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de Siqueira-Silva DH, Saito T, Dos Santos-Silva AP, da Silva Costa R, Psenicka M, Yasui GS. Biotechnology applied to fish reproduction: tools for conservation. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:1469-1485. [PMID: 29707740 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0506-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the new biotechnological tools that are arising and promising for conservation and enhancement of fish production, mainly regarding the endangered and the most economically important species. Two main techniques, in particular, are available to avoid extinction of endangered fish species and to improve the production of commercial species. Germ cell transplantation technology includes a number of approaches that have been studied, such as the transplantation of embryo-to-embryo blastomere, embryo-to-embryo differentiated PGC, larvae to larvae and embryo differentiated PGC, transplantation of spermatogonia from adult to larvae or between adults, and oogonia transplantation. However, the success of germ cell transplantation relies on the prior sterilization of fish, which can be performed at different stages of fish species development by means of several protocols that have been tested in order to achieve the best approach to produce a sterile fish. Among them, fish hybridization and triploidization, germline gene knockdown, hyperthermia, and chemical treatment deserve attention based on important results achieved thus far. This review currently used technologies and knowledge about surrogate technology and fish sterilization, discussing the stronger and the weaker points of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diógenes Henrique de Siqueira-Silva
- UNIFESSPA - Federal University of South and Southeast of Para - Institute for Health and Biological Studies - IESB, Faculty of Biology - FACBIO, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Marabá, Para, Brazil.
| | - Taiju Saito
- Nishiura Station, South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Uchidomari, Ainan, Japan
| | | | - Raphael da Silva Costa
- PPG in Animal Biology, UNESP - Paulista State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martin Psenicka
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - George Shigueki Yasui
- Laboratory of Fish Biotechnology, National Center for Research and Conservation of Continental Fish, Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
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Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Robinson KA, Young N, Farrell AP, Miller KM. A perspective on physiological studies supporting the provision of scientific advice for the management of Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow026. [PMID: 27928508 PMCID: PMC5001150 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The inability of physiologists to effect change in fisheries management has been the source of frustration for many decades. Close collaboration between fisheries managers and researchers has afforded our interdisciplinary team an unusual opportunity to evaluate the emerging impact that physiology can have in providing relevant and credible scientific advice to assist in management decisions. We categorize the quality of scientific advice given to management into five levels based on the type of scientific activity and resulting advice (notions, observations, descriptions, predictions and prescriptions). We argue that, ideally, both managers and researchers have concomitant but separate responsibilities for increasing the level of scientific advice provided. The responsibility of managers involves clear communication of management objectives to researchers, including exact descriptions of knowledge needs and researchable problems. The role of the researcher is to provide scientific advice based on the current state of scientific information and the level of integration with management. The examples of scientific advice discussed herein relate to physiological research on the impact of high discharge and water temperature, pathogens, sex and fisheries interactions on in-river migration success of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the increased understanding and quality of scientific advice that emerges. We submit that success in increasing the quality of scientific advice is a function of political motivation linked to funding, legal clarity in management objectives, collaborative structures in government and academia, personal relationships, access to interdisciplinary experts and scientific peer acceptance. The major challenges with advancing scientific advice include uncertainty in results, lack of integration with management needs and institutional caution in adopting new research. We hope that conservation physiologists can learn from our experiences of providing scientific advice to management to increase the potential for this growing field of research to have a positive influence on resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kendra A. Robinson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7
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Carruth LL, Dores RM, Maldonado TA, Norris DO, Ruth T, Jones RE. Elevation of plasma cortisol during the spawning migration of landlocked kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 127:123-31. [PMID: 11083023 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(00)00140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi ), a landlocked subspecies of sockeye salmon, exhibited hypothalamic-pituitary interrenal (HPI, adrenal homologue) axis activation and an increase in plasma cortisol concentration up to 639 +/- 55.9 ng/ml in association with upstream migration in the upper Colorado River even though they were not exposed to a change in salinity and lengthy migration. Kokanee salmon were collected at various stages of migration and concomitant sexual maturation. The pattern of cortisol elevation in kokanee is similar to that in ocean-run sockeye salmon (O. nerka nerka). The presence of plasma cortisol elevation in an upstream migrating, landlocked Pacific salmon suggests that stressors previously considered to cause the cortisol increase, such as long-distance migration and changes in salinity, may not be primary causes of the HPI axis activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Carruth
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1527, USA.
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Hirano T, Ogasawara T, Hasegawa S, Iwata M, Nagahama Y. Changes in plasma hormone levels during loss of hypoosmoregulatory capacity in mature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) kept in seawater. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1990; 78:254-62. [PMID: 2354766 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90012-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Returning chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in northern Honshu Island, Japan, complete gonadal maturation while in the bay. Mature fish caught in the bay failed to survive in seawater for more than a week, whereas they adapted to fresh water efficiently. Mortality in seawater seems to be due primarily to an increased plasma osmolality. Maladaptation to seawater was more pronounced in the fish caught deep in the bay than those caught outside the bay, and also greater in females than in males. In close correlation with the increased plasma osmolality and electrolyte concentrations, plasma levels of cortisol and growth hormone increased in the fish kept in seawater. Cortisol and growth hormone may be secreted in response to the increased plasma osmolality and would not be the direct cause of the maladaptation to seawater. Plasma prolactin remained low in the seawater fish, indicating that the increased secretion of prolactin, a freshwater-adapting hormone, is not the cause of maladaptation to seawater either. On the other hand, when the fish caught in the river were kept in fresh water, an increase in plasma prolactin concentrations was seen, particularly in females, whereas no significant change was seen in plasma cortisol and growth hormone. Concentrations of 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in the female and of testosterone in both the male and female were extremely high in the bay fish and decreased slightly but significantly after 7 days in fresh water. The gonadal steroids may have inhibitory effects on osmoregulation in the mature salmon in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Donaldson EM, Fagerlund UH, Higgs DA, Mcbride J. Hormonal Enhancement of Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Rao PDP, Betole UK, Kondawar VV. Changes in the Pituitary-interrenal Axis after Gonadectomy in the Catfish,Clarias batrachus(Linn.). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1972. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1972.tb00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fagerlund UH, Donaldson EM. The effect of androgens on the distribution and secretion of cortisol in gonadectomized male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 12:438-48. [PMID: 5769933 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fagerlund UH, McBride JR. Suppression by dexamethasone of interrenal activity in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1969; 12:651-7. [PMID: 4306027 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McBride JR, Overbeeke APV. Cytological Changes in the Pituitary Gland of the Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) after Gonadectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1139/f69-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effects of gonadectomy on the cytological structure of the pituitary gland of sockeye salmon were investigated. Castration of fully grown, but sexually immature, fish appeared to prevent differentiation of any periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) positive cells. On the other hand, castration of mature sockeye induced degranulation of this cell type. These cells later disintegrated. Although the acidophil cells of the proximal pars distalis in the immature castrates showed an apparent increase in number, those in the gonadectomized ripe fish exhibited marked hyperplasia and hypertrophy. In view of the "rejuvenation," including the considerable increase in body weight that occurs after castration of sexually ripe sockeye, it is thought that the changes in the acidophils noted in this experiment may reflect an increased production of growth hormone. Where the gonadectomy was incomplete it was noted that very small remnants of gonad were able to induce, or maintain, all the external secondary characteristics of full sexual maturity. The pituitary of these fish exhibited cytological features intermediate between those of the controls and the complete castrates.
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Donaldson EM, Fagerlund UH. Changes in the cortisol dynamics of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) resulting from sexual maturation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1968; 11:552-61. [PMID: 5726276 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(68)90071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Fagerlund UH. Plasma cortisol concentration in relation to stress in adult sockeye salmon during the freshwater stages of their life cycle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1967; 8:197-207. [PMID: 6040052 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(67)90066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tomlinson N, McBride JR, Geiger SE. The Sodium, Potassium, and Water Content of the Flesh of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Relation to Sexual Development and Starvation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1139/f67-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of feeding on the changes that occur in the skeletal muscle content of sodium, potassium, and water in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during sexual development and spawning has been investigated. Feeding has little, if any, effect on the changes. Thus it appears that the period of starvation these fish undergo during their spawning migration under natural conditions is not the major cause of the degeneration of their skeletal muscle, but rather that these changes are associated in some manner with the development of the gonads, presumably through the mediation of hormones.
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Sehdev HS, McBride JR, Fagerlund UHM. 2-Phenoxyethanol as a General Anaesthetic for Sockeye Salmon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1139/f63-097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dose–response relationship of 2-phenoxyethanol, as a general anaesthetic, in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) has been investigated. At 11 °C the effective dose (ED50) and lethal dose (LD50) were approximately 43 and 130 ml/100 Imperial gal, respectively. The therapeutic ratio [Formula: see text] was more than 3, indicating a good margin of safety. At a lowered aquarium temperature of 4 °C the anaesthetic effects of 2-phenoxyethanol were potentiated. ED50 and LD50 at this temperature were approximately 25 and 130 ml/100 gal of water, respectively. The therapeutic ratio was more than 5, indicating that the margin of safety was increased by the decrease in temperature.
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