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Paterson C, Stone K, Turner L, Moinuddin A, Stoner L, Fryer S. The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and habitual physical activity on cardiovascular responses to 2 h of uninterrupted sitting. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1087-1096. [PMID: 38482575 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00361.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged uninterrupted sitting of >3 h has been shown to acutely cause central and peripheral cardiovascular dysfunction. However, individuals rarely sit uninterrupted for >2 h, and the cardiovascular response to this time is currently unknown. In addition, while increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and habitual physical activity (HPA) are independently associated with improvements in central and peripheral cardiovascular function, it remains unclear whether they influence the response to uninterrupted sitting. This study sought to 1) determine whether 2 h of uninterrupted sitting acutely impairs carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), femoral ankle PWV (faPWV), and central and peripheral blood pressure and 2) investigate the associations between CRF and HPA versus PWV changes during uninterrupted sitting. Following 2 h of uninterrupted sitting, faPWV significantly increased [mean difference (MD) = 0.26 m·s-1, standard error (SE) = 0.10, P = 0.013] as did diastolic blood pressure (MD = 2.83 mmHg, SE = 1.08, P = 0.014), however, cfPWV did not significantly change. Although our study shows 2 h of uninterrupted sitting significantly impairs faPWV, neither CRF (r = 0.105, P = 0.595) nor HPA (r = -0.228, P = 0.253) was associated with the increases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that neither cardiorespiratory fitness nor habitual physical activity influence central and peripheral cardiovascular responses to a 2-h bout of uninterrupted sitting in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Paterson
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Keeron Stone
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Turner
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Arsalan Moinuddin
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Simon Fryer
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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Ferreira-Santos L, Martinez-Lemus LA, Padilla J. Sitting leg vasculopathy: potential adaptations beyond the endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H760-H771. [PMID: 38241008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00489.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Increased sitting time, the most common form of sedentary behavior, is an independent risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality; however, the mechanisms linking sitting to cardiovascular risk remain largely elusive. Studies over the last decade have led to the concept that excessive time spent in the sitting position and the ensuing reduction in leg blood flow-induced shear stress cause endothelial dysfunction. This conclusion has been mainly supported by studies using flow-mediated dilation in the lower extremities as the measured outcome. In this review, we summarize evidence from classic studies and more recent ones that collectively support the notion that prolonged sitting-induced leg vascular dysfunction is likely also attributable to changes occurring in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Indeed, we provide evidence that prolonged constriction of resistance arteries can lead to modifications in the structural characteristics of the vascular wall, including polymerization of actin filaments in VSMCs and inward remodeling, and that these changes manifest in a time frame that is consistent with the vascular changes observed with prolonged sitting. We expect this review will stimulate future studies with a focus on VSMC cytoskeletal remodeling as a potential target to prevent the detrimental vascular ramifications of too much sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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3
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Adams NT, Paterson C, Poles J, Higgins S, Stoner L. The Effect of Sitting Duration on Peripheral Blood Pressure Responses to Prolonged Sitting, With and Without Interruption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:169-183. [PMID: 37682412 PMCID: PMC10872309 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous meta-analysis reported that: (i) an acute bout of prolonged uninterrupted sitting induces a significant increase in peripheral blood pressure (BP) and (ii) the increase in BP can be offset by interrupting the sitting bout with light aerobic activities such as walking. However, the temporal association between prolonged uninterrupted sitting and BP was not determined. A better understanding of temporality, for example, how long it takes BP to increase, will assist in prescribing sitting interruption strategies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine: (1) the temporal association between the duration of uninterrupted sitting and BP and (2) whether regular sitting interruptions moderate the association between uninterrupted sitting and BP. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to July 2022. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also screened. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) participants aged ≥ 18 years; (ii) a prolonged sitting bout ≥ 1 h; and (iii) peripheral BP measurements (systolic BP, diastolic BP, and/or mean arterial pressure) at more than two timepoints during the sitting bout. Additional criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the sitting interruption strategy was implemented during the sitting bout (i.e., not prior to engaging in sitting) and (ii) the study included a control (uninterrupted sitting) condition or group. APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS There were 1555 articles identified, of which 33 met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those articles, 20 met inclusion criteria for objective (2). To investigate the effect of sitting duration on the BP response, unstandardized b coefficients (mmHg/h) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a three-level mixed-effect meta-regression. RESULTS Increased sitting duration was positively associated with systolic BP (b = 0.42 mmHg/h, 95% CI 0.18-0.60), diastolic BP (b = 0.24 mmHg/h, 95% CI 0.06-0.42), and mean arterial pressure (b = 0.66 mmHg/h, 95% CI 0.36-0.90). In trials where sitting was interrupted, there was a significant decrease in systolic BP (b = - 0.24 mmHg/h, 95% CI - 0.42 to - 0.06) and diastolic BP (b = - 0.24 mmHg/h, 95% CI - 0.42 to - 0.12), and a non-significant change in mean arterial pressure (p = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS Increased uninterrupted sitting duration results in greater increases in BP; however, regularly interrupting sitting may offset negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Adams
- School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, 1238 Discovery Ave, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V9, Canada.
| | - Craig Paterson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jillian Poles
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Higgins
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Weggen JB, Hogwood AC, Decker KP, Darling AM, Chiu A, Richardson J, Garten RS. Vascular Responses to Passive and Active Movement in Premenopausal Females: Comparisons across Sex and Menstrual Cycle Phase. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:900-910. [PMID: 36728956 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate, robust vascular responses to passive and active movement represent two distinct components linked to normal, healthy cardiovascular function. Currently, limited research exists determining if these vascular responses are altered in premenopausal females (PMF) when compared across sex or menstrual cycle phase. METHODS Vascular responses to passive leg movement (PLM) and handgrip (HG) exercise were assessed in PMF ( n = 21) and age-matched men ( n = 21). A subset of PMF subjects ( n = 11) completed both assessments during the early and late follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Microvascular function was assessed during PLM via changes in leg blood flow, and during HG exercise, via steady-state arm vascular conductance. Macrovascular (brachial artery [BA]) function was assessed during HG exercise via BA dilation responses as well as BA shear rate-dilation slopes. RESULTS Leg microvascular function, determined by PLM, was not different between sexes or across menstrual cycle phase. However, arm microvascular function, demonstrated by arm vascular conductance, was lower in PMF compared with men at rest and during HG exercise. Macrovascular function was not different between sexes or across menstrual cycle phase. CONCLUSIONS This study identified similar vascular function across sex and menstrual cycle phase seen in microvasculature of the leg and macrovascular (BA) of the arm. Although arm microvascular function was unaltered by menstrual cycle phase in PMF, it was revealed to be significantly lower when compared with age-matched men highlighting a sex difference in vascular/blood flow regulation during small muscle mass exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Kevin P Decker
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Ashley M Darling
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
| | - Alex Chiu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Jacob Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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5
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Daniele A, Lucas SJE, Rendeiro C. Detrimental effects of physical inactivity on peripheral and brain vasculature in humans: Insights into mechanisms, long-term health consequences and protective strategies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998380. [PMID: 36237532 PMCID: PMC9553009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of physical inactivity in the population highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how sedentary behaviour affects health, the mechanisms involved and what strategies are effective in counteracting its negative effects. Physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for different pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is known to progressively lead to reduced life expectancy and quality of life, and it is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. Recent evidence indicates that uninterrupted prolonged sitting and short-term inactivity periods impair endothelial function (measured by flow-mediated dilation) and induce arterial structural alterations, predominantly in the lower body vasculature. Similar effects may occur in the cerebral vasculature, with recent evidence showing impairments in cerebral blood flow following prolonged sitting. The precise molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying inactivity-induced vascular dysfunction in humans are yet to be fully established, although evidence to date indicates that it may involve modulation of shear stress, inflammatory and vascular biomarkers. Despite the steady increase in sedentarism in our societies, only a few intervention strategies have been investigated for their efficacy in counteracting the associated vascular impairments. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the evidence linking acute and short-term physical inactivity to detrimental effects on peripheral, central and cerebral vascular health in humans. We further examine the underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms and attempt to link these to long-term consequences for cardiovascular health. Finally, we summarize and discuss the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in offsetting the negative consequences of physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Daniele
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Catarina Rendeiro,
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Trinity JD, Drummond MJ, Fermoyle CC, McKenzie AI, Supiano MA, Richardson RS. Cardiovasomobility: an integrative understanding of how disuse impacts cardiovascular and skeletal muscle health. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:835-861. [PMID: 35112929 PMCID: PMC8934676 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00607.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovasomobility is a novel concept that encompasses the integration of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle function in health and disease with critical modification by physical activity, or lack thereof. Compelling evidence indicates that physical activity improves health while a sedentary, or inactive, lifestyle accelerates cardiovascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction and hastens disease progression. Identifying causative factors for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction, especially in humans, has proven difficult due to the limitations associated with cross-sectional investigations. Therefore, experimental models of physical inactivity and disuse, which mimic hospitalization, injury, and illness, provide important insight into the mechanisms and consequences of vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the experimental models of disuse and inactivity and focuses on the integrated responses of the vasculature and skeletal muscle in response to disuse/inactivity. The time course and magnitude of dysfunction evoked by various models of disuse/inactivity are discussed in detail, and evidence in support of the critical roles of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress are presented. Lastly, strategies aimed at preserving vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction during disuse/inactivity are reviewed. Within the context of cardiovasomobility, experimental manipulation of physical activity provides valuable insight into the mechanisms responsible for vascular and skeletal muscle dysfunction that limit mobility, degrade quality of life, and hasten the onset of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Trinity
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Caitlin C Fermoyle
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Salt Lake City Veteran Affairs Medical Center Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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The Effects of Acute Exposure to Prolonged Sitting, with and Without Interruption, on Peripheral Blood Pressure Among Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:1369-1383. [PMID: 34932203 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reviews have shown that exposure to acute prolonged sitting can have detrimental effects on several cardiovascular and cardiometabolic health markers. However, to date, there has been no synthesis of peripheral blood pressure data (including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure), an important and translatable marker of cardiovascular health. Similarly, no previous study has consolidated the effects of sitting interruptions on peripheral blood pressure. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) assess the effect of exposure to acute prolonged sitting on peripheral blood pressure and (2) determine the efficacy of sitting interruption strategies as a means of offsetting any negative effects. Subgroup analyses by age and interruption modality were performed to explore heterogeneity. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and, SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to March 2021. Reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews were also screened. STUDY SELECTION Inclusion criteria for objective (1) were: (i) peripheral blood pressure was assessed non-invasively in the upper limb pre-sitting and post-sitting; (ii) studies were either randomised controlled, randomised crossover or quasi-experimental pre-test vs post-test trials; (iii) the sitting period was ≥ 1 h; (iv) pre-sitting and post-sitting measures were performed in the same posture; and (v) participants were adults (aged ≥ 18 years), free of autonomic or neuromuscular dysfunction. Additional criteria for objective (2) were: (i) the interruption strategy was during the sitting period; (ii) there was an uninterrupted sitting control condition; and (iii) the interruption strategy must have involved participants actively moving their upper or lower limbs. APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS In total, 9763 articles were identified, of which 33 met inclusion criteria for objective (1). Of those articles, 22 met inclusion criteria for objective (2). Weighted mean difference (WMD), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and standardised mean difference (SMD) were calculated for all trials using inverse variance heterogeneity meta-analysis modelling. Standardised mean difference was used to determine the magnitude of effect, where < 0.2, 0.2, 0.5 and 0.8 were defined as trivial, small, moderate and large, respectively. RESULTS (1) Prolonged uninterrupted sitting resulted in trivial and small significant increases in systolic blood pressure (WMD = 3.2 mmHg, 95% CI 0.6 to 5.8, SMD = 0.14) and mean arterial pressure (WMD = 3.3 mmHg, 95% CI 2.2 to 4.4, SMD = 0.37), respectively, and a non-significant trivial increase in diastolic blood pressure. Subgroup analyses indicated that the increases in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were more pronounced in younger age groups. (2) Interrupting bouts of prolonged sitting resulted in significantly lower systolic blood pressure (WMD = - 4.4 mmHg, 95% CI - 7.4 to - 1.5, SMD = 0.26) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD = - 2.4 mmHg, 95% CI - 4.5 to - 0.3, SMD = 0.19) compared with control conditions, particularly when using aerobic interruption strategies. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to acute prolonged uninterrupted sitting results in significant increases in systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure, particularly in younger age groups. Regularly interrupting bouts of prolonged sitting, particularly with aerobic interruption strategies may reduce negative effects.
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Liu H, O'Brien MW, Johns JA, Kimmerly DS. Does aerobic fitness impact prolonged sitting-induced popliteal artery endothelial dysfunction? Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3233-3241. [PMID: 34417882 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute prolonged bouts of sitting reduce popliteal artery blood flow and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Individuals with higher aerobic fitness have enhanced popliteal FMD. Conflicting evidence regarding whether more aerobically fit individuals are protected from the negative impacts of sitting on popliteal endothelial function in male-dominated studies have been reported. We further explored the relationship between aerobic fitness and sitting-induced impairments in popliteal blood flow and FMD in a more sex-balanced cohort. METHODS Relative peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) was assessed using a cycling-based incremental test in 21 healthy adults (eight males; 23 ± 2 years; 23.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2). Popliteal blood flow and relative FMD (%) were measured via duplex ultrasonography before and after 3 h of uninterrupted sitting. Pearson correlations were performed separately between V̇O2peak versus pre-sitting and sitting-induced reductions in popliteal outcomes. RESULTS Aerobic fitness (41.0 ± 9.7 ml/kg/min) was positively correlated with pre-sitting popliteal blood flow (65 ± 23 mL/min; R = 0.59, P = 0.005) and relative FMD (4.2 ± 1.5%; R = 0.49, P = 0.03). As expected, sitting reduced resting blood flow (19 ± 11 mL/min) and FMD (1.9 ± 0.7%) (both, P < 0.001). V̇O2peak was inversely related to sitting-induced declines in blood flow (Δ-46 ± 23 mL/min; R = - 0.71, P < 0.001) and FMD (Δ-2.4 ± 1.5%; R = - 0.51, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although higher aerobic fitness was associated with more favorable popliteal endothelial-dependent vasodilator responses, it also corresponded with larger sitting-induced impairments in FMD. This suggests that being more aerobically fit does not protect against sitting-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. As such, all young adults should minimize habitual prolonged sedentary bouts, regardless of their aerobic fitness level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Liu
- Autonomic Cardiovascular Control and Exercise Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Myles W O'Brien
- Autonomic Cardiovascular Control and Exercise Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jarrett A Johns
- Autonomic Cardiovascular Control and Exercise Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Autonomic Cardiovascular Control and Exercise Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, 6230 South Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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9
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Bates LC, Alansare A, Gibbs BB, Hanson ED, Stoner L. Effects of Acute Prolonged Sitting and Interrupting Prolonged Sitting on Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate in Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664628. [PMID: 34012409 PMCID: PMC8126673 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sitting increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, however the physiological mechanisms contributing to CVD from acute sitting exposure are not well-understood. Therefore, this study investigated the heart rate (HR) and variability (HRV) responses to prolonged sitting and after interrupting prolonged sitting (e.g., walking). Electronic databases were searched (inception-August 2020) for studies which exposed adults to prolonged (≥1 h) sitting with and/or without interruptions. Twenty-one articles (27 trials, n = 537) met inclusion criteria. Prolonged sitting non-significantly increased HR (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0 bpm, 95% CI: −2, 3) and HRV (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.12, 95% CI: −0.08, 0.33) compared to pre-sitting baseline. Interrupting prolonged sitting yielded a non-significant small increase in HR (WMD = 4 bpm, 95% CI: 0, 7) compared to pre-sitting baseline. Sub-group analyses investigating interrupting prolonged sitting revealed small-to-moderate increases in HR in healthy populations (WMD = 6 bpm, 95% CI: 1, 10) and following walking interruptions (WMD = 7 bpm, 95% CI: 3, 11). In conclusion, prolonged sitting does not significantly affect HR or HRV. However, interrupting prolonged sitting yielded a small non-significant increase in HR, potentially indicative of increased metabolic demand. Further research is needed to investigate poor CVD outcomes via autonomic disruption from prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Bates
- Department of Exercise and Sport, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Abdullah Alansare
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Exercise Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bethany Barone Gibbs
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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10
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Decker KP, Feliciano PG, Kimmel MT, Hogwood AC, Weggen JB, Darling AM, Richardson JW, Garten RS. Examining sex differences in sitting-induced microvascular dysfunction: Insight from acute vitamin C supplementation. Microvasc Res 2021; 135:104147. [PMID: 33610562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower limb microvascular dysfunction resulting from prolonged sitting (PS) bouts has been revealed to occur independent of sex. Although acute antioxidant supplementation has been reported to blunt conduit artery dysfunction following PS in young males, it is unknown if this protective effect extends to the microvasculature or is relevant in young females, who possess intrinsic vascular protective mechanisms specific to antioxidant defense. Therefore, this study employed an acute antioxidant supplementation to further examine sex differences during PS with a specific focus on microvascular function. METHODS On two separate visits, 14 females (23 ± 3 years) and 12 males (25 ± 4 years) had leg microvascular function (LMVF) assessed (via the passive leg movement technique) before and after 1.5 h of sitting. Prior to each visit, one gram of vitamin C (VC) or placebo (PL) was consumed. RESULTS PS significantly reduced LMVF [PL: (M: -34 ± 20; F: -23 ± 18%; p < 0.01) independent of sex (p = 0.7)], but the VC condition only blunted this reduction in males (VC: -3 ± 20%; p < 0.01), but not females (VC: -18 ± 25%; p = 0.5). CONCLUSION Young males and females reported similar reductions LMVF following PS, but only the young males reported a preservation of LMVF following the VC supplementation. This finding in young females was highlighted by substantial variability in LMVF measures in response to the VC condition that was unrelated to changes in the potential contributors to sitting-induced reductions in LMVF (e.g. lower limb venous pooling, reduced arterial shear rate). NEW AND NOTEWORTHY In this study, we employed an acute Vitamin C (VC) supplementation to examine sex differences in leg microvascular function (LMVF) following a bout of prolonged sitting. This study revealed that prolonged sitting reduced LMVF independent of sex, but only young males reported an attenuation to this lowered LMVF following VC supplementation. The young females revealed substantial variability in sitting-induced changes to LMVF that could not be explained by the potential contributors to sitting-induced reductions in LMVF (e.g. lower limb venous pooling, reduced arterial shear rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patrick G Feliciano
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Morgan T Kimmel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashley M Darling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jacob W Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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O’Brien MW, Johns JA, Al-Hinnawi A, Kimmerly DS. Popliteal flow-mediated dilatory responses to an acute bout of prolonged sitting between earlier and later phases of natural menstrual and oral contraceptive pill cycles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:637-645. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00424.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared changes in popliteal artery endothelial function to a 3-h bout of sitting in females across their natural menstrual or oral contraceptive pill cycles. Pre-sitting endothelial-dependent vasodilation was greater in females who naturally menstruate during the later versus earlier phase but unchanged among contraceptive pill phases. Neither menstrual nor oral contraceptive pill phases attenuated the robust decline in conduit artery health following an acute period of uninterrupted sitting in young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles W. O’Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jarrett A. Johns
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amera Al-Hinnawi
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S. Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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MORISHIMA TAKUMA, TSUCHIYA YOSUKE, UEDA HISASHI, TSUJI KATSUNORI, OCHI EISUKE. Sitting-induced Endothelial Dysfunction Is Prevented in Endurance-trained Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1770-1775. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A Prior High-Intensity Exercise Bout Attenuates the Vascular Dysfunction Resulting From a Prolonged Sedentary Bout. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:916-924. [DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study sought to determine the impact of an acute prior bout of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise on attenuating the vascular dysfunction associated with a prolonged sedentary bout. Methods: Ten young (24 ± 1 y) healthy males completed two 3-hour sessions of prolonged sitting with (SIT-EX) and without (SIT) a high-intensity interval aerobic exercise session performed immediately prior. Prior to and 3 hours into the sitting bout, leg vascular function was assessed with the passive leg movement technique, and blood samples were obtained from the lower limb to evaluate changes in oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) and inflammation (interleukin-6). Results: No presitting differences in leg vascular function (assessed via passive leg movement technique-induced hyperemia) were revealed between conditions. After 3 hours of prolonged sitting, leg vascular function was significantly reduced in the SIT condition, but unchanged in the SIT-EX. Lower limb blood samples revealed no alterations in oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, or inflammation in either condition. Conclusions: This study revealed that lower limb vascular dysfunction was significantly attenuated by an acute presitting bout of high-intensity interval aerobic exercise. Further analysis of lower limb blood samples revealed no changes in circulating oxidative stress or inflammation in either condition.
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Tremblay JC, Bailey DM. Physical activity and the stress of shear: Vasoprotective or vasopreventative? Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1329-1330. [PMID: 31228213 DOI: 10.1113/ep087896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, UK
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Garten RS, Darling A, Weggen J, Decker K, Hogwood AC, Michael A, Imthurn B, Mcintyre A. Aerobic training and vascular protection: Insight from altered blood flow patterns. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1420-1431. [PMID: 31127657 DOI: 10.1113/ep087576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDING What is the central question of this study? This study sought to determine whether prior upper limb aerobic training can attenuate the vascular dysfunction resulting from negative alteration of blood flow patterns. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that the microvasculature of young men with prior upper limb aerobic training (rowing) was equally susceptible to negatively altered blood flow patterns when compared with untrained control subjects. This finding reveals that aerobic training does not provide adequate protection against this type of vascular insult, highlighting the importance of reducing known vascular insults regardless of training status. ABSTRACT Acute alteration of blood flow patterns can substantially reduce blood vessel function and, if consistently repeated, may chronically reduce vascular health. Aerobic exercise training is associated with improved vascular health, but it is not well understood whether aerobic training-induced vascular adaptations provide protection against acute vascular insults. This study sought to determine whether prior upper limb aerobic training can attenuate the vascular dysfunction resulting from an acute vascular insult (increased retrograde/oscillatory shear). Ten young arm-trained (AT) men (rowers; 22 ± 1 years of age) and 10 untrained (UT) male control subjects (21 ± 3 years of age) were recruited for this study. Subjects completed two brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) tests separated by an acute bout of subdiastolic cuff inflation (SDCI) of the distal forearm. Brachial artery dilatation (normalized for the shear stimulus) and reactive hyperaemia evaluated during the BA FMD test were used to determine conduit artery and microvascular function, respectively. Data were presented as mean values ± SD. The AT group reported significantly greater whole body (peak oxygen uptake; P = 0.01) and forearm aerobic capacity (P < 0.001). The SDCI intervention significantly increased retrograde (P < 0.001) and oscillatory shear (P < 0.001) in both groups. After the SDCI, microvascular function (post-cuff release hyperaemia), but not conduit artery function (shear-induced BA dilatation), was significantly reduced from pre-SDCI values (P = 0.001) independent of group. This study revealed that young men with prior upper limb aerobic training, when compared with untrained control subjects, were equally susceptible to the microvascular dysfunction associated with an acute increase in retrograde/oscillatory shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashley Darling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin Michael
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brandon Imthurn
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Mcintyre
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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