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Zhang MQ, Li CS. Therapeutic Effects of Shenfu Injection in Shock. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:1142-1146. [PMID: 37222829 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Shock is the clinical manifestation of acute circulatory failure, which results in inadequate utilization of cellular oxygen. It is a common condition with high mortality rates in intensive care units. The intravenous administration of Shenfu Injection (SFI) may attenuate inflammation, regulate hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism; inhibit ischemia-reperfusion responses; and have adaptogenic and antiapoptotic effects. In this review, we have discussed the clinical applications and antishock pharmacological effects of SFI. Further in-depth and large-scale multicenter clinical studies are warranted to determine the therapeutic effects of SFI on shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Qing Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Critical Care Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100050, China.
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2
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Wu C, Chen F, Huang S, Zhang Z, Wan J, Zhang W, Liu X. Progress on the role of traditional Chinese medicine in therapeutic angiogenesis of heart failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115770. [PMID: 36191661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart failure (HF), as the terminal stage of many cardiovascular diseases, has brought a heavy burden to the global medical system. Microvascular rarefaction (decreased myocardial capillary density) with reduced coronary flow reserve is a hallmark of HF and therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis is now emerging as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment in HF. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made remarkable achievements in the treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence have shown that their protective effect in HF is closely related to therapeutic angiogenesis. AIM OF THE STUDY This review is to enlighten the therapeutic effect and pro-angiogenic mechanism of TCM in HF, and provide valuable hints for the development of pro-angiogenic drugs for the treatment of HF. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information about cardioprotective TCM was collected from electronic scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). RESULTS The studies showed that TCM formulas, extracts, and compounds from herbal medicines can provide therapeutic effect in HF with their pro-angiogenic activity. Their actions are achieved mainly by regulating the key angiogenesis factors particularly VEGF, as well as related regulators including signal molecules and pathways, non-coding miRNAs and stem cells. CONCLUSION TCM and their active components might be promising in therapeutic angiogenesis for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Si Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingjing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Academy of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Xue Y, Fu W, Yu P, Li Y, Yu X, Xu H, Sui D. Ginsenoside Rc Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Reducing Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: Role of SIRT1 Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1547-1561. [PMID: 36626267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury occurs when coronary blood supply is impaired and then re-established, leading to additional injury to the myocardial tissue, including mitochondria oxidative stress and apoptosis. Ginsenoside Rc is one of the main protopanaxadiol-type saponins, and there has been relatively little research on it. Despite research confirming that ginsenoside Rc regulates mitochondrial functions, its potential benefits against MI/R injury have not been explored. In this study, we examined the protective effects of ginsenoside Rc in MI/R injury, along with its underlying mechanisms, using an in vitro H9c2 cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and an in vivo rat model of MI/R injury. Prior to this, the H9c2 cells or rats were exposed to ginsenoside Rc with or without SIRT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or the selective SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. The results showed that after MI/R (or OGD/R) injury, ginsenoside Rc had a cardioprotective effect; improved cardiac function (or cell survival); reduced myocardial infarct size; decreased levels of creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum (or LDH release into culture medium); reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis; and attenuated mitochondrial oxidative damage. Ginsenoside Rc pre-treatment also upregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while downregulating the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, the cardioprotective effect of ginsenoside Rc was concomitant with upregulated SIRT1 expression and downregulated Ac-FOXO1 expression. SIRT1 siRNA or SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 abolished the cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rc by inhibiting the SIRT1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that ginsenoside Rc ameliorated MI/R injury by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis, at least in part, by activating SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuangeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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4
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Green and Efficient Extraction of Polysaccharide and Ginsenoside from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) by Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction and Aqueous Two-Phase System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103132. [PMID: 35630607 PMCID: PMC9144842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a green and effective extraction method was proposed to extract two main compounds, ginsenosides and polysaccharides, from American ginseng by combining deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with aqueous two-phase systems. The factors of type of DESs, water content in DESs, the solid–liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time were studied in the solid–liquid extraction. Then, the aqueous two-phase system (DESs-ethylene oxide–propylene oxide (EOPO)) and salty solution exchange (EOPO-salty solution) was applied for the purification of polysaccharides. The content of the polysaccharides and ginsenosides were analyzed by the anthrone–sulfuric acid method and HPLC method, which showed that the extraction efficiency of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was better than conventional methods. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of ginseng polysaccharides and their cytotoxicity were further assayed. The advantages of the current study are that, throughout the whole extraction process, we avoided the usage of an organic reagent. Furthermore, the separated green solvent DESs and EOPO could be recovered and reused for a next cycle. Thus, this study proposed a new, green and recyclable extraction method for extracting ginsenosides and polysaccharides from American ginseng.
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Thu VT, Kim HK. Majonoside-R2 Postconditioning Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Attenuating the Expression of HIF1 α and Activating RISK Pathway. J Med Food 2021; 24:1222-1229. [PMID: 34714126 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoxygenation of hypoxic cardiac myocytes can paradoxically induce myocardial injury and affect the recovery processes. Pharmacological postconditioning is an efficient strategy used in clinical practice that protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury. Natural products or foods have been known to possess effective cardioprotective properties. Majonoside-R2 (MR2) is a dominant saponin component of Vietnamese ginseng that has several biological effects. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of MR2 on HR-stimulated cardiomyocytes and investigated the related molecular mechanisms. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to HR conditions with or without MR2 supplementation. Samples from experimental groups were used to analyze the expression of apoptosis- and activating reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK)-related factors in response to HR injury by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Post-treatment, MR2 enhanced cell viability under HR conditions. We found that MR2 suppressed the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), modulated Akt/GSK3ß/cAMP response element-binding signaling, and regulated gene expression related to apoptosis (B cell lymphoma-extra-large [Bcl-xl], Bcl-2 homologous killer [Bak], Bcl-2 associated X [Bax], and connexin 43 [Cnx43]). Thus, the present findings demonstrate that MR2 protects cardiomyocytes against HR injury by suppressing the expression of HIF1α and activating the RISK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, and VNU University of Science, Vietnam National Univeristy, Hanoi, Vietnam.,The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National Univeristy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Center and Inje University, Busan, Korea.,Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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6
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Thu VT, Yen NTH, Tung NH, Bich PT, Han J, Kim HK. Majonoside-R2 extracted from Vietnamese ginseng protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via modulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127814. [PMID: 33486054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vietnamese ginseng has a therapeutic effect on various diseases; however its bioactivity against cardiac hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the protective roles of total saponin extract (TSE) and majonoside-R2 (MR2) targeting mitochondria in HR-induced rat cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells. The results showed that both TSE and MR2 effectively protected the cells from HR damage. Particularly, 9 µM of MR2 significantly increased the viability of HR-induced cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, MR2 treatment markedly prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiolipin content, and an increase in reactive oxygen species production in HR-treated H9C2 cells. Moreover, MR2 treatment altered the mRNA expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis under HR conditions. The present study documented for the first time the cardioprotective effects of MR2 against HR injury by maintaining mitochondrial function and modulating mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ngo Thi Hai Yen
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Pham Thi Bich
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jin Han
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Chen S, Ye H, Gong F, Mao S, Li C, Xu B, Ren Y, Yu R. Ginsenoside compound K exerts antitumour effects in renal cell carcinoma via regulation of ROS and lncRNA THOR. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:38. [PMID: 33649829 PMCID: PMC7905530 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common type of kidney cancer that lacks effective therapeutic options. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), an active metabolite of ginsenosides, has been reported to induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. However, the effects of CK in RCC remain to be elucidated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antitumor effects of CK on RCC cells. The effects of CK on the proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis of RCC cell lines (Caki-1 and 768-O) were investigated using MTT, wound healing, Transwell and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Changes in the expression levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and proteins were measured via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Transfections with testis associated oncogenic (THOR) small interfering RNA and pcDNA were performed to knock down and overexpress lncRNA THOR, respectively. It was found that CK could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells. CK also induced cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in RCC cells. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of the lncRNA THOR played important roles in the antitumour effects of CK in RCC cells. The present data revealed that CK was a potent antitumour agent against RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiu Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Fanger Gong
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Suming Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Urology, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315210, P.R. China
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8
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Tang X, Gan XT, Jong CJ, Rajapurohitam V, Karmazyn M. Inhibition of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction by North American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius). Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:512-521. [PMID: 33091308 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) mitigates the effect of angiotensin II on hypertrophy and heart failure. Angiotensin II (0.3 mg/kg) was administered to rats for 2 or 4 weeks in the presence or absence of ginseng pretreatment. The effect of ginseng (10 μg/mL) on angiotensin II (100 nM) - induced hypertrophy was also determined in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. We also determined effects of ginseng on fatty acid and glucose oxidation by measuring gene and protein expression levels of key factors. Angiotensin II treatment for 2 and 4 weeks induced cardiac hypertrophy as evidenced by increased heart weights, as well as the upregulation of the hypertrophy-related fetal gene expression levels, with all effects being abolished by ginseng. Ginseng also reduced abnormalities in left ventricular function as well as the angiotensin II-induced increased blood pressure. In myocytes, ginseng abolished the hypertrophic response to angiotensin II as assessed by surface area and gene expression of molecular markers of hypertrophy. Ginseng modulated angiotensin II-induced abnormalities in gene expression and protein levels of CD36, CPT1M, Glut4, and PDK4 in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, ginseng suppresses angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction which is related to normalization of fatty acid and glucose oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilan Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Tracey Gan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Chian Ju Jong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Venkatesh Rajapurohitam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Morris Karmazyn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Xue Y, Fu W, Liu Y, Yu P, Sun M, Li X, Yu X, Sui D. Ginsenoside Rb2 alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats through SIRT1 activation. J Food Sci 2020; 85:4039-4049. [PMID: 33073372 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rb2 on oxidative stress, which is induced by hydrogen peroxide and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, have been studied. The mechanisms were associated with the inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, a high concentration of antioxidant defense enzymes, and scavenging oxidative stress products. Because of the association with oxidative reaction and cardioprotection, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) was selected as a promising target for investigating whether MI/R injury can be alleviated by ginsenoside Rb2 pretreatment through SIRT1 activation. The rats were exposed to ginsenoside Rb2 with or without SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 before ligation of coronary artery. Ginsenoside Rb2 reduced myocardial superoxide generation; downregulated gp91phox expression; and decreased the mRNA expression levels and activities of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rb2 significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation induced by MI/R injury. In addition, ginsenoside Rb2 upregulated SIRT1 expression and downregulated Ac-p53 expression. However, EX527 blocked the protective effects, indicating that the pharmacological action of ginsenoside Rb2 involves SIRT1. Our results thus revealed that ginsenoside Rb2 alleviated MI/R injury in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response through SIRT1 activation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ginsenoside Rb2 has a protective effect on MI/R injury by activating SIRT1 expression, reducing myocardium inflammation, and alleviating oxidative stress. Thus, ginsenoside Rb2 is a promising novel agent for ameliorating MI/R injury in ischemic heart diseases and cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Yanzhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, PR China
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Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:22-31. [PMID: 33437153 PMCID: PMC7790891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and it results in a high rate of death worldwide, with an increased prevalence with age despite advances in lifestyle management and drug therapy. Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory process, and it mainly presents with lipid accumulation, foam cell proliferation, inflammatory response, atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture, thrombosis, and vascular calcification. Therefore, there is a great need for reliable therapeutic drugs or remedies to cure or alleviate atherosclerosis and reduce the societal burden. Ginsenosides are natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins obtained mainly from the plant ginseng. Several recent studies have reported that ginsenosides have a variety of pharmacological activities against several diseases including inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on describing the different pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms of various active ginsenosides (Rb1,-Rd, -F, -Rg1, -Rg2, and -Rg3, and compound K) for atherosclerosis, which could provide useful insights for developing novel and effective anti-cardiovascular drugs.
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The effects of ginsenosides on platelet aggregation and vascular intima in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105031. [PMID: 32562816 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis initiated by abnormal platelet aggregation is a pivotal pathological event that precedes most cases of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently, growing evidence indicates that platelet could be a potential target for CVD prevention. However, as the conventional antithrombotic management strategy, applications of current antiplatelet agents are somewhat limited by their various side effects, such as bleeding risk and drug resistance. Hence, efforts have been made to search for agents as complementary therapies. Ginsenoside, the principal active component extracted from Panax ginseng, has gained much attention for its regulations on multiple crucial events of platelet aggregation. From structural characteristics to clinical applications, this review anatomized the intrinsic structure-function relationship of antiplatelet potency of ginsenosides, and the involved signal pathways were specifically summarized. Additionally, the emphasis was placed on clinical studies that investigate the antithrombotic efficacy of ginsenosides in the treatment of CVD. Further, a broad overview of approaches for improving the bioavailability of ginsenosides was concluded. Limitations and prospects of current studies were also discussed. This study may provide some new insights into the systematic understanding of ginsenosides in CVD treatment and lay a foundation for future research.
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12
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Plant-Derived Supplements for Sexual Health and Problems, Part 2: Further Evidence for Specific Herbal Effects. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Liu L, Anderson GA, Fernandez TG, Doré S. Efficacy and Mechanism of Panax Ginseng in Experimental Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:294. [PMID: 31068769 PMCID: PMC6491687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. However, effective therapeutic approaches are still limited. The disruption of blood supply triggers complicated temporal and spatial events involving hemodynamic, biochemical, and neurophysiologic changes, eventually leading to pathological disturbance and diverse clinical symptoms. Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a popular herb distributed in East Asia, has been extensively used as medicinal and nutritional supplements for a variety of disorders worldwide. In recent years, ginseng has displayed attractive beneficial effects in distinct neurological disorders including stroke, involving multiple protective mechanisms. In this article, we reviewed the literature on ginseng studies in the experimental stroke field, particularly focusing on the in vivo evidence on the preventive or therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides in various stroke models of mice and rats. We also summarized the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on short- and long-term stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gigi A Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tyler G Fernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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