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Bauer R, Lutz M, Oberwinkler F. Tuberculina-rusts: a unique basidiomycetous interfungal cellular interaction with horizontal nuclear transfer. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2005.11832896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz Oberwinkler
- Universität Tübingen, Lehrstuhl Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Ellenberger S, Burmester A, Schuster S, Wöstemeyer J. Post-translational regulation by structural changes of 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in sexual and parasitic communication mediated by the trisporic acid pheromone system, of the fungal fusion parasite Parasitella parasitica. J Theor Biol 2017; 413:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ellenberger S, Burmester A, Wöstemeyer J. The fate of mitochondria after infection of the Mucoralean fungus Absidia glauca by the fusion parasite Parasitella parasitica: comparison of mitochondrial genomes in zygomycetes. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 29:113-120. [PMID: 28034347 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2016.1248432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Absidia glauca and Parasitella parasitica constitute a versatile experimental system for studying horizontal gene transfer between a mucoralean host and its fusion parasite. The A. glauca chondriome has a length of approximately 63 kb and a GC content of 28%. The chondriome of P. parasitica is larger, 83 kb, and contains 31% GC base pairs. These mtDNAs contain the standard fungal mitochondrial gene set, small and large subunit rRNAs, plus ribonuclease P RNA. Comparing zygomycete chondriomes reveals an unusually high number of homing endonuclease genes in P. parasitica, substantiating the mobility of intron elements independent of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ellenberger
- a Chair for General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Anke Burmester
- a Chair for General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - Johannes Wöstemeyer
- a Chair for General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena , Germany
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Vereshchagina OA, Tereshina VM. Trisporoids and carotenogenesis in Blakeslea trispora. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Burmester A, Karimi S, Wetzel J, Wöstemeyer J. Complementation of a stable Met2-1 mutant of the zygomycete Absidia glauca by the corresponding wild-type allele of the mycoparasite Parasitella parasitica, transferred during infection. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1639-1648. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.066910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Burmester
- General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sedighe Karimi
- General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Wetzel
- General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Wöstemeyer
- General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Wetzel J, Burmester A, Kolbe M, Wöstemeyer J. The mating-related loci sexM and sexP of the zygomycetous fungus Mucor mucedo and their transcriptional regulation by trisporoid pheromones. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1016-1023. [PMID: 22262094 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.054106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The putative mating type locus of mucoralean fungi consists of a single high mobility group (HMG)-domain transcription factor gene, sexM or sexP, flanked by genes for an RNA helicase and a triosephosphate transporter. We used degenerate primers derived from the amino acid sequence of the RNA helicase to sequence a fragment of this gene from Mucor mucedo. This fragment was extended by inverse PCR to obtain the complete sequences of the sex loci from both mating types of M. mucedo. The sex loci in M. mucedo reflect the general picture obtained previously for Phycomyces blakesleeanus, presenting a single HMG-domain transcription factor gene, sexM and sexP in the minus and plus mating types, respectively. These are located next to a gene for RNA helicase. Transcriptional analysis by quantitative real-time PCR showed that only transcription of sexM is considerably stimulated by adding trisporoid pheromones, thus mimicking sexual stimulation, whereas sexP is only slightly affected. These differences in regulation between sexM and sexP are supported by the observation that the promoter sequences controlling these genes show no similarities. The protein structures themselves are considerably different. The SexM, but not the SexP protein harbours a nuclear localization sequence. The SexM protein is indeed transported to nuclei. This was shown by means of a GFP fusion construct that was used to study the localization of SexM in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fusion protein is highly enriched in nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wetzel
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anke Burmester
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Kolbe
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Wöstemeyer
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Karimi S, Wetzel J, Wöstemeyer J, Burmester A. Transformation of the fungus Absidia glauca by complementation of a methionine-auxotrophic strain affected in the homoserine-acetyltransferase gene. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:197-201. [PMID: 23650600 PMCID: PMC3642153 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation of fungi by complementation of auxotrophs is generally much more reliable than usage of antibiotic resistance markers. In order to establish such a system for the model zygomycete Absidia glauca, a stable methionine auxotrophic mutant was isolated after X-ray mutagenesis of the minus mating type and characterized at the molecular level. The mutant is disrupted in the coding region of the Met2-1 gene, encoding homoserine O-acetyltransferase. The corresponding wild type gene was cloned, sequenced and inserted into appropriate vector plasmids. Transformants are prototrophs and show restored methionine-independent growth, based on complementation by the autonomously replicating plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Karimi
- General Microbiology and Microbe Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Schimek C, Wöstemeyer J. Carotene derivatives in sexual communication of zygomycete fungi. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1867-1875. [PMID: 19665150 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recognition between mating partners, early sexual morphogenesis and development are regulated by a family of beta-carotene derived signal compounds, the trisporoids, in zygomycete fungi. Mating type-specific precursors are released from the hyphae and exert their physiological effects upon compatible mating partners. In a cooperative synthesis pathway, later intermediates and finally trisporic acid are formed. All trisporoids occur in a number of derivatives. Trisporic acid and some precursors directly influence the transcription of genes involved in sexual development. This has been demonstrated for TSP3, encoding the carotene oxygenase involved in sexually induced cleavage of beta-carotene. Species specificity of mating despite a common and commonly recognized signaling system is maintained by several factors. Specific distribution and recognition patterns of the trisporoid derivatives and the proposed divergence in trisporoid synthesis pathways in diverse species play a role. The derivatives elicit vastly differing, partially mating type-specific responses during early sexual development. Another specificity factor is the realization of different regulation levels for the trisporoid synthesis enzymes in different species. Enzymes in the trisporoid synthesis pathway show remarkable variations in mating type-specific activity and the exact activation time during sexual development. This allows for the observed complex network of possible interactions, but at the same time forbids successful mating between dissimilar partners because the necessary transcripts or gene products are not available at the appropriate developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schimek
- General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Schimek C, Kleppe K, Saleem AR, Voigt K, Burmester A, Wöstemeyer J. Sexual reactions in Mortierellales are mediated by the trisporic acid system. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:736-47. [PMID: 12951800 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203007949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several species of Mortierella (Mortierellales, Zygomycota) were examined for substances regulating their sexual reactions. Compounds isolated from both mated and single growing Mortierella strains were purified by thin layer chromatography. Some of these compounds showed UV absorbance-characteristics similar to those of trisporoids, a group of compounds involved in sexual regulation in Mucorales. A compound with a 4-dihydromethyltrisporate-like absorbance spectrum was detected. To test for the interspecific sexual responses typically induced by trisporoids, the compounds extracted from Mortierella spp. were tested against the Mucorales Mucor mucedo and Phycomyces blakesleeanus and were found to induce sexual reactions in both tester strains. A gene encoding 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase was identified in several Mortierella species and the activity of the gene product was shown using a histochemical assay. We suggest that the regulation of sexual processes by trisporoids is common to both Mucorales and Mortierellales and may be more widespread within the Zygomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schimek
- Department of General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Rosewich UL, Kistler HC. Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Evolution of Fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2000; 38:325-363. [PMID: 11701846 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes remains largely anecdotal, literature on HGT in fungi suggests that it may have been more important in the evolution of fungi than in other eukaryotes. Still, HGT in fungi has not been widely accepted because the mechanisms by which it may occur are unknown, because it is usually not directly observed but rather implied as an outcome, and because there are often equally plausible alternative explanations. Despite these reservations, HGT has been justifiably invoked for a variety of sequences including plasmids, introns, transposons, genes, gene clusters, and even whole chromosomes. In some instances HGT has also been confirmed under experimental conditions. It is this ability to address the phenomenon in an experimental setting that makes fungi well suited as model systems in which to study the mechanisms and consequences of HGT in eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Liane Rosewich
- USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1551 Lindig Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; e-mail: ,
| | - H Corby Kistler
- USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1551 Lindig Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; e-mail: ,
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Hiscock SJ, Kües U. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sexual incompatibility in plants and fungi. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 193:165-295. [PMID: 10494623 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Plants and fungi show an astonishing diversity of mechanisms to promote outbreeding, the most widespread of which is sexual incompatibility. Sexual incompatibility involves molecular recognition between mating partners. In fungi and algae, highly polymorphic mating-type loci mediate mating through complementary interactions between molecules encoded or regulated by different mating-type haplotypes, whereas in flowering plants polymorphic self-incompatibility loci regulate mate recognition through oppositional interactions between molecules encoded by the same self-incompatibility haplotypes. This subtle mechanistic difference is a consequence of the different life cycles of fungi, algae, and flowering plants. Recent molecular and biochemical studies have provided fascinating insights into the mechanisms of mate recognition and are beginning to shed light on evolution and population genetics of these extraordinarily polymorphic genetic systems of incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hiscock
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The term "plasmid" was introduced 45 years ago (J. Lederberg, 1952, Physiol. Rev. 32, 403-430) as a generic term for any extrachromosomal genetic particle. It was intended to clarify the classification of agents that had been thought of disjunctively as parasites, symbionts, organelles, or genes. For a decade or more it was confused with "episome," although that was carefully crafted (F. Jacob and E. L. Wollman, 1958, C. R. Acad. Sci. 247, 154-156) to mean agents with traffic in and out of chromosomes. Starting about 1970, plasmids became important reagents in molecular genetic research and biotechnology. They also play a cardinal role in the evolution of microbial resistance and of pathogenicity. The usage of the term has then escalated to its current peak of about 3000 published articles per year. The bedrock of genetic mechanism is no longer mitosis and meiosis of chromosomes; it is template-directed DNA assembly. This is often more readily studied and managed with the use of plasmids, which replicate autonomously outside the chromosomes. Some plasmids are also episomes, namely, they interact with the chromosomal genome, and other mobile elements may be transposed from one chromosomal locus to another without replicating autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lederberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Scholar, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA
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