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Aikawa T, Miyazaki Y, Kihara S, Saitoh Y, Nishimura M, Stephan SL, Dewey CW. Vertebral stabilisation for thoracolumbar vertebral instability associated with cranial and caudal articular process anomalies in pugs: Seven cases (2010-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2022; 63:699-706. [PMID: 35577348 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the diagnostic findings, surgical technique and outcomes in seven pugs with thoracolumbar vertebral instability due to articular process anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Records (2010 to 2019) of pugs with thoracolumbar vertebral instability associated with articular process anomalies that underwent decompressive laminectomy and vertebral stabilisation were reviewed. Data on preoperative and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, surgical techniques and outcomes were retrieved. RESULTS Seven dogs were presented with ambulatory or non-ambulatory paraparesis. Caudal articular process anomalies (three dogs) and concomitant cranial and caudal articular process anomalies (four dogs) were noted. Myelography (six dogs) or magnetic resonance imaging (one dog) showed none to severe spinal cord compression. Dynamic myelography in six dogs demonstrated nine distinct sites of spinal cord dimension reduction positioned in extension and/or flexion (mean reduction: 16.0%, range: 8.5 to 24.0%). These dynamic compressions were located at sites with articular process anomalies (seven sites) and sites with no articular process anomalies (two sites). Vertebral instability was confirmed by intraoperative spinal manipulation in all dogs. All dogs remained ambulatory with improved (five dogs) or static (two dogs) neurological deficits at the last follow-up (median: 16 months; range: 1.5 to 66 months). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dynamic myelography and/or intraoperative spinal manipulation demonstrated vertebral instabilities at sites with or without articular process anomalies on imaging. Decompressive laminectomy with vertebral stabilisation resulted in long-term neurological improvement in most dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aikawa
- Department of Surgery, Aikawa Veterinary Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Miyazaki
- Department of Surgery, Aikawa Veterinary Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kihara
- Department of Surgery, Aikawa Veterinary Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Saitoh
- Department of Surgery, Aikawa Veterinary Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, Aikawa Veterinary Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S L Stephan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - C W Dewey
- Elemental Pet Vets, Freeville, New York, USA
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2
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Padley HF, Freeman P, Taylor-Brown F, Mortier JR, Genain MA. Imaging characteristics of thoracolumbar spinal stenosis due to articular process hyperplasia and degenerative joint disease in six large breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:272-280. [PMID: 35188304 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported evidence that thoracolumbar articular process hyperplasia and degenerative joint disease may be a cause of stenotic myelopathy in large breed dogs; however, detailed descriptions of imaging characteristics are currently lacking. The aim of this retrospective, multi-center, case series report was to describe imaging findings in six large breed dogs diagnosed with thoracolumbar articular process hyperplasia and degenerative joint disease causing vertebral canal stenosis. All dogs presented with progressive paraparesis, proprioceptive ataxia of the pelvic limbs, and neuroanatomical localization of T3-L3 myelopathy. All dogs underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracolumbar spine and had articular process malformations at T13-L1 (three German Shepherd dogs (GSD) and a Boxer dog) or T12-T13 (two mixed-breed dogs). Five cases were managed surgically. Findings provided more detailed imaging descriptions and supported previously published studies indicating that maldevelopment of articular processes and secondary degenerative changes can be a cause of thoracolumbar spinal stenosis and myelopathy in large breed dogs. While uncommon, this condition should be included as a differential diagnosis for large breed dogs presenting with a T3-L3 myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Freeman
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Lee NN, Kramer JS, Stoker AM, Bozynski CC, Cook CR, Stannard JT, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Canine models of spine disorders. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1109. [PMID: 33392448 PMCID: PMC7770205 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck and low back pain are common among the adult human population and impose large social and economic burdens on health care and quality of life. Spine-related disorders are also significant health concerns for canine companions with etiopathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnostic and therapeutic options that are very similar to their human counterparts. Historically, induced and spontaneous pathology in laboratory rodents, dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used for study of human spine disorders. While each of these can serve as useful preclinical models, they all have inherent limitations. Spontaneously occurring spine disorders in dogs provide highly translatable data that overcome many of the limitations of other models and have the added benefit of contributing to veterinary healthcare as well. For this scoping review, peer-reviewed manuscripts were selected from PubMed and Google Scholar searches using keywords: "intervertebral disc," "intervertebral disc degeneration," "biomarkers," "histopathology," "canine," and "mechanism." Additional keywords such as "injury," "induced model," and "nucleus degeneration" were used to further narrow inclusion. The objectives of this review were to (a) outline similarities in key features of spine disorders between dogs and humans; (b) describe relevant canine models; and (c) highlight the applicability of these models for advancing translational research and clinical application for mechanisms of disease, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment, with a focus on intervertebral disc degeneration. Best current evidence suggests that dogs share important anatomical, physiological, histological, and molecular components of spinal disorders in humans, such that induced and spontaneous canine models can be very effective for translational research. Taken together, the peer-reviewed literature supports numerous advantages for use of canine models for study of disorders of the spine when the potential limitations and challenges are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Medicine ProgramUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jacob S. Kramer
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Chantelle C. Bozynski
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Cristi R. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James T. Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Theodore J. Choma
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative OrthopaedicsUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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4
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Gamble KB, Jones JC, Biddlecome A, Bridges WC. Qualitative and quantitative computed tomographic characteristics of the lumbosacral spine in German Shepherd military working dogs with versus without lumbosacral pain. J Vet Behav 2020; 38:38-55. [PMID: 32754007 PMCID: PMC7402633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumbosacral (LS) stenosis is a cause of lower back pain, loss of mission readiness, and early retirement in military working dogs (MWDs). Aims of the present two-part study were to evaluate a sample of German Shepherd MWDs using standard clinical criteria for LS pain, standard qualitative computed tomographic (CT) criteria for LS stenosis, novel quantitative CT criteria for LS stenosis, and novel behavioral classification criteria for LS pain. Data were retrieved from archives of a tertiary referral MWD hospital. Study 1 was a retrospective, observational, two-group design with a hypothesis that there would be a significant difference in the percentage of affected German Shepherd MWDs with multilevel stenosis (affecting ≥ 3 vertebrae) between LS pain groups, based on standard clinical and qualitative CT criteria. Study 2 was a retrospective, observational, cross-sectional, two- and three-group study design with a hypothesis that quantitative CT measurements would significantly differ between LS pain groups, assigned based on 3 classification systems. The 1st classification system used standard clinical criteria, while the 2nd and 3rd novel classifications included behavioral signs of LS pain. The following quantitative CT measures were recorded without knowledge of behavioral classification: vertebral foramen area, vertebral foramen volume, vertebral foramen fat area; and ratios of vertebral foramen area/vertebral body area (foramen area ratio), cranial vertebral foramen area/caudal vertebral foramen area (cranial:caudal foramen area ratio), and vertebral fat area/vertebral body area (fat area ratio). Study 1 findings did not support the hypothesis in that there was no significant difference in the percentage of dogs affected with multilevel stenosis between LS pain groups (P = 0.6567). Findings for study 2 supported the hypothesis in that dogs with LS pain were significantly more affected by multilevel stenosis (P = 0.0273). Significant differences occurred between LS pain groups in select vertebral locations for all measurements (P ≤ 0.05) except vertebral foramen area and vertebral foramen volume (P > 0.05). Comparisons using novel quantitative CT measures and behavioral classification criteria identified significant differences between LS pain groups that were not detected using standard qualitative criteria. These novel quantitative and behavioral classification criteria may be helpful in future research on causes for early retirement in German Shepherd MWDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeryl C. Jones
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University
| | - Amanda Biddlecome
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Class of 2022, University of Georgia
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Lourinho F, Holdsworth A, McConnell JF, Gonçalves R, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Morales C, Lowrie M, Trevail R, Carrera I. Clinical features and MRI characteristics of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in 27 pugs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 61:545-554. [PMID: 32583954 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Constrictive myelopathy has been described in pugs with paraparesis and is characterized by fibrous connective and granulation tissue within the dura mater causing spinal cord compression and focal gliosis. An association between constrictive myelopathy and caudal articular process (CAP) dysplasia is suspected; however, some studies have reported CAP dysplasia as an incidental finding. The imaging appearance of constrictive myelopathy is currently limited to a small number of cases. The aim of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to detail the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and to correlate these with clinical signs of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in pugs. Medical databases from five veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed to identify pugs with pelvic limb ataxia and paresis, that had a complete record of signalment, neurological examination, and MRI of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The exclusion criteria were pugs with other conditions, such as unequivocal subarachnoid diverticula, hemivertebrae causing vertebral canal stenosis, intervertebral disc extrusions/protrusions, and multifocal/diffuse lesions. Twenty-seven pugs met the inclusion criteria. All cases were ambulatory with paraparesis and ataxia. Nearly 60% were incontinent. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a focal myelopathy in all cases showing one or more of the following lesions: CAP dysplasia (25/27), focal subarachnoid space irregular margination (26/27) with circumferential or dorsal contrast enhancement (10/12), and a symmetric V-shaped ventral extradural lesion (23/27). This study describes specific MRI features of pugs with presumptive constrictive myelopathy, which authors hypothesize to be a consequence of chronic micro-motion. Our results may help in diagnosing and subsequently treating this condition, which may warrant vertebral stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Fraser McConnell
- Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rita Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Carles Morales
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Ars Veterinary Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, UK
| | | | - Ines Carrera
- Radiology Department, Willows Referral Centre, Solihull, UK
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6
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Dragicevich CJ, Jones JC, Bridges W, Dunn H. Computed Tomographic Measures of Funnel-Shaped Lumbar Vertebral Canal and Articular Process Dysplasia Malformations Differ Between German Shepherd and Belgian Malinois Military Working Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:275. [PMID: 32528984 PMCID: PMC7266950 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers who study the selection and breeding program criteria for military working dogs aim to help maximize the years of active duty service. Computed tomographic (CT) quantitative phenotyping has been previously described as a method for supporting these research studies. Funnel-shaped lumbar vertebral foramen malformations have been previously described in Labrador retriever military working dogs and proposed to be risk factors for impaired arterial perfusion of nerve tissues during exercise. Articular process dysplasia malformations have been previously described in varying dog breeds and proposed to be risk factors for articular process degenerative joint disease and vertebral foramen stenosis. Aims of this retrospective, cross-sectional study were to describe quantitative CT phenotyping methods for characterizing funnel-shaped lumbar vertebral foramina and articular process dysplasia malformations and to apply these methods in a comparison between groups of German shepherd and Belgian Malinois military working dogs. A military working dog hospital's database was searched for German shepherd and Belgian Malinois dogs aged <6 years that had CT scans of the lumbosacral region during the period of 2008–2016. Observers unaware of CT findings recorded available clinical data for each of the dogs. An observer unaware of clinical data recorded CT measures of funnel-shaped lumbar vertebral foramina and articular process dysplasia malformations for each of dogs and each of the lumbar vertebrae that were available in the scans. A total of 59 dogs were sampled: 41 German shepherd and 18 Belgian Malinois. Articular process dysplasia and funnel-shaped vertebral foramen phenotypic traits were present in both breeds in this sample, with the frequency and quantitative measure of these traits being greater in German shepherd dogs and heavier dogs. Lower weight dogs had a lesser degree of a funnel-shaped foramen at all sampled vertebral locations. A consistent relationship between articular process dysplasia measures and body weight was not seen. Computed tomography measures of funnel shaped vertebral foramina were greater in German shepherd vs. Belgian Malinois dogs at the L7 vertebra (P < 0.01). The CT measures of cranial articular process dysplasia were greater in German shepherd vs. Belgian Malinois dogs at the L4 (P < 0.01) and L5 (P < 0.05) vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Dragicevich
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Jeryl C Jones
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States.,South Carolina Translational Research Improving Musculoskeletal Heath Center, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - William Bridges
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Heather Dunn
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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7
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Rohdin C, Ljungvall I, Häggström J, Leijon A, Lindblad-Toh K, Matiasek K, Rosati M, Wohlsein P, Jäderlund KH. Thoracolumbar meningeal fibrosis in pugs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:797-807. [PMID: 32003496 PMCID: PMC7096664 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracolumbar myelopathies associated with spinal cord and vertebral column lesions, with a similar clinical phenotype, but different underlying etiologies, occur in pugs. Objectives To further characterize the clinical and neuropathological characteristics of pugs with longstanding thoracolumbar myelopathy. Animals Thirty client‐owned pure‐bred pugs with a history of more than a month of ataxia and paresis of the pelvic limbs, suggesting a myelopathy localized to the thoracolumbar spinal cord, were included in the study. Methods Prospective clinicopathological study. Included pugs underwent a complete neurological examination and gross and histopathologic postmortem studies with focus on the spinal cord. Computed tomography (n = 18), magnetic resonance imaging (n = 17), and cerebrospinal fluid analysis (n = 27) were performed before or immediately after death. Results Twenty male and 10 female pugs had a median age at clinical onset of 84 months (interquartile range, 66‐96). Affected pugs presented with a progressive clinical course and 80% were incontinent. There was circumferential meningeal fibrosis with concomitant focal, malacic, destruction of the neuroparenchyma in the thoracolumbar spinal cord in 24/30 pugs. Vertebral lesions accompanied the focal spinal cord lesion, and there was lympho‐histiocytic inflammation associated or not to the parenchymal lesion in 43% of the pugs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Meningeal fibrosis with associated focal spinal cord destruction and neighboring vertebral column lesions were common findings in pugs with long‐standing thoracolumbar myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rohdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Leijon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Section of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Stabile F, Brash R, De Risio L. Clinical, diagnostic imaging, surgical findings and long‐term outcome in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with thoracolumbar vertebral articular process hyperplasia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Stabile
- Neurology/NeurosurgeryThe Animal Health TrustNewmarketUK
| | - Robert Brash
- Diagnostic ImagingAnimal Health TrustKentfordNewmarketUK
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Neurology/NeurosurgeryThe Animal Health TrustNewmarketUK
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Nishida H, Nakata K, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Prevalence and pattern of thoracolumbar caudal articular process anomalies and intervertebral disk herniations in pugs. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:906-910. [PMID: 31092761 PMCID: PMC6612495 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (TL-IVDH) with caudal articular process anomalies has been reported in Pugs. It currently remains unclear whether congenital caudal articular process aplasia/hypoplasia predisposes to the development of TL-IVDH. However, there are difficulties in proving the causal relationship between caudal articular process anomalies and TL-IVDH. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of TL-IVDH at the vertebral space containing anomalous and normal caudal articular processes in Pugs. Fifty-seven pugs were eligible to be included in this study. Caudal articular process aplasia/hypoplasia affected 52/57 (91.2%) dogs. The caudal articular process anomalies were most frequently located between T10 and T13. Colocalization of caudal articular process aplasia/hypoplasia and TL-IVDH was detected in 11 dogs (19.3%). The prevalence of TL-IVDH at vertebral spaces containing abnormal caudal articular processes was 12.3%, whereas the prevalence of TL-IVDH at vertebral spaces containing normal articular processes was 2.4%. With the increase in the number of vertebrae with caudal articular process anomalies, the prevalence of TL-IVDH also increased. The results of this study suggested the prevalence of caudal articular process anomalies was high in Pugs. The caudal articular process anomalies could be associated with TL-IVDH. A large cohort is needed to prove the causal relationship between caudal articular process anomalies and TL-IVDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Nishida
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Rohdin C, Häggström J, Ljungvall I, Nyman Lee H, De Decker S, Bertram S, Lindblad-Toh K, Hultin Jäderlund K. Presence of thoracic and lumbar vertebral malformations in pugs with and without chronic neurological deficits. Vet J 2018; 241:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Bertram S, ter Haar G, De Decker S. Caudal articular process dysplasia of thoracic vertebrae in neurologically normal French bulldogs, English bulldogs, and Pugs: Prevalence and characteristics. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:396-404. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bertram
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hatfield UK
| | - Gert ter Haar
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hatfield UK
- Specialistische Dierenkliniek Utrecht; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hatfield UK
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12
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Bouma JL. Congenital Malformations of Vertebral Articular Processes in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:307-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Fisher SC, Shores A, Simpson ST. Constrictive myelopathy secondary to hypoplasia or aplasia of the thoracolumbar caudal articular processes in Pugs: 11 cases (1993–2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:223-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Gaitero L, Nykamp S, Daniel R, Monteith G. Comparison between cranial thoracic intervertebral disc herniations in German Shepherd dogs and other large breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:133-8. [PMID: 23278950 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial thoracic intervertebral disc herniations have been reported to be rare in dogs due to the presence of the intercapital ligament, however some studies have proposed they may not be uncommon in German Shepherd dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare cranial thoracic intervertebral disc herniations in German Shepherd dogs and other large breed dogs (control group). Medical records at the Ontario Veterinary College were searched for German Shepherd dogs and other large breed dogs that had magnetic resonance imaging studies including the T1-T9 region. For each dog and each disc space from T1-T9, three variables (compression, disc degeneration, and herniation) were recorded and graded based on review of sagittal T2-weighted images. Twenty-three German Shepherd dogs and 47 other large breed dogs met inclusion criteria. The German Shepherd dog group had higher scores than the control group for compression (P = 0.0099) and herniation (P < 0.001), but not disc degeneration (P = 0.97). In the German Shepherd dog group, intervertebral discs T2-T3 and T4-T5 had an increased risk for compression and T3-T4 had an increased risk for compression and herniation. Findings from this study indicated that German Shepherd dogs may be more likely than other large breed dogs to have spinal cord compression due to cranial thoracic disc herniations. Imaging of the cranial thoracic spine, including T2-T3, is recommended for German Shepherd dogs with T3-L3 neurological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gaitero
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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Harris KP, Saveraid TC, Rodenas S. Dorsolateral spinal cord compression at the C2-C3 junction in two Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Vet Rec 2011; 169:416. [PMID: 21900260 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K P Harris
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, 6 Forest Corner Farm, Hangersley, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH24 3JW, UK.
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