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Chen X, Kong Q, Zhao X, Zhao C, Hao P, Irshad I, Lei H, Kulyar MFEA, Bhutta ZA, Ashfaq H, Sha Q, Li K, Wu Y. Sodium acetate/sodium butyrate alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice via regulating the gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, and NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1036042. [PMID: 36386709 PMCID: PMC9664939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1036042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a word-widely severe disease coupled with gastrointestinal dysfunction, especially in cattle causing huge economic losses. However, the effects of currently implemented measures are still not enough to prevent diarrhea. Previously we found that dropped short-chain fatty acids in diarrhea yaks, and butyrate is commonly known to be related to the epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether sodium acetate/sodium butyrate could alleviate diarrhea in animals. The present study is carried out to explore the potential effects of sodium acetate/sodium butyrate on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in mice. Fifty ICR mice were randomly divided into control (C), LPS-induced (L), and sodium acetate/sodium butyrate (D, B, A)-treated groups. Serum and intestine samples were collected to examine inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant levels, relative gene expressions via real-time PCR assay, and gut microbiota changes through high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that LPS decreased the villus height (p < 0.0001), increased the crypt depth (p < 0.05), and lowered the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.0001), while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation caused a significant increase in the villus height (p < 0.001), decrease in the crypt depth (p < 0.01), and increase in the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.001), especially. In mice treated with LPS, it was found that the serum level of IL-1β, TNF-α (p < 0.001), and MDA (p < 0.01) was significantly higher; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation significantly reduced IL-1β (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.01), and MDA (p < 0.01), respectively. A total of 19 genera were detected among mouse groups; LPS challenge decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, unidentified_S24-7, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, unclassified Pseudomonadales, [Ruminococcus], Acetobacter, cc 1, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while increased Shigella, Rhodococcus, unclassified Comamonadaceae, and unclassified Pseudomonadales in group L. Interestingly, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation increased Lactobacillus, unidentified F16, Adlercreutzia, Ruminococcus, [Ruminococcus], unidentified F16, cc 115, Acetobacter, Faecalibacterium, and Cupriavidus, while decreased Shigella, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified Pseudomonadales, Rhodococcus, and unclassified Comamonadaceae. LPS treatment upregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.01) and NLRP3 (p < 0.0001) genes in mice; however, sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation downregulated the expressions of ZO-1 (p < 0.05) and NLRP3 (p < 0.05) genes in treated mice. Also, the LPS challenge clearly downregulated the expression of Occludin (p < 0.001), Claudin (p < 0.0001), and Caspase-1 (p < 0.0001) genes, while sodium acetate/sodium butyrate solution supplementation upregulated those gene expressions in treated groups. The present study revealed that sodium acetate/sodium butyrate supplementation alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea in mice via enriching beneficial bacterium and decreasing pathogens, which could regulate oxidative damages and inflammatory responses via NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling. The current results may give insights into the prevention and treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushuang Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghui Kong
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Hao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Irfan Irshad
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hongjun Lei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashfaq
- Institute of Continuing Education and Extension, University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qiang Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Kun Li,
| | - Yi Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Wu,
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Zhang Y, Ji F, Hu Q, Luo T, Jin Z, Xu G, Zhan Y, Wang H. Effect of organic shock loading on anaerobic performance of pumice-reinforced up-flow anaerobic sludge bed for incineration leachate treatment. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-022-00264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe research and application of leachate in the treatment of leachate in UASB reactors are increasing, but UASB also has problems such as poor resistance to organic load impact and unstable operation. In order to improve the anaerobic performance stability of an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor (UASB) subjected to high organic loading shock, pumice was added to the leachate from the incineration. The reinforcement effect of pumice on the anaerobic efficiency of the reactor was studied by increasing the influent load. The results showed that with a gradual increase in the influent organic load [11.6‒66.6 kg COD/(m3∙d)] and without the addition of pumice, irreversible acidification took place in the reactor (R1) when the influent load reached 14.51 kg COD/(m3∙d). The average methane output and content were reduced to 39.7 L/d and 66.16%, respectively. In contrast, the reactor (R2) with pumice could still be operated stably when the influent organic load reached 40.04 kg COD/(m3∙d). The COD removal rate reached 91.80%, and the average methane output and content were increased by 42.30% and 15.20%, respectively. The results of analyzing the sludge microbial community structure in the reactor showed that the adding of pumice could selectively enrich the methanogenic bacterium methanosaeta, promote the decomposition of volatile fatty acid (VFA), effectively mitigate the acid inhibition effect of VFA on the anaerobic reactor, and enhance the balance between acidogenic bacteria (Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria) and methanogenic bacterium (Methanosaeta) to a great degree. These results prove that the addition of pumice filler can reinforce the resistance of UASB to organic loading.
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