Feng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Peng‐Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Yu‐Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineGansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Qin Li
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou Gansu China
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Domingo M, Vidal E, Marco A. Pathology of bovine tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S20-9. [PMID: 24731532 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic granulomatous caseous-necrotising inflammatory process that mainly affects the lungs and their draining lymph nodes (Ln.). The pathological changes associated with bTB infection reflect the interplay between the host defence mechanisms and the mycobacterial virulence factors and the balance between the immunologic protective responses and the damaging inflammatory processes. Inhalation is the most common infection route and causes lesions of the nasopharynx and lower respiratory tract, including its associated lymph nodes. The initial infection (primary complex) may be followed by chronic (post-primary) tuberculosis or may be generalised. Goat tuberculosis often produces liquefactive necrosis and caverns, similarly to human TB. The assessment of the severity of TB lesions is crucial for vaccine trials. Semi-quantitative gross lesion scoring systems have been developed for cattle, but imaging technology has allowed the development of more standardised, objective, and quantitative methods, such as multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), which provides quantitative measures of lesion volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Anatomia I Sanitat Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.
| | - E Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Marco
- Departament de Anatomia I Sanitat Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
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Castillo-Velázquez U, Gomez-Flores R, Tamez-Guerra R, Tamez-Guerra P, Rodríguez-Padilla C. Differential responses of macrophages from bovines naturally resistant or susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis after classical and alternative activation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:8-16. [PMID: 23707003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is known that macrophages from naturally resistant animals possess a strong immune response against bovine tuberculosis to control mycobacterial infections. In the present study, the macrophage phagocytic activity, intracellular bacterial survival, and cytokine gene expression induced by classical and alternative activators against Mycobacterium bovis in naturally resistant or susceptible bovines, were evaluated. Animals were classified as naturally resistant or susceptible based on the capacity of their macrophages to allow M. bovis (BCG) growth. Peripheral blood macrophages from naturally resistant and susceptible animals were activated by classical and alternative stimuli and challenged with either non-pathogenic M. bovis BCG strain or pathogenic 9926 strain. Naturally resistant animals showed the highest phagocytosis index and microbial control after classical and alternative stimuli, being this response higher against the strain 9926 than the non-virulent strain. In addition, the response of macrophages activated by the classical pathway was higher than that under the alternative activation against both types of strains. Furthermore, classical pathway-activated macrophages derived from naturally resistant animals expressed higher levels of the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1 and MIP-3, and the anti-inflammatory markers ARGII and TGF-b, particularly to BCG. The results of this study showed that macrophages from naturally resistant animals produced stronger pro-inflammatory responses than those from susceptible ones to signals provided by classical pathway activators. Its role in innate immunity against M. bovis is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Castillo-Velázquez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Pedro de Alba S/N, Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Palmer MV, Stasko J, Waters WR, Thacker TC. Examination of the Reticular Epithelium of the Bovine Pharyngeal Tonsil. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:1939-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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The prevalence and distribution of Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles) as determined by enhanced post mortem examination and bacteriological culture. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Waters WR. Histology, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of the bovine palatine tonsil with special emphasis on reticular epithelium. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 127:277-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Serrano-Moreno BA, Romero TA, Arriaga C, Torres RA, Pereira-Suárez AL, García-Salazar JA, Estrada-Chávez C. High frequency of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in colostra from tuberculous cattle detected by nested PCR. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:258-66. [PMID: 18454747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated by nested PCR reaction, different cow secretions from a herd with 48% of prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), seeking to determine niches where Mycobacterium bovis could be found. Postmortem examination of 18 (75%) tuberculin reacting cows allowed demonstrates BTB-compatible lesions in six, all of them PCR positives in milk and four in colostra samples. Our results showed that up to 62% of the colostra analysed contained M. bovis DNA, whereas only 18% of milk gave a positive reaction. Moreover, in bronchoalveolar lavages from cattle with compatible lesions in lungs or lymph nodes, where macrophages account up to 90% of cells, we did not find evidences of M. bovis. Altogether, these results suggest that differences in the anti-bacterial capacity of bovine macrophages, dependent upon microenvironment and organ-specific factors, exist. Alternatively, we hypothesize that hypoxic conditions that are encountered in mammary glands macrophages could induce M. bovis entrance into a 'dormancy-like' state, and that the high number of colostra samples were M. bovis was detected, could be an indicator of reactivation during 'peripartum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Serrano-Moreno
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Estado de México, Mexico
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Naranjo V, Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Vicente J, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J. Influence of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase alleles on resistance to bovine tuberculosis in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Anim Genet 2008; 39:316-20. [PMID: 18454807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An association study was carried out to examine the influence of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) polymorphisms on the susceptibility of a well-studied wild boar population from southern Spain to develop bovine tuberculosis (bTB). To this end, we examined polymorphisms at a closely linked dinucleotide microsatellite flanking exon 2 of the MUT gene in 37 wild boars with bTB and 36 non-infected individuals. The microsatellite showed low polymorphism in the studied population, with only three alleles (MUTm-A, MUTm-B and MUTm-C) found, in contrast to the 11 alleles previously reported for domestic pigs. Our case-control study showed that the MUTm-B allele was associated with disease in a dominant pattern (odds ratio = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.05-10.72; P = 0.04), while the MUTm AA genotype appeared to have a protective effect against bTB infection (odds ratio = 4.33; 95% CI = 1.20-14.96; P = 0.02). Interestingly, infected wild boars heterozygous for MUTm AB are at an advantage (11-fold) to contain the systemic spread of the disease when compared to other genotypes, implying that a balanced polymorphism may be present in the population. These results strengthen previous observations regarding the importance of the MUT gene on bTB resistance in wild boars and indicate that polymorphisms at this locus will influence the risk of acquiring and maintaining bTB in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Naranjo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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10
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Liebana E, Johnson L, Gough J, Durr P, Jahans K, Clifton-Hadley R, Spencer Y, Hewinson RG, Downs SH. Pathology of naturally occurring bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales. Vet J 2007; 176:354-60. [PMID: 17728162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to obtain a contemporary data set of pathology in tuberculin reactor and in-contact cattle in England and Wales. Four hundred animals (200 reactors and 200 in-contacts) from 242 farms located in 14 counties in Western England and Wales were examined. The mean number of lymph nodes (LNs) with tuberculosis (TB)-like lesions per TB-confirmed animal was 1.7 in reactors and 1.5 in in-contact animals. Tuberculous lesions in both reactor and in-contact animals were most commonly observed in the LNs of the thorax, followed by the head and abdomen, particularly the mediastinal, retropharyngeal and tracheobronchial LNs. Twenty-five reactors had macroscopic lesions in the palatine tonsils. Among TB-confirmed cattle, 27% of reactors and 9% of in-contact animals had gross TB-like lesions in the lungs, particularly in the caudal lobes. Gross lesions that were not TB-confirmed were parasitic granulomas (45%), bacterial or mycotic club-forming pyogranulomas (27%) and bacterial abscesses (23%). Diagnostic sensitivity was maximised when bacteriology and histopathology were used concurrently. Stage IV granulomas, alone or in combination with other stages, constituted 63% of lesions, while 16% of lesions were stage I/II granulomas. Caseous necrosis and calcification were common features of the granulomas encountered in natural Mycobacterium bovis infections, even with pathology limited to a small number of sites. Granulomas often covered large areas of histological sections and typically contained only small numbers of acid fast bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liebana
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, England, UK.
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11
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Griffin J, Rodgers C, Liggett S, Mackintosh C. Tuberculosis in ruminants: Characteristics of intra-tonsilar Mycobacterium bovis infection models in cattle and deer. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2006; 86:404-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Yasuda M, Takanashi M, Nasu T, Murakami T. Histological studies on the ontogeny of bovine palatine and pharyngeal tonsil: germinal center formation, IgG, and IgA mRNA expression. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 29:279-93. [PMID: 17034858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development and distribution of lymphocyte subsets in calf palatine and pharyngeal tonsil were examined. During prenatal development, B cells were distributed in the subepithelial area, and T cells and MHC class II(+) cells were found in the deep layer of B-cell area, respectively, in both tonsils. At neonatal stage, lymphoid follicle containing a few CD4(+) cells have been formed in both tonsils. IgG(+) and IgA(+) cells were found in the parafollicular and epithelial area. At 3 months old, many germinal centers were recognized in both tonsils. CD4(+) cells and IgG mRNA expression were detected in light zone of germinal centers. Many IgG, and IgA mRNA expressions also could be detected in the parafollicular and subepithelial area of both tonsils. The data suggest that both tonsils have an important role of local immune defense against invading antigen after birth. The comparison of the histological characteristics of tonsil and Peyer's patch during ontogeny is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yasuda
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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13
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Liebler-Tenorio EM, Pabst R. MALT structure and function in farm animals. Vet Res 2006; 37:257-80. [PMID: 16611547 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is defined as an organized lymphoid tissue in the mucosa that samples antigens. The morphological characteristics that distinguish MALT from lymphoid infiltrates are discussed. MALT has been extensively investigated in laboratory animals, while knowledge in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses that are summarized under the term farm animals in this review is fragmentary. Literature data about the distribution, morphology, function and involvement in infectious diseases of MALT in farm animals are described. The understanding of specific features of MALT in other species than laboratory animals is important for comparative research, in order to understand pathological and immunological processes in the respective species and as a potential route of vaccination of mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96 a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Pollock JM, Rodgers JD, Welsh MD, McNair J. Pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis: the role of experimental models of infection. Vet Microbiol 2005; 112:141-50. [PMID: 16384665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, test-and-slaughter policies based on tuberculin skin testing have made a significant impact on the control of bovine tuberculosis (caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis). However, in some countries these policies have not proved as effective and improved disease control strategies are required (including improved diagnostic tests and development of vaccines). The host pathogen interactions in bovine tuberculosis are very complex. While studies of the disease in naturally infected field cases of bovine tuberculosis have provided valuable information, detailed knowledge can also be gained through studies of disease models. A number of studies have developed M. bovis infection models employing a range of routes and challenge doses. An early objective was assessment of vaccine efficiency, and models of infection remain central to current work in this area. Development of the intra-nasal and intra-tracheal models have also advanced our understanding of the kinetics of the immune response. In many of these studies, understanding of pathogenesis has been improved by definition of the cells that respond to infection and those that are instrumental in modulation of host responses. Experimental models of infection have been adapted to study cattle to cattle transmission, modeling one of the fundamental routes of infection. This review provides a historical perspective on the types of experimental models used in over 100 years of research and outlines new opportunities to refine those methods for bovine and human tuberculosis and to contribute to improved diagnostics, advanced understanding of immunology and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pollock
- Veterinary Sciences Division, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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15
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Cassidy JP. The pathogenesis and pathology of bovine tuberculosis with insights from studies of tuberculosis in humans and laboratory animal models. Vet Microbiol 2005; 112:151-61. [PMID: 16310979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews key insights the discipline of pathology has contributed to our understanding of bovine tuberculosis in the context of findings of studies of tuberculosis in humans and laboratory animal models. Analysis and extrapolation of data from other species have the potential to expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease in cattle. The distribution of lesions in affected cattle, humans and laboratory animals illustrate the primacy of the respiratory tract as portal of infection and raise questions about the role of the upper respiratory tract surface, tonsil and dorsal lung regions in disease pathogenesis and transmission. The mechanisms behind significant pathological processes such as necrosis, apoptosis and liquefaction, occurring within lesions, are explored and their potential practical significance assessed in the context of herd disease dynamics and vaccine development. It is proposed that effective 'innate' host defences result in many animals and humans remaining disease-free and tuberculin test negative following exposure to infection. Furthermore, the concepts of latency and disease reactivation, considered significant factors in perpetuating tuberculosis in human populations, are explored in the context of the bovine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cassidy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Vicente J, Gortazar C, Höfle U, Fernández-de-Mera IG, Amos W. Genetic resistance to bovine tuberculosis in the Iberian wild boar. Mol Ecol 2005; 14:3209-17. [PMID: 16101786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important re-emerging zoonotic disease, causing major economic losses and constraining international trade of animals and their products. Despite eradication programmes, some countries continue to encounter outbreaks, mainly due to wildlife acting as primary hosts or reservoirs. While the genetic component of tuberculosis in humans and cattle is well documented, the role of genetic factors as modulators of bTB resistance remains unclear for natural populations. To address this issue, we investigated the relative contribution of host genetic variability to susceptibility to bTB infection and disease progression in wild boars from southern Spain. We found that genetic heterozygosity is an important predictor of bTB, not only modulating resistance to infection but also influencing containment of disease progression in infected individuals. Our results provide further evidence that host genetic variability plays a central role in natural populations. Testing each marker separately reveals evidence of both general and single-locus associative effects on bTB and several loci reveal high homology to regions of the genome with known immune function. Our results may prove to be crucial for understanding outbreaks of bTB in wildlife that could potentially affect domestic livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Neill
- Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on a request from the Commission related on “Tuberculosis in Bovine Animals: Risks for human health and control strategies”. EFSA J 2004. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2004.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Broxmeyer L. Is mad cow disease caused by a bacteria? Med Hypotheses 2004; 63:731-9. [PMID: 15325025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (TSE's), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called BSE or "mad cow disease"), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. They remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. But between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in England came down with CJD, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. Current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing "prions", an acronym for hypothesized, gene-less, misfolded proteins, somehow claimed to cause the disease. Yet laboratory preparations of prions contain other things, which could include unidentified bacteria or viruses. Furthermore, the rigors of prion purification alone, might, in and of themselves, have killed the causative virus or bacteria. Therefore, even if samples appear to infect animals, it is impossible to prove that prions are causative. Manuelidis found viral-like particles, which even when separated from prions, were responsible for spongiform STE's. Subsequently, Lasmezas's study showed that 55% of mice injected with cattle BSE, and who came down with disease, had no detectable prions. Still, incredibly, prions, are held as existing TSE dogma and Heino Dringer, who did pioneer work on their nature, candidly predicts "it will turn out that the prion concept is wrong." Many animals that die of spongiform TSE's never show evidence of misfolded proteins, and Dr. Frank Bastian, of Tulane, an authority, thinks the disorder is caused by the bacterial DNA he found in this group of diseases. Recently, Roels and Walravens isolated Mycobacterium bovis it from the brain of a cow with the clinical and histopathological signs of mad cow. Moreover, epidemiologic maps of the origins and peak incidence of BSE in the UK, suggestively match those of England's areas of highest bovine tuberculosis, the Southwest, where Britain's mad cow epidemic began. The neurotoxic potential for cow tuberculosis was shown in pre-1960 England, where one quarter of all tuberculous meningitis victims suffered from Mycobacterium bovis infection. And Harley's study showed pathology identical to "mad cow" from systemic M. bovis in cattle, causing a tuberculous spongiform encephalitis. In addition to M. bovis, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (fowl tuberculosis) causes Johne's disease, a problem known and neglected in cattle and sheep for almost a century, and rapidly emerging as the disease of the new millennium. Not only has M. paratuberculosis been found in human Crohn's disease, but both Crohn's and Johne's both cross-react with the antigens of cattle paratuberculosis. Furthermore, central neurologic manifestations of Crohn's disease are not unknown. There is no known disease which better fits into what is occurring in Mad Cow and the spongiform enchephalopathies than bovine tuberculosis and its blood-brain barrier penetrating, virus-like, cell-wall-deficient forms. It is for these reasons that future research needs to be aimed in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Broxmeyer
- Med-America Research, 148-14A 11th Avenue, Whitestpme, NY 11357, USA.
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Waters WR, Miller JM, Palmer MV, Stabel JR, Jones DE, Koistinen KA, Steadham EM, Hamilton MJ, Davis WC, Bannantine JP. Early induction of humoral and cellular immune responses during experimental Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of calves. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5130-8. [PMID: 12933856 PMCID: PMC187349 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.5130-5138.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) of cattle is widespread and causes significant economic losses for producers due to decreased production and poor health of affected animals. The chronic nature of the disease and the lack of a reproducible model of infection hinder research efforts. In the present study, instillation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis into the tonsillar crypts of neonatal calves resulted in peripheral colonization as detected by antemortem culture of feces and postmortem (320 days postchallenge) culture of intestinal tissues. Antigen-specific blastogenic, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and nitric oxide responses by blood mononuclear cells from infected calves exceeded prechallenge responses beginning 194 days postchallenge. Upon in vitro stimulation with paratuberculosis antigens, CD4(+) cells from infected calves proliferated, produced IFN-gamma, and increased expression of CD26 and CD45RO (indicative of an activated memory phenotype). Utilizing a lipoarabinomannan-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, specific serum immunoglobulin was detected as early as 134 days postchallenge and generally increased after this time point. Two antigens of approximately 50 and approximately 60 kDa were particularly immunodominant early in infection, as shown by immunoblot with serum collected within 2 weeks postchallenge. Findings indicate that the intratonsillar inoculation route will prove useful as an experimental model for paratuberculosis infection. Additionally, this study confirms that mycobacteria-specific antibody is detectable early in the course of experimental Johne's disease, even preceding the development of specific cell-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Waters
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Butler KL, Fitzgerald SD, Bruning-Fann CS, Schmitt SM. Tonsillar lesions in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Rec 2002; 151:149-50. [PMID: 12199435 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.5.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M V Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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23
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Abstract
This review considers the possible events that can occur when cattle are exposed to Mycobacterium bovis and, where appropriate, draws on principles accepted for tuberculosis infection in humans and laboratory animal models. Consideration is given to the many complex factors which influence the outcome of challenge with tubercle bacilli. These include features inherent to the mycobacterium, the host and the environment. It is apparent that clinical disease probably occurs only in a relatively small, but undetermined, proportion of cattle that are exposed to Al. bovis. The majority of animals may clear infection or control the bacilli, possibly in a condition of latency. It is concluded that a better understanding of the dynamics of the events following M. bovis exposure and subsequent infection in cattle would be of significant benefit in developing new tools appropriate for disease control and to designing optimal approaches for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pollock
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Belfast, UK.
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24
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Abstract
This review, illustrated with data on the characteristics of herds infected with Mycobacterium bovis (TB) in Great Britain (GB), attempts to identify the role of cattle-to-cattle transmission (CCT) of TB. CCT plays a part in the entry of infection into herds, through purchased infected animals or contiguous spread, although CCT can have a relatively small role in comparison with an established wildlife source. Experimental studies have shown that it is possible for CCT to occur within herds. In 1999, more than one reactor was found in over two-thirds of confirmed TB incidents in Great Britain. The details of transmission from an infectious animal to a susceptible animal are described: proximate, which depends on factors such as closeness of contact and ventilation, or indirect, which also depends on survival outside the host. Herd size is a risk factor for the incidence of TB, both in herds and in individual cattle. Control of TB is considered in relation to the skin test: failure of the test to remove all infected animals from incidents is possible, but probably of less significance than failure to prevent reinfection from sources external to the herd. It is concluded that CCT may have significance in determining the total number of reactors. Safeguarding herds from other sources of TB is likely to reduce CCT as a side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Goodchild
- Epidemiology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Angency, Weybridge, UK
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25
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Abstract
There has been a renewed interest in the pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis in many countries, in an attempt to understand better its transmission, to improve diagnosis and assess the potential of vaccination. This paper, which overviews current knowledge of aspects of the pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis, draws from studies of field cases and experimental infections and highlights deficiencies in current understanding. The pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis has not received the same level of attention as with human tuberculosis, and in many instances, the processes involved in bovine tuberculosis have been drawn from studies of human tuberculosis or from small animal models of infection. This paper however, considers the successful emulation of naturally acquired tuberculosis using experimental cattle models and identifies the complex and integrated nature of microbiological, immunological and pathological events involved. Current understanding of the initiation of infection, immune responses, and subsequent pathology, which can vary significantly in individual animals are discussed. Whilst there are aspects of M. bovis that still remain elusive to scientific investigation, further studies on the pathogenesis of bovine tuberculosis are advocated as necessary to provide a better scientific basis on which to review control and eradication strategies, which are currently less than effective in many regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Neill
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stoney Road, Belfast, BT4 3ND, Northern Ireland.
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26
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Taylor MJ, Hughes MS, Skuce RA, Neill SD. Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in bovine clinical specimens using real-time fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe rapid-cycle PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1272-8. [PMID: 11283040 PMCID: PMC87923 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.4.1272-1278.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid sequence capture extraction was coupled with LightCycler PCR amplification and product detection using real-time fluorescence for rapid, definitive detection of Mycobacterium bovis in lymph node specimens from 38 cattle with bovine tuberculosis lesions. PCR amplification of sequence-captured DNA using both a conventional heating block thermocycler and a LightCycler thermocycler was compared with culture and histopathological analyses. Conventional PCR enabled detection of 26 of 28 culture-positive specimens (93%) in approximately 9 h, and the LightCycler PCR detected 20 of 28 culture-positive specimens (71%) in only 30 min. Specific confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA was achieved by LightCycler PCR amplification using Syb Green 1 and an M. tuberculosis complex-specific Cy5-labeled fluorescence resonance energy transfer probe. The system described here enabled rapid and specific laboratory confirmation of bovine tuberculosis, and this is the first report of the detection of M. bovis in tissues using LightCycler PCR. The fluorescence technology used in the study has potential to allow development of a high-throughput molecular diagnostic test for bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Taylor
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, Northern Ireland.
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27
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Abstract
In developed countries, Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle is now mostly confined to the respiratory system, which reflects transmission and establishment of infection mainly by this route. A single bacillus transported within a droplet nucleus is probably sufficient to establish infection within the bovine lung. Infected cattle should always be considered as potential sources of infection, since studies have demonstrated that a significant proportion of tuberculous cattle excrete M. bovis. In general, the dynamics of M. bovis transmission are poorly understood and the conditions under which a tuberculous animal becomes an effective disseminator of infection are currently not defined although environmental contamination appears to be a less effective method of disease transmission. Field studies indicate a wide spectrum of transmission rates but generally the spread of M. bovis infection is still considered to be a relatively slow process. Slaughter of diseased cattle detected by tuberculin testing and at meat plant inspection has been shown to be an effective policy for tuberculosis eradication, provided there are no other reservoirs of infection and all involved in the cattle industry are committed to a policy of eradication. Epidemiological approaches, particularly case-control studies, seem to provide the best method for quantifying the relative importance of the various sources of M. bovis transmission to cattle and modelling techniques can be used to assist in the design of cost-effective control measures that may lead to tuberculosis eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Menzies
- Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Payeur JB, Alt DP, Esch KJ, Bruning-Fann CS, Kaneene JB. Naturally occurring tuberculosis in white-tailed deer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1921-4. [PMID: 10863589 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the distribution of lesions and extent of tissues infected with Mycobacterium bovis in a captive population of white-tailed deer. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 116 captive white-tailed deer. PROCEDURE Deer were euthanatized, and postmortem examinations were performed. Tissues with gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were collected for microscopic analysis and bacteriologic culture. Tissues from the head, thorax, and abdomen of deer with no gross lesions were pooled for bacteriologic culture. Tonsillar, nasal, oral, and rectal swab specimens, fecal samples, and samples of hay and pelleted feed, soil around feeding sites, and water from 2 natural ponds were collected for bacteriologic culture. RESULTS Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 14 of 116 (12%) deer; however, only 9 of 14 had lesions consistent with tuberculosis. Most commonly affected tissues included the medial retropharyngeal lymph node and lung. Five of 14 tuberculous deer had no gross lesions; however, M bovis was isolated from pooled tissue specimens from the heads of each of these deer. Bacteriologic culture of tonsillar swab specimens from 2 of the infected deer yielded M bovis. Mean (+/- SEM) age of tuberculous deer was 2.5 +/- 0.3 years (range, 0.5 to 6 years). Mycobacterium bovis was not isolated from feed, soil, water, or fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Examination of hunter-killed white-tailed deer for tuberculosis commonly includes only the lymph nodes of the head. Results of such examinations may underestimate disease prevalence by as much as 57%. Such discrepancy should be considered when estimating disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Palmer
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Unit, USDA, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Lugton I. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues as sites for uptake, carriage and excretion of tubercle bacilli and other pathogenic mycobacteria. Immunol Cell Biol 1999; 77:364-72. [PMID: 10457205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria, including those that cause tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, cross mucosal barriers by endocytosis within mucosal lymphoepithelial sites. These entry sites commonly include oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal tonsils and Peyer's patches. Bacilli discharged at the basolateral surfaces of engulfing epithelial M cells are taken up by professional antigen-presenting cells associated with T lymphocytes of the parafollicular area. Dendritic cells and macrophages in these sites allow mycobacterial replication, due to the permissive immunological environment in lymphoepithelial tissues. Abrogation of local delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions generally ensures continuing integrity and function of these tissues. Phagocytes containing intracellular mycobacteria disseminate infection to other parts of the body and also probably migrate back onto the mucosal surface to shed bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lugton
- New South Wales Agriculture, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, New South Wales, Australia.
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