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Choi HW, G Lemaux P, Cho MJ. High frequency of cytogenetic aberration in transgenic oat (Avena sativa L.) plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:763-772. [PMID: 11448750 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(01)00369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytological abnormalities were observed in transgenic oat (Avena sativa L. cv. GAF/Park-1) produced by microprojectile bombardment of mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues. Of the plants from 48 independent transgenic lines examined, plants from only 20 lines (42%) were karyotypically normal (2n=6x=42) without detectable chromosomal aberrations; plants from 28 lines (58%) had chromosomal variation, i.e. aneuploids and structural changes. No significant difference in cytological aberration was observed between the two different culturing systems used for transformation: 57% chromosomal abnormalities in plants derived from D'BC2 medium (2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.1 mg/l BAP and 5.0 &mgr;M cupric sulfate) used for tissue initiation and maintenance and 60% in plants from tissue initiated on D'BC2 and maintained on DBC3 (1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l BAP and 5.0 &mgr;M cupric sulfate). Comparative differences in chromosomal status frequently occurred among plants regenerated from the same T(0) line. The most common cytological aberration in transgenic plants was aneuploidy, followed by deletion of chromosomal segments; no change in ploidy level was observed. In contrast, nontransgenic plants, regenerated from tissues comparable in age and culture media to that used for transgenic tissues, had a much lower percentage of karyotypic abnormality (0-14%). Our data indicate that some stress(es) imposed by the transformation process, e.g. osmotic treatment, bombardment and selection, leads to cytological variation in transgenic oat plants, an observation similar to that observed in our recent studies with transgenic barley plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H -W. Choi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Aguiar-Perecin MLD, Fluminhan A, Santos-Serejo JAD, Gardingo JR, Bertão MR, Decico MJU, Mondin M. Heterochromatin of maize chromosomes: structure and genetic effects. Genet Mol Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572000000400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Fluminhan
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Brasil
| | | | - José R. Gardingo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Brasil
| | - Mônica R. Bertão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil
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Choi H, Cho M. High frequency of cytogenetic aberration in transgenic oat (Avena sativa L.) plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 156:85-94. [PMID: 10908808 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytological abnormalities were observed in transgenic oat (Avena sativa L. cv. GAF/Park-1) produced by microprojectile bombardment of mature seed-derived highly regenerative tissues. Of the plants from 48 independent transgenic lines examined, plants from only 20 lines (42%) were karyotypically normal (2n=6x=42) without detectable chromosomal aberrations; plants from 28 lines (58%) had chromosomal variation, i.e. aneuploids and structural changes. No significant difference in cytological aberration was observed between the two different culturing systems used for transformation: 57% chromosomal abnormalities in plants derived from D'BC2 medium (2.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0. 1 mg/l BAP and 5.0 µM cupric sulfate) used for tissue initiation and maintenance and 60% in plants from tissue initiated on D'BC2 and maintained on DBC3 (1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/l BAP and 5.0 µM cupric sulfate). Comparative differences in chromosomal status frequently occurred among plants regenerated from the same T(0) line. The most common cytological aberration in transgenic plants was aneuploidy, followed by deletion of chromosomal segments; no change in ploidy level was observed. In contrast, nontransgenic plants, regenerated from tissues comparable in age and culture media to that used for transgenic tissues, had a much lower percentage of karyotypic abnormality (0-14%). Our data indicate that some stress(es) imposed by the transformation process, e.g. osmotic treatment, bombardment and selection, leads to cytological variation in transgenic oat plants, an observation similar to that observed in our recent studies with transgenic barley plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Choi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Gupta PK. Chromosomal Basis of Somaclonal Variation in Plants. SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND INDUCED MUTATIONS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9125-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Molecular Basis of Heritable Tissue Culture-induced Variation in Plants. SOMACLONAL VARIATION AND INDUCED MUTATIONS IN CROP IMPROVEMENT 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9125-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ronchi VN. Mitosis and Meiosis in Cultured Plant Cells and Their Relationship to Variant Cell Types Arising in Culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR. A chromosome region-specific mapping strategy reveals gene-rich telomeric ends in wheat. Chromosoma 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00360401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amberger LA, Shoemaker RC, Palmer RG. Inheritance of two independent isozyme variants in soybean plants derived from tissue culture. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1992; 84:600-607. [PMID: 24201347 DOI: 10.1007/bf00224158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1991] [Accepted: 02/26/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis from nine soybean cultivars. Our objective was to identify and characterize genetically novel mutations that would further our understanding of the soybean genome. Variant isozyme patterns were observed in two independent tissue culturederived lines. Genetic analyses were conducted on these two isozyme variants, and they were heritable. No variant isozyme patterns were evident in control (parental) soybean lines. In the cultivar BSR 101, a mutation of Aco2-b (aconitase) to a null allele was detected. The Aco2-bn mutant, Genetic Type T318, had not been previously observed in soybean. In the Chinese cultivar Jilin 3 (PI 427.099), a chlorophyll-deficient plant was identified that also lacked two mitochondrial malate-dehydrogenase (Mdh null) isozyme bands. These two mutant phenotypes, chlorophyll-deficient and Mdh null, were found to cosegregate. The Jilin 3 mutant, Mdh1-n (Ames 1) y20 (Ames 1) Genetic Type T317, was allelic to three chlorophyll-deficient, Mdh1 null mutants [Mdh1-n (Ames 2) y20 (Ames 2) (T323), Mdh1-n (Ames 3) y20 (Ames 3) (T324), and Mdh1-n (Ames 4) y20 (Ames 4) (T325)] previously identified from a transposon-containing soybean population, and to a chlorophyll-deficient, Mdh1 null mutant [Mdh1-n (Urbana) y20 (Urbana) k2, Genetic Type T253] which occurred spontaneously in soybean. The recovery of two isozyme variants from progeny of 185 soybean plants regenerated from somatic embryogenesis indicates the feasibility of selection for molecular variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Amberger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Field Crops Research Unit, and Departments of Agronomy and Zoology/Genetics, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Peschke VM, Phillips RL. Genetic Implications of Somaclonal Variation in Plants. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brettell RI, Dennis ES. Reactivation of a silent Ac following tissue culture is associated with heritable alterations in its methylation pattern. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 229:365-72. [PMID: 1658596 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue cultures were initiated from embryos with an inactive form of Ac in the wx-m9 Ds-cy allele. Plants regenerated from the cultures showed a high frequency of activation of Ac. That activation was shown to be associated with reduced methylation of cytosine residues at the 5' end of the transposable element. An examination of Ac activity and methylation status of the Ac element in progenies of the regenerant plants demonstrated transmission of the altered epigenotype through two sexual generations. In these progenies no evidence for trans activation of inactive, partially methylated, Ac elements was obtained. These results confirm that in certain instances altered methylation patterns can be inherited through the germ line.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Brettell
- CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra City, ACT, Australia
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Chromosome Variability in Callus Produced Plants. GENETICS AND BREEDING OF ORNAMENTAL SPECIES 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3296-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Morrish FM, Hanna WW, Vasil IK. The expression and perpetuation of inherent somatic variation in regenerants from embryogenic cultures of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1990; 80:409-416. [PMID: 24220978 DOI: 10.1007/bf00210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/1989] [Accepted: 04/11/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis was conducted on the qualitative and quantitative traits of sexual progeny derived from embryogenic cultures of two inbred lines of Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. (pearl millet). These lines included a genetically stable inbred of Tift 23 BE and a genetic marker line, derived from Tift 23BE, which bore qualitative genetic markers for a dominant purple plant trait (P) and two recessive traits, early flowering (e1) and yellow stripe (ys). Tissue culture regenerant populations (R0) and progeny populations (R1) produced from these plants by selfing showed no qualitative genetic variation when derived from the genetically stable inbred Tift 23BE. In contrast, stably inherited qualitative variation for a number of genetic markers was observed in R0, R1, and R2 progeny of the genetic marker line. In a population of 1,911 plants regenerated over a 12-month period, 0.02% of the population lost or showed reduced expression of the purple plant trait and 92% of plants were chlorophyll deficient. Plants showing reduction or loss of anthocyanin synthesis also flowered later. None of the purple plants showed any significant variation in flowering time. The incidence of chlorophyll deficiency increased with time in culture, 51 % of the progeny regenerated after 1 month were chlorophyll deficient, while 100% of the plants regnerated after 12 months were chlorophyll deficient. Qualitative variation was also observed in control populations of the genetic marker line where 1 plant in a total of 1,010 lacked purple pigmentation and a total of 6% showed chlorophyll variation in the first generation (S0). The presence of qualitative variation in controls suggests that the inherent variation present in the original explant was expressed and perpetuated in vitro. Quantitative variation was observed for a number of traits in the first sexual cycle (R1) of the marker line but did not occur in a subsequent generation, suggesting that this variation was epigenetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Morrish
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Vegetable Crops Department, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Phillips RL, Kaeppler SM, Peschke VM. Do We Understand Somaclonal Variation? PROGRESS IN PLANT CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2103-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sun CS, Prioli LM, Söndahl MR. Regeneration of haploid and dihaploid plants from protoplasts of supersweet (sh2sh2) corn. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1989; 8:313-316. [PMID: 24233264 DOI: 10.1007/bf00716662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/1989] [Revised: 07/14/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants were regenerated from maize (Zea mays L.) protoplasts isolated from embryogenic cell suspensions. The donor maize suspension cultures were established from friable callus initiated from microspores of a commercial supersweet hybrid (sh2sh2). The frequency of cell colony formation was higher when protoplasts were cultured on feeder layers of maize cells as compared with a liquid thin layer method. It was demonstrated that haploid and dihaploid soil-grown plants can be regenerated from maize protoplasts isolated from haploid cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Sun
- DNA Plant Technology Corporation, 2611 Branch Pike, 08077, Cinnaminson, NJ, USA
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Breiman A, Rotem-Abarbanell D, Karp A, Shaskin H. Heritable somaclonal variation in wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1987; 74:104-112. [PMID: 24241465 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1986] [Accepted: 01/17/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Progenies of H. spontaneum plants regenerated from immature embryo derived calli were analysed for somaclonal variation on the following traits: (1) organization of the intergenic spacer of the rRNA genes; (2) B and C hordein pattern on SDS-PAGE; (3) genomic organization of the B and C hordein coding sequences; (4) mitochondrial DNA organization assayed by hybridization of Southern blots of total DNA with mitochondrial coding genes; (5) cytology. One out of twelve progeny plants was characterized as variant for two traits: (a) a loss of 1.8 and 2.5 kb Taq I intergenic rDNA spacer fragments and (b) a variant pattern of hordeins on 1-D SDS-PAGE. No numerical or structural chromosome variation was detected among the control plants therefore it is assumed that the variation was caused by the in vitro culture and transmitted, through sexual reproduction, to the analysed progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Breiman
- Department of Botany, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Morrish F, Vasil V, Vasil IK. Developmental Morphogenesis and Genetic Manipulation in Tissue and Cell Cultures Of the Gramineae. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF DEVELOPMENT 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Brettell RIS, Dennis ES, Scowcroft WR, Peacock WJ. Molecular analysis of a somaclonal mutant of maize alcohol dehydrogenase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00331642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Brettell RI, Pallotta MA, Gustafson JP, Appels R. Variation at the Nor loci in triticale derived from tissue culture. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1986; 71:637-643. [PMID: 24247540 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1985] [Accepted: 09/12/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants derived from tissue cultures of six triticale genotypes were the subject of an analysis for changes in the rRNA genes located at the site of nucleolar organizer regions (the Nor loci) on chromosomes 1B, 6B and 1R. In addition whole plant phenotypes and the chromosomal constitutions of their progenies were examined for alterations. Following treatment of DNA with the restriction endonuclease Taq1, it was possible to assign electrophoretic bands representing rDNA spacer sequences to each of the chromosomes known to carry a major Nor locus. In general, the rRNA genes were found to be stable except in one family where a marked reduction in the number of rDNA units was observed. This reduction in 1R rDNA spacer sequences was heritable and correlated with reduced C-banding at the position of Nor-R1 on chromosome 1R. The change was clearly a consequence of tissue culture since six other plants regenerated from the same culture, and the original parent, did not carry the alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Brettell
- Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1600, 2601, Canberra City, ACT, Australia
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Swedlund B, Vasil IK. Cytogenetic characterization of embryogenic callus and regenerated plants of Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1985; 69:575-581. [PMID: 24254016 DOI: 10.1007/bf00251107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1984] [Accepted: 09/18/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenic calli were derived from cultured segments of immature inflorescences of Pennisetum americanum (pearl millet). The original explants as well as the embryogenic calli and the plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis were examined cytogenetically. Embryogenic calli were predominantly diploid (2n=14) after one month and six months in culture (92% and 76%, respectively). Tetraploid and aneuploid cells were observed in the original explant (2.5% and 1.2%) as well as in one (4.0% and 4.0%) and six-month-old calli (10.0% and 14.0%). Plants were regenerated from calli that had been in continuous culture for two, four and six months. Of the 101 regenerants, 100 were diploid and 1 was tetraploid. The tetraploid was an albino as were three of the diploid regenerants. Examination of 30 of the regenerants in meiotic diakinesis, anaphase I, anaphase II and quartet stages revealed no cytogenetic differences between control and regenerated plants. Gel electrophoresis for total protein content and alcohol dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activity also did not reveal any differences between the controls and regenerants. The results of this study show that a slight shift toward aneuploidy and polyploidy may occur in embryogenic cultures, but there also is a strong selection in favor of plant regeneration from cytogenetically normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Swedlund
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Hanna WW, Lu C, Vasil IK. Uniformity of plants regenerated from somatic embryos of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Guinea grass). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1984; 67:155-159. [PMID: 24258541 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/1983] [Accepted: 06/17/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis from cultured leaf segments of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Guinea grass). All plants were phenotypically similar to the donor plant from which expiants were obtained for culture. Examination of the cytological and morphological characteristics of the regenerated plants did not show any changes in mitotic (root tip) chromosome number, structural rearrangements of chromosomes, pollen stainability and morphological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Hanna
- USDA-ARS, Coastal Plain Station, 31793, Tifton, GA, USA
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Karp A, Maddock SE. Chromosome variation in wheat plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1984; 67:249-255. [PMID: 24258556 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cytological study has been made of plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos of four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42). In total, 29% of the 192 plants examined were aneuploid with a range in chromosome numbers of 38-45. Evidence of chromosome structural changes was also found. This variation occurred in regenerants of all four cultivars, but there were large differences in the proportions of aneuploids arising from individual cultures which meant that no significant differences could be demonstrated between cultivars. Chromosome abnormalities were present in plants regenerated both from embryogenic cultures and from cultures in which the origin of shoots could not be distinctly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karp
- Biochemistry Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, AL5 2JQ, Harpenden, Herts., England
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