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Tumpa K, Šatović Z, Liber Z, Vidaković A, Idžojtić M, Ježić M, Ćurković-Perica M, Poljak I. Gene flow between wild trees and cultivated varieties shapes the genetic structure of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15007. [PMID: 36056053 PMCID: PMC9440197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow between cultivated and wild gene pools is common in the contact zone between agricultural lands and natural habitats and can be used to study the development of adaptations and selection of novel varieties. This is likely the case in the northern Adriatic region, where centuries-old cultivated orchards of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) are planted within the natural distribution area of the species. Thus, we investigated the population structure of several orchards of sweet chestnuts. Furthermore, the genetic background of three toponymous clonal varieties was explored. Six genomic simple sequence repeat (gSSR) and nine EST-derived SSR (EST-SSR) loci were utilized in this research, and both grafted and non-grafted individuals were included in this study. Five closely related clones were identified, which represent a singular, polyclonal marron variety, found in all three cultivation areas. Furthermore, many hybrids, a result of breeding between cultivated and wild chestnuts, have been found. Analyzed semi-wild orchards defined by a diverse genetic structure, represent a hotspot for further selection and could result in creation of locally adapted, high-yielding varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tumpa
- Department of Forestry, Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Department for Seed Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Vidaković
- Department of Forestry, Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- Department of Forestry, Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Ježić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- Department of Forestry, Institute of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Fernandes P, Colavolpe MB, Serrazina S, Costa RL. European and American chestnuts: An overview of the main threats and control efforts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:951844. [PMID: 36092400 PMCID: PMC9449730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.951844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chestnuts are multipurpose trees significant for the economy and wildlife. These trees are currently found around the globe, demonstrating their genetic adaptation to different environmental conditions. Several biotic and abiotic stresses have challenged these species, contributing to the decline of European chestnut production and the functional extinction of the American chestnut. Several efforts started over the last century to understand the cellular, molecular, and genetic interactions behind all chestnut biotic and abiotic interactions. Most efforts have been toward breeding for the primary diseases, chestnut blight and ink disease caused by the pathogens, Cryphonectria parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi, respectively. In Europe and North America, researchers have been using the Asian chestnut species, which co-evolved with the pathogens, to introgress resistance genes into the susceptible species. Breeding woody trees has several limitations which can be mostly related to the long life cycles of these species and the big genome landscapes. Consequently, it takes decades to improve traits of interest, such as resistance to pathogens. Currently, the availability of genome sequences and next-generation sequencing techniques may provide new tools to help overcome most of the problems tree breeding is still facing. This review summarizes European and American chestnut's main biotic stresses and discusses breeding and biotechnological efforts developed over the last decades, having ink disease and chestnut blight as the main focus. Climate change is a rising concern, and in this context, the adaptation of chestnuts to adverse environmental conditions is of extreme importance for chestnut production. Therefore, we also discuss the abiotic challenges on European chestnuts, where the response to abiotic stress at the genetic and molecular level has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Fernandes
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Green-It Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Environmental Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | | | - Susana Serrazina
- BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Lourenço Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nishio S, Ruan S, Sawamura Y, Terakami S, Takada N, Takeuchi Y, Saito T, Inoue E. Genetic evidence that Chinese chestnut cultivars in Japan are derived from two divergent genetic structures that originated in China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235354. [PMID: 32609773 PMCID: PMC7329096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) was introduced into Japan about 100 years ago. Since then, a number of Chinese chestnut cultivars and Japanese-Chinese hybrid cultivars have been selected by farmers and plant breeders, but little information has been available about their origins and genetic relationships. A classification based on simple sequence repeat markers was conducted using 230 cultivars including Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc.) cultivars originated in Japan, Japanese-Chinese hybrid cultivars, and Chinese chestnut cultivars originated in both Japan and China. First, a search for synonyms (cultivars with identical genotypes) revealed 23 synonym groups among the Chinese chestnut cultivars, and all but one cultivar from each synonym group was omitted from further analyses. Second, genetic structure analysis showed a clear division between Japanese and Chinese chestnut, and most of the Japanese and Chinese cultivars had a simple genetic structure corresponding to the expected species. On the other hand, most Japanese-Chinese hybrid cultivars had admixed genetic structure. Through a combination of parentage and chloroplast haplotype analyses, 16 of the 18 hybrid cultivars in this study were inferred to have parent-offspring relationships with other cultivars originated in Japan. Finally, Bayesian clustering and chloroplast haplotype analysis showed that the 116 Chinese chestnut cultivars could be divided into two groups: one originated in the Hebei region of China and the other originated in the Jiangsu and Anhui regions of China. The Chinese chestnut cultivars selected in Japan showed various patterns of genetic structure including Hebei origin, Jiangsu or Anhui origin, and admixed. The chestnut cultivar genetic classifications obtained in this study will be useful for both Japanese and Chinese chestnut breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogo Nishio
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuan Ruan
- Liaoning Institute of Economic Forestry, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yutaka Sawamura
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shingo Terakami
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norio Takada
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukie Takeuchi
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Saito
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiich Inoue
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bernard A, Barreneche T, Lheureux F, Dirlewanger E. Analysis of genetic diversity and structure in a worldwide walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm using SSR markers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208021. [PMID: 30481202 PMCID: PMC6258541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persian or English walnut (Juglans regia L.), the walnut species cultivated for nut production, is one of the oldest food sources known and is grown worldwide in temperate areas. France is the 7th leading producer as of 2016 with 39 kt. Deciphering walnut genetic diversity and structure is important for efficient management and use of genetic resources. In this work, 253 worldwide accessions from the INRA walnut germplasm collection, containing English walnut and several related species, were genotyped using 13 SSR (Single Sequence Repeat) markers selected from the literature to assess diversity and structure. Genetic diversity parameters showed a deficiency of heterozygotes and, for several SSRs, allele-specificities among the accessions tested. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) showed the 253 accessions clustered in largely in agreement with the existing botanical classification of the genus. Among the 217 J. regia accessions, two main clusters, accessions from Eastern Europe and Asia, and accessions from Western Europe and America, were identified using STRUCTURE software. This was confirmed by Principal Coordinate Analysis and supported by Neighbor-Joining tree construction using DARwin software. Moreover, a substructure was found within the two clusters, mainly according to geographical origin. A core collection containing 50 accessions was selected using the maximum length sub-tree method and prior knowledge about their phenotype. The present study constitutes a preliminary population genetics overview of INRA walnut genetic resources collection using SSR markers. The resulting estimations of genetic diversity and structure are useful for germplasm management and for future walnut breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bernard
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Ctifl, centre opérationnel de Lanxade, Prigonrieux, France
| | - Teresa Barreneche
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Gomes F, Clemente M, Figueiredo P, Plácito F, Machado H, Santos C, Costa R. Castanea spp. hybrid clones in vitro conservation: synthetic seeds vs. slow growth storage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2017.1155.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fernández-Cruz J, Fernández-López J. Genetic structure of wild sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) populations in northwest of Spain and their differences with other European stands. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fernández-Cruz J, Fernández-López J. Morphological, molecular and statistical tools to identify Castanea species and their hybrids. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cirlini M, Dall'asta C, Silvanini A, Beghè D, Fabbri A, Galaverna G, Ganino T. Volatile fingerprinting of chestnut flours from traditional Emilia Romagna (Italy) cultivars. Food Chem 2012; 134:662-8. [PMID: 23107676 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The volatile profile of nine monocultivar chestnut flours, obtained from fruits grown in Italy (Parma province), was characterised by a head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with GC-MS technique. The volatile fraction was composed of 44 main compounds belonging to different classes, mainly aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, furans and terpenes. Aldehydes, in particular hexanal, are the most abundant components. In order to better understand the origin of the different volatile compounds during the drying and milling processes, samples of fresh fruit were also analysed by the same technique and the data obtained were statistically and critically compared in order to get a picture of the volatile evolution in chestnut from fresh fruit to flour. Finally, the nine monocultivar flours were chemometrically classified on the basis of the main odour descriptors associated with the volatile fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cirlini
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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