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Woods KD, Kern CC. Intermediate disturbances drive long‐term fluctuation in old‐growth forest biomass: an 84‐yr temperate forest record. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry D. Woods
- Natural Sciences Bennington College Bennington Vermont 05201 USA
| | - Christel C. Kern
- USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Rhinelander Wisconsin USA
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Bascietto M, Bajocco S, Ferrara C, Alivernini A, Santangelo E. Estimating late spring frost-induced growth anomalies in European beech forests in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1039-1049. [PMID: 31065840 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Weather extremes and extreme climate events, like late spring frosts, are expected to increase in frequency and duration during the next decades. Although spring phenology of European beech is well adapted to escape freeze damages on longer time scales, the effects of occasional late spring frosts (LSF) are among the main climatic damages to these forests to such an extent that they limit beech distribution and elevation range, especially at its southern margin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the short-term effects of two consecutive LSF events occurred in 2016 and 2017 in Italy on the beech forest vegetation activity. Remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) data were used to detect the pixels where LSF occurred, while enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data were used to quantify LSF effects by computing a spring vegetation activity anomaly index (sAI). In 2016 and 2017, the LSF covered, respectively, about 29% and 32% of the total Italian beech-dominated area. The two LSF widely differed in their spatial patterns and their effects. In 2016, the pixels belonging to the sAI classes with the highest spring anomalies were also those where prolonged LSF occur, while, in 2017, the pixels belonging to the highest sAI classes were those that underwent the shorter (but probably more intense) LSF events. Under scenarios of increased frequency risk of repeated LSF, the proposed methodology may represent an automatic and low-cost tool both for monitoring and predicting European beech growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bascietto
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - S Bajocco
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), Rome, Italy.
| | - C Ferrara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Foreste e Legno (CREA-FL), Arezzo, Italy
| | - A Alivernini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di ricerca Foreste e Legno (CREA-FL), Arezzo, Italy
| | - E Santangelo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari (CREA-IT), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Hansen WJ, Cranson J. Spatial Analysis of Forest Damage in Central Massachusetts Resulting from the December 2008 Ice Storm. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/045.023.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nock CA, Lecigne B, Taugourdeau O, Greene DF, Dauzat J, Delagrange S, Messier C. Linking ice accretion and crown structure: towards a model of the effect of freezing rain on tree canopies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1163-73. [PMID: 27107412 PMCID: PMC4904176 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite a longstanding interest in variation in tree species vulnerability to ice storm damage, quantitative analyses of the influence of crown structure on within-crown variation in ice accretion are rare. In particular, the effect of prior interception by higher branches on lower branch accumulation remains unstudied. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intra-crown ice accretion can be predicted by a measure of the degree of sheltering by neighbouring branches. METHODS Freezing rain was artificially applied to Acer platanoides L., and in situ branch-ice thickness was measured directly and from LiDAR point clouds. Two models of freezing rain interception were developed: 'IceCube', which uses point clouds to relate ice accretion to a voxel-based index (sheltering factor; SF) of the sheltering effect of branch elements above a measurement point; and 'IceTree', a simulation model for in silico evaluation of the interception pattern of freezing rain in virtual tree crowns. KEY RESULTS Intra-crown radial ice accretion varied strongly, declining from the tips to the bases of branches and from the top to the base of the crown. SF for branches varied strongly within the crown, and differences among branches were consistent for a range of model parameters. Intra-crown variation in ice accretion on branches was related to SF (R(2) = 0·46), with in silico results from IceTree supporting empirical relationships from IceCube. CONCLUSIONS Empirical results and simulations confirmed a key role for crown architecture in determining intra-crown patterns of ice accretion. As suspected, the concentration of freezing rain droplets is attenuated by passage through the upper crown, and thus higher branches accumulate more ice than lower branches. This is the first step in developing a model that can provide a quantitative basis for investigating intra-crown and inter-specific variation in freezing rain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Nock
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bastien Lecigne
- Department des Sciences Biologique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, PO Box 8888, Montreal, Qc H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Olivier Taugourdeau
- Department des Sciences Biologique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, PO Box 8888, Montreal, Qc H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - David F Greene
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humbolt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521-8299, USA
| | | | - Sylvain Delagrange
- Institute of Temperate Forest Sciences, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 58 Rue Principale, Ripon, Qc J0V1V0, Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Department des Sciences Biologique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, PO Box 8888, Montreal, Qc H3C 3P8, Canada Institute of Temperate Forest Sciences, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 58 Rue Principale, Ripon, Qc J0V1V0, Canada
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In situ quantification of experimental ice accretion on tree crowns using terrestrial laser scanning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64865. [PMID: 23741409 PMCID: PMC3669131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the eastern hardwood forests of North America ice storms are an important disturbance event. Ice storms strongly influence community dynamics as well as urban infrastructure via catastrophic branch failure; further, the severity and frequency of ice storms are likely to increase with climate change. However, despite a long-standing interest into the effects of freezing rain on forests, the process of ice accretion and thus ice loading on branches remains poorly understood. This is because a number of challenges have prevented in situ measurements of ice on branches, including: 1) accessing and measuring branches in tall canopies, 2) limitations to travel during and immediately after events, and 3) the unpredictability of ice storms. Here, utilizing a novel combination of outdoor experimental icing, manual measurements and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), we perform the first in situ measurements of ice accretion on branches at differing heights in a tree crown and with increasing duration of exposure. We found that TLS can reproduce both branch and iced branch diameters with high fidelity, but some TLS instruments do not detect ice. Contrary to the expectations of ice accretion models, radial accretion varied sharply within tree crowns. Initially, radial ice accretion was similar throughout the crown, but after 6.5 hours of irrigation (second scanning) radial ice accretion was much greater on upper branches than on lower (∼factor of 3). The slope of the change in radial ice accretion along branches increased with duration of exposure and was significantly greater at the second scanning compared to the first. We conclude that outdoor icing experiments coupled with the use of TLS provide a robust basis for evaluation of models of ice accretion and breakage in tree crowns, facilitating estimation of the limiting breaking stress of branches by accurate measurements of ice loads.
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Takahashi K, Arii K, Lechowicz MJ. Codominance of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia: the role of Fagus root sprouts along a slope gradient in an old-growth forest. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2010; 123:665-674. [PMID: 20182904 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We studied how the unusual capacity of mature Fagus grandifolia to form clumps of clonal stems from root sprouts can contribute to its frequent codominance with Acer saccharum in southern Quebec, Canada. In an old-growth forest, the degree of dominance by the two species shifted along topographic gradients spanning a few hundreds of meters, with Fagus more frequent on lower slopes and Acer on upper slopes. The frequency distribution of Fagus stem diameter had an inverse J distribution at all slope positions, which is indicative of continuous recruitment. Acer stem diameter also had an inverse J pattern, except at lower slope positions where size structure was discontinuous. For stems <2 m tall, Fagus regenerated mainly by sprouts at the upper and mid-slopes, while regeneration from seed was more pronounced on the lower slope. This change of regeneration mode affected the spatial pattern of Fagus stems. Understory trees of Fagus were positively correlated with conspecific canopy trees on upper and mid-slopes, but not on lower slopes where Fagus regenerated mainly by seedlings. Understory trees of Acer were positively correlated with conspecific canopy trees only on the mid-slope. There were many Fagus seedlings around Acer canopy trees at the lower slope, suggesting the potential replacement of Acer canopy trees by Fagus. This study suggests that the regeneration traits of the two species changed with slope position and that Fagus patches originating from root sprouts can contribute to the maintenance of Acer-Fagus codominance at the scale of local landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takahashi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Kenderes K, Aszalós R, Ruff J, Barton Z, Standovár T. Effects of topography and tree stand characteristics on susceptibility of forests to natural disturbances (ice and wind) in the Börzsöny Mountains (Hungary). COMMUNITY ECOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.8.2007.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Analysis of deciduous tree species dynamics after a severe ice storm using SORTIE model simulations. Ecol Modell 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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NANAMI S, KAWAGUCHI H, TATENO R, LI C, KATAGIRI S. Sprouting traits and population structure of co-occurring Castanopsis
species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern China. Ecol Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1703.2004.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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A comparative study of endophytic mycobiota in leaves of Acer saccharum in eastern North America. Mycol Prog 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-006-0014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hooper MC, Arii K, Lechowicz MJ. Impact of a major ice storm on an old-growth hardwood forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1139/b00-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We quantified the amount of woody biomass and volume lost in an old-growth hardwood forest at Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec, as a consequence of a major ice storm. The storm of January 1998 brought down 19.9 (air-dried) metric tons or 33.6 m3 of woody debris per hectare. This is about 7-10% of the total aboveground biomass in this forest before the storm and is about 10-20 times greater than the annual production of woody litter typical for temperate deciduous forests in northeastern North America. The woody biomass lost is the greatest recorded for any ice storm. The impact of this ice storm ranks among that of the most damaging windstorms and hurricanes recorded in forested landscapes anywhere.Key words: glaze ice, forest disturbance, forest damage, tree biomechanics, forest dynamics, forest productivity.
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FORRESTER JODIA, RUNKLE JAMESR. Mortality and Replacement Patterns of an Old-growth Acer-Fagus Woods in the Holden Arboretum, Northeastern Ohio. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2000. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0227:marpoa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Leckie S, Vellend M, Bell G, Waterway MJ, Lechowicz MJ. The seed bank in an old-growth, temperate deciduous forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/b99-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the size and composition of the seed bank in 31 plots representing a range of habitats within an old-growth, temperate deciduous forest at Mont St. Hilaire, Québec, Canada. We identified 49 taxa in the seed bank, with an average of 40 species·m-2 and a median density of 1218 seeds·m-2. The most frequent seeds were species of Carex and Rubus, Diervilla lonicera, and Eupatorium rugosum, while seeds of Carex were the most numerous overall. Of the 12 species in the seed bank not found in the forest, 11 were found growing on the developed landscape surrounding this 10-km2 forest fragment. These nonforest species were numerically only a minor component of the forest seed bank. Vernal herbs were not in the seed bank, and there were only a few tree species. Variation in seed bank richness among habitats was correlated positively with canopy cover, soil moisture, and soil nutrients, but not with the seed bank density or total number of species in the aboveground vegetation. Seed bank density increased with plot soil moisture. Woody species predominated in the seed bank of plots with richer soils, deeper litter, and more closed canopies. Herbaceous species predominated in the seed bank of plots with more open canopies, more mesic water regimes, and greater species richness in the aboveground vegetation. Contrary to earlier results suggesting forest seed banks primarily include shade-intolerant species associated with canopy disturbance or secondary succession, the seed bank in this old-growth, primary forest contains many shade-tolerant forest species.Key words: seed bank, old-growth forest, primary forest, temperate deciduous forest, habitat diversity, seed dispersal.
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Shade adaptation and shade tolerance in saplings of three Acer species from eastern North America. Oecologia 1990; 84:224-228. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00318275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1989] [Accepted: 04/25/1990] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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