Persistence of Salmonella Typhimurium DT120 in abattoir paddocks holding sheep

An Experimental Infection Model in Sheep and Goats to Evaluate Salmonella Colonization in Deep Tissue Lymph Nodes and after Carcass Vascular Rinsing with Bacteriophages in Goats

An animal infection model was evaluated on sheep and goats to confirm which species infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis C StR (SE13) would provide a consistent and high frequency of Salmonella colonization in lymph nodes (LNs) without causing undue animal morbidity. Sheep and goats (n=5) were intradermally inoculated with Salmonella, post-incubated for 7 days, and euthanized. Superficial cervical, medial iliac, subiliac, mammary, and popliteal LNs were excised from each carcass. Goat LNs had approximately 53% greater Salmonella level compared to sheep. Also, Salmonella was inconsistently recovered from the sheep LNs. Thus, goats were selected to determine the ability of carcass vascular rinsing (with and without bacteriophages) to reduce Salmonella in infected LNs. Goats with similar characteristics were grouped together before being randomly assigned to 3 post-harvest treatments; control (CN, not vascularly rinsed; n=10), vascularly rinsed with a standard Rinse & Chill® solution (RC; 98.5% water and a blend of saccharides and phosphates; n=10), or vascularly rinsed with a standard Rinse & Chill® solution plus the addition of bacteriophages (BP; n=10). Rinse & Chill® system was able to successfully deliver a mean 7.0 log PFU/g to the S. Enteritidis-infected LNs (mean 3.5 log CFU/g). However, neither Rinse & Chill® without bacteriophages nor with bacteriophages caused Salmonella reduction (P>0.05) compared to the non-rinsed goat carcasses.

The risk of carriage of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in food animals in dynamic populations

Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are foodborne pathogens of global importance. We assessed their risks and associated factors in a highly dynamic population of animals. Animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy cattle, sheep, camel and chickens at either the farms or the abattoirs. The pathogens were detected using a combination of bacterial enrichment culture and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data on putative risk factors were collect and analysed for their significance of association with these pathogens.

Salmonella spp. were detected at higher proportions in sheep faeces and sheep carcasses in comparison to cattle faeces (odds ratio = 2.4 and 2.2, respectively). This pathogen was less common in milk or carcasses samples from cattle or chickens. Sheep and camel carcass samples were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. Faecal samples from cattle had the most diverse serovars of Salmonella enterica including S. Newport, S. Haifa, S. Kedougou, S. Kentucky, S. Mbandaka and S. Goettingen. Exotic serovars in sheep included S. Eastbourne, S. Chester and S. Kottnus. Serovars that were shed in camel faeces included S. Newport, S. Bovismorbificans and S. Infantis. In all sampled populations, detection of Salmonella spp. was more likely during warmer months than cold months. Listeria monocytogenes was not common in the targeted populations and was detected at a rate of 2.4%, mainly from sheep carcasses. The study highlights the role of food animals as reservoirs of pathogens across boundaries since all feed are imported in that population from different parts of the world.

Temperature and oxygen dependent metabolite utilization by Salmonella enterica serovars Derby and Mbandaka

Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen of clinical and veterinary significance, with over 2500 serovars. In previous work we compared two serovars displaying host associations inferred from isolation statistics. Here, to validate genome sequence data and to expand on the role of environmental metabolite constitution in host range determination we use a phenotypic microarray approach to assess the ability of these serovars to metabolise ~500 substrates at 25°C with oxygen (aerobic conditions) to represent the ex vivo environment and at 37°C with and without oxygen (aerobic/anaerobic conditions) to represent the in vivo environment. A total of 26 substrates elicited a significant difference in the rate of metabolism of which only one, D-galactonic acid-g-lactone, could be explained by the presence (S. Mbandaka) or the absence (S. Derby) of metabolic genes. We find that S. Mbandaka respires more efficiently at ambient temperatures and under aerobic conditions on 18 substrates including: glucosominic acid, saccharic acid, trehalose, fumaric acid, maltotriose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine, fucose, L-serine and dihydroxy-acetone; whereas S. Derby is more metabolically competent anaerobically at 37°C for dipeptides, glutamine-glutamine, alanine-lysine, asparagine-glutamine and nitrogen sources glycine and nitrite. We conclude that the specific phenotype cannot be reliably predicted from the presence of metabolic genes directly relating to the metabolic pathways under study.

Emergence of a multidrug-resistant (ASSuTTm) strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT120 in England in 2011 and the use of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis in supporting outbreak investigations

In summer 2011, two outbreaks of a unique, multidrug-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type 120 (DT120) occurred mainly in the Midlands, England. The first outbreak occurred among guests attending a wedding in July 2011 ('Wedding outbreak'), followed by a more geographically dispersed outbreak in August and September 2011 ('Midlands outbreak'). Fifty-one cases were confirmed. Detailed epidemiological and environmental health investigations suggested that pork was the most likely source of both outbreaks. All human samples and one pork sample showed the specific multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) profile 3-11-12-NA-0211, with at most two loci variations. Trace-back investigations suggested a link to a butcher's shop and a pig farm in the East Midlands. The investigations highlight the utility of molecular analysis (MLVA) in supporting epidemiological investigations of outbreaks caused by S. Typhimurium DT120. Safe handling and cooking of pork by food business operators and consumers are key interventions to prevent future outbreaks.