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Barbosa PH, Bueno de Camargo JB, Jonas de Oliveira J, Reis Barbosa CG, Santos da Silva A, Dos-Santos JW, Verlengia R, Barreira J, Braz TV, Lopes CR. Resistance Exercise Sessions Comprising Multijoint vs. Single-Joint Exercises Result in Similar Metabolic and Hormonal Responses, But Distinct Levels of Muscle Damage in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:842-847. [PMID: 38662882 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Barbosa, PH, Bueno de Camargo, JB, Jonas de Oliveira, J, Reis Barbosa, CG, Santos da Silva, A, Dos-Santos, JW, Verlengia, R, Barreira, J, Braz, TV, and Lopes, CR. Resistance exercise sessions comprising multijoint vs. single-joint exercises result in similar metabolic and hormonal responses, but distinct levels of muscle damage in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 842-847, 2024-Resistance-type exercise (RE) elicits distinct acute metabolic and hormonal responses, which can be modulated by the manipulation of training variables. The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolic (blood lactate and estimated lactic anaerobic system energy expenditure) and hormonal (growth hormone [GH]) responses to RE sessions composed exclusively of multijoint (MULTI) or single-joint (SINGLE) exercises. Assessments of creatine kinase (CK) levels were also performed. In a crossover design, 10 recreationally resistance-trained men (age: 26.9 ± 3.0 years, total body mass: 83.2 ± 13.8 kg; height: 176 ± 7.0 cm; training experience: 5.5 ± 2.4 years) were randomly submitted to both protocols. Blood collections were made pre, 3 minutes after, and 36 hours after each experimental session. No significant difference between MULTI vs. SINGLE was observed for the rises in blood lactate (p = 0.057) and GH (p = 0.285) levels. For CK, a significant difference between the protocols was noted, in which MULTI resulted in significant rises after 3 minutes (p = 0.017) and 36 hours (p = 0.043) compared with SINGLE. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that resistance-trained individuals display similar metabolic and hormonal responses when performing MULTI and SINGLE exercise protocols. Also, RE sessions comprising MULTI exercises induce a higher magnitude of muscle damage, which may require a longer recovery period compared with SINGLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Barbosa
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Julio Benvenutti Bueno de Camargo
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training (MUSCULAB), Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Julio Wilson Dos-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil; and
| | - Rozângela Verlengia
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Volpi Braz
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Charles Ricardo Lopes
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Twelve Weeks Rest–Pause and Traditional Resistance Training: Effects on Myokines and Performance Adaptations among Recreationally Trained Men. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
A rest–pause (RP) technique involves performing one or more repetitions at high resistance to failure, followed by a short rest before performing one or more repetitions. These techniques can affect neuromuscular conditions and fatigue by changing the rest time between repetitions. This study compared the effect of 12 weeks of RP and traditional resistance training (TRT) on myokines (myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FLST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) and functional adaptations. The study recruited 29 men between the ages of 20 and 30 who had performed resistance training for at least 6 to 12 months. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: RP, TRT, and control; resistance training was performed 3 days per week for 12 weeks. The training methods of the two groups were largely similar. The results showed that RP increased IGF-1 and FLST/MSTN more than the TRT group (% change = 19.04, % change = 37.71), and only the RP and TRT groups had significant changes in the FLST/MSTN ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). In addition, FLST levels increased and MSTN decreased in the RP and TRT groups, but the rate of change in FLST was significant in the RP and TRT groups compared to the control group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). Leg press and bench press strength, and arm and thigh muscular cross-sectional area (MCSA) increased more in the RP group than in the others, and the percentage of body fat (PBF) decreased significantly. The change between strength and MCSA was significant (p ≤ 0.05), and the PBF change in RP and TRT compared to the control (ES RP group = 0.43; ES TRT group = 0.55; control group ES = 0.09) was significant (p = 0.005, p = 0.01; respectively). Based on the results, the RP training technique significantly affects strength and muscle hypertrophy more than the TRT method, which can be included in the training system to increase strength and hypertrophy.
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Vilaça-Alves J, Magalhães PS, Rosa CV, Reis VM, Garrido ND, Payan-Carreira R, Neto GR, Costa PB. Acute Hormonal Responses to Multi-Joint Resistance Exercises with Blood Flow Restriction. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 8:jfmk8010003. [PMID: 36648895 PMCID: PMC9844496 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of multi-joint resistance exercises (MJRE) with blood flow restriction on hormonal responses. Ten men participated in the study and underwent two experimental protocols in random order: four sets (30, 15, 15, and 15 reps, respectively) of MJRE (half squat and horizontal chest press) were performed with 20% of 1RM and a rest time between sets of 30 s, combined with intermittent blood flow restriction (LI + BFR protocol); and four sets (8, 8, 8, 20 reps, respectively) of the same MJRE performed with 75% of 1RM load (HI protocol), with a 90 s rest between the first three sets and 30 s between the third to the fourth set. Blood samples were collected before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 15 min after the performance of MJRE (POST15). A time effect was observed for growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like-growth-factor-1-binding-protein-3 (IGFPB-3), but no protocol effects or interactions between protocol and times were observed (p > 0.05). There was no effect of either protocol or time (p > 0.05) on total testosterone, free testosterone, or cortisol concentrations. However, significant (p < 0.05) increases were observed in the GH serum concentrations of 2072.73% and 2278.5%, HI, and LI + BFR protocols, respectively, from the PRE to POST15 test. In addition, there was an increase of 15.30% and 13.29% in the IGFPB-3 concentrations (p < 0.05) from PRE to POST0 times for HI and LI + BFR protocols, respectively. Furthermore, there was a decrease of −6.17% and −11.54%, p = 0.00, between the times POST0 to POST15 in the IGFPB-3 for the HI and LI + BFR protocols, respectively. It is concluded that multi-joint resistance exercises combined with intermittent blood flow restriction seemed to promote acute hormonal responses in a manner similar to traditional exercise with high loads. Future studies may investigate whether chronic use of LI + BFR with MJRE may promote muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vilaça-Alves
- Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities (GEETFAA), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrício S. Magalhães
- Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Claudio V. Rosa
- Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities (GEETFAA), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Victor M. Reis
- Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities (GEETFAA), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno D. Garrido
- Sport Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Payan-Carreira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Gabriel R. Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraíba, Brazil
- Coordination of Physical Education/Professional Master’s in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), João Pessoa 58067-698, Paraíba, Brazil
- Coordination of Physical Education, Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED-UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande 58408-326, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Pablo B. Costa
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
- Correspondence:
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Holmberg PM, Harrison PW, Jenkins DG, Kelly VG. Factors Modulating the Priming Response to Resistance and Stretch-Shortening Cycle Exercise Stimuli. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Acute and Long-Term Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Swimming Training on Swimming Performance. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10030029. [PMID: 35324638 PMCID: PMC8953612 DOI: 10.3390/sports10030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry-land resistance exercise (RT) is routinely applied concurrent to swimming (SWIM) training sessions in a year-round training plan. To date, the impact of the acute effect of RT on SWIM or SWIM on RT performance and the long-term RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT training outcome has received limited attention. The existing studies indicate that acute RT or SWIM training may temporarily decrease subsequent muscle function. Concurrent application of RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT may induce similar physiological alterations. Such alterations are dependent on the recovery duration between sessions. Considering the long-term effects of RT-SWIM, the limited existing data present improvements in front crawl swimming performance, dry-land upper and lower body maximum strength, and peak power in swim turn. Accordingly, SWIM-RT training order induces swimming performance improvements in front crawl and increments in maximum dry-land upper and lower body strength. Concurrent application of RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT training applied within a training day leads in similar performance gains after six to twelve weeks of training. The current review suggests that recovery duration between RT and SWIM is a predisposing factor that may determine the training outcome. Competitive swimmers may benefit after concurrent application with both training order scenarios during a training cycle.
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Maturity-Associated Variations in Resistance Exercise-Induced Hormonal Responses in Young Male Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2022; 34:28-35. [PMID: 34517342 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine differences in resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses among young athletes according to their maturity levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 collegiate and 32 junior high school male athletes were enrolled. The junior high school participants were divided into pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and post-PHV groups, according to their PHV ages. The salivary testosterone, cortisol, and human growth hormone levels were analyzed before (pre), immediately after (post), and at 15 minutes after performing body weight resistance exercise. RESULTS The testosterone levels were higher in the collegiate than in the junior high school group (P < .01) and increased after 15 minutes of exercise (P < .01). A significant decrease in the cortisol levels postexercise in the junior high school groups (P < .01) and an increase in the human growth hormone levels at 15 minutes after exercise in the post-PHV group were observed (P < .01). In the collegiate and post-PHV groups, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increased post and at 15 minutes after exercise (P < .01). The testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values were higher in the collegiate than in the post-PHV (at preexercise and at 15 min after [P < .01]) and pre-PHV groups (at all times [P < .01]). CONCLUSION Exercise-induced acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise may depend on individuals' maturity levels, even in those having the same age.
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Morishima S, Oda N, Ikeda H, Segawa T, Oda M, Tsukahara T, Kawase Y, Takagi T, Naito Y, Fujibayashi M, Inoue R. Altered Fecal Microbiotas and Organic Acid Concentrations Indicate Possible Gut Dysbiosis in University Rugby Players: An Observational Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1687. [PMID: 34442766 PMCID: PMC8400784 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut eubiosis is essential for the host's health. In athletes, the gut microbiota can be altered by several factors, including diets. While eubiotic gut microbiota in elite rugby players has been reported, our survey found that university rugby players suffered from loose stools and frequent urgency to defecate. To establish the causes of the condition, the microbiota and the concentrations of organic acids in fecal samples of university male rugby players (URP) were analyzed and compared with those of age-matching, non-rugby playing males (control). Body mass indices were significantly (p < 0.05) different between groups. Chao1 index was significant (p < 0.05) lower in URP than in control. The relative abundances of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly (p < 0.05) higher and lower, respectively, in URP than in control. Potential pathobiont genera Collinsella, Enterobacter, and Haemophilus were significantly (p < 0.05) abundant, whereas beneficial Akkermansia was lower (p < 0.05) in URP than in control. Succinate, a potential causative of gut inflammation, was five-fold higher in URP than in controls. Our findings all but confirmed that the dysbiotic status of gut in URP.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Morishima
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (S.M.); (H.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Naoko Oda
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, I Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (N.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Hiromi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (S.M.); (H.I.); (M.O.)
| | - Tomohiro Segawa
- Division of Physical and Health Education, Setsunan University, Ikedanaka-machi 17-8, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Machi Oda
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (S.M.); (H.I.); (M.O.)
| | | | - Yasuharu Kawase
- Division of Physical and Health Education, Setsunan University, Ikedanaka-machi 17-8, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Mami Fujibayashi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, I Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (N.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (S.M.); (H.I.); (M.O.)
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Gepfert M, Trybulski R, Stastny P, Wilk M. Fast Eccentric Movement Tempo Elicits Higher Physiological Responses than Medium Eccentric Tempo in Ice-Hockey Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7694. [PMID: 34300146 PMCID: PMC8304738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training is a significant part of ice-hockey players' conditioning, where optimal loading should ensure strength development and proper recovery. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the acute physiological responses to fast and medium movement tempo resistance exercises in ice-hockey players. METHODS Fourteen ice-hockey players (26.2 ± 4.2 years; 86.4 ± 10.2 kg; squat one repetition maximum (1RM) = 130.5 ± 18.5) performed five sets of the barbell squat and barbell bench press at 80% 1RM until failure in a crossover design one week apart using either 2/0/2/0 or 6/0/2/0 (eccentric/isometric/concentric/isometric) tempo of movement. The blood samples to evaluate the concentration of cortisol, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone (hGH) were taken before exercise, 3 min after the last set of the squat exercise, 3 min after the last set of the bench press exercise, and after 30 min of recovery. RESULTS The 2/0/2/0 tempo resulted in a higher number of repetitions (p < 0.001) and lower time under tension (p < 0.001) in the squat and bench press exercises compared to the 6/0/2/0 movement tempo. The endocrine responses to exercise were significantly higher during the 2/0/2/0 compared to the 6/0/2/0 movement tempo protocol for IGF-1, hGH, and cortisol (p < 0.01). There were no differences in testosterone responses between exercises performed with fast and medium movement tempos. CONCLUSION Fast eccentric tempo induced higher cortisol, IGF-1, and hGH responses compared to the medium tempo. Therefore, fast eccentric movement tempo seems to be more useful in eliciting training stimulus than medium eccentric tempo during resistance training in ice-hockey players. However, future studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Gepfert
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (P.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240 Zory, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (P.S.); (M.W.)
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michał Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (P.S.); (M.W.)
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Wilk M, Tufano JJ, Zajac A. The Influence of Movement Tempo on Acute Neuromuscular, Hormonal, and Mechanical Responses to Resistance Exercise-A Mini Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2369-2383. [PMID: 32735429 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wilk, M, Tufano, JJ, and Zajac, A. The influence of movement tempo on acute neuromuscular, hormonal, and mechanical responses to resistance exercise-a mini review. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2369-2383, 2020-Resistance training studies mainly analyze variables such as the type and order of exercise, intensity, number of sets, number of repetitions, and duration and frequency of rest periods. However, one variable that is often overlooked in resistance training research, as well as in practice, is premeditated movement tempo, which can influence a myriad of mechanical and physiological factors associated with training and adaptation. Specifically, this article provides an overview of the available scientific literature and describes how slower tempos negatively affect the 1-repetition maximum, the possible load to be used, and the number of repetitions performed with a given load, while also increasing the total time under tension, which can mediate acute cardiovascular and hormonal responses. As a result, coaches should consider testing maximal strength and the maximal number of repetitions that can be performed with each movement tempo that is to be used during training. Otherwise, programming resistance training using various movement tempos is more of a trial-and-error approach, rather than being evidence or practice based. Furthermore, practical applications are provided to show how movement tempo can be adjusted for a variety of case study-type scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland; and
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland; and
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Eskandari A, Fashi M, Saeidi A, Boullosa D, Laher I, Ben Abderrahman A, Jabbour G, Zouhal H. Resistance Exercise in a Hot Environment Alters Serum Markers in Untrained Males. Front Physiol 2020; 11:597. [PMID: 32655403 PMCID: PMC7324790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We examined the effects of moderate resistance exercise (RE) on serum cortisol, testosterone, extracellular heat shock protein (HSP70), and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15 concentrations in untrained males in a hot environment. Methods: Ten untrained young males (26 ± 3 years; 75.8 ± 6 kg; 177.4 ± 5.3 cm) performed two series of full body RE [3 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions, 30–60 s recovery between series with 70% of one maximal repetition (1-RM), with a rest period of 1 to 3 min between exercises] carried out in a random order in both heated (∼35°C) and thermoneutral (22°C) conditions. Serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 and IL-15 were measured before, at the end, and 1 h after RE sessions. Participants in both groups consumed 4 ml of water/kg body mass every 15 min. Results: There were time-related changes in testosterone, HSP70, and IL-6 (P < 0.001), and cortisol and IL-15 (P < 0.05). Levels of cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 increased immediately for RE at 35°C, and testosterone and IL-15 levels were decreased. Changes in serum testosterone, HSP70, cortisol, and IL-15 and IL-6 levels were reversed after 1 h. A significant time × condition interaction was observed for IL-15 and HSP70 (P < 0.001), cortisol and IL-6 (P < 0.05), but not for testosterone (P > 0.05). Conclusion: RE in a heated environment may not be appropriate for achieving muscle adaptations due to acute changes of hormonal and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Eskandari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Fashi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Hassane Zouhal
- Université de Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
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Bartolomei S, Nigro F, Malagoli Lanzoni I, Masina F, Di Michele R, Hoffman JR. A Comparison Between Total Body and Split Routine Resistance Training Programs in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:1520-1526. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Walker S, Häkkinen K, Newton RU, Markworth JF, Pundir S, Haff GG, Cameron-Smith D, Blazevich AJ. Acute responses of comprehensive gonadosteroids and corticosteroids to resistance exercise before and after 10 weeks of supervised strength training. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:438-448. [PMID: 31837091 DOI: 10.1113/ep087995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Although acute responses of the principal gonadosteroid and corticosteroid hormones to resistance exercise are well documented, there is no information regarding how the key lower-concentration intermediary hormones respond and potentially influence these hormonal pathways. What is the main finding and its importance? This study provides evidence for cascading conversions of some gonadosteroids, and the data suggest that the testosterone concentration increases independently of these hormones. These findings challenge future studies to determine the exact physiological roles of the lower-concentration gonadosteroids and corticosteroids during and immediately after resistance exercise. ABSTRACT Resistance training is a potent stimulus for muscle growth, and steroid hormones are known to play a role in this adaptation. However, very little is known about the acute exercise-induced gonadosteroid and corticosteroid hormone responses, including those of key lower-concentration intermediate hormones. The present study determined the acute responses of these steroid hormone families using quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry after resistance exercise in strength-trained men. Venous and fingertip blood samples were obtained pre-, mid-, 5 min post- and 15 min post-resistance exercise, both before and after 10 weeks of supervised resistance training. The experimental resistance exercise sessions consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions of bilateral leg-press exercise and three sets of 10 repetitions of unilateral knee-extension exercise, with 2 and 1 min recovery between sets, respectively. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) increases in the concentration of hormones in the gonadosteroid [including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, testosterone and estrone] and the corticosteroid (including cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone) families were demonstrated after both experimental resistance exercise sessions, irrespective of training status. Correlation analyses revealed relationships between the following hormones: (i) DHEA and androstenedione; (ii) DHEA and cortisol; (iii) androstenedione and estrone; and (iv) 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol. Testosterone appears to increase acutely and independently of other intermediary hormones after resistance exercise. In conclusion, lower-concentration intermediary gonadosteroids (e.g. estrone) and corticosteroids (e.g. corticosterone) respond robustly to resistance exercise in strength-trained men, although it seems that testosterone concentrations are regulated by factors other than the availability of precursor hormones and changes in plasma volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walker
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- NeuroMuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Robert U Newton
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - James F Markworth
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shikha Pundir
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Guy G Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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13
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Brigatto FA, Braz TV, Zanini TCDC, Germano MD, Aoki MS, Schoenfeld BJ, Marchetti PH, Lopes CR. Effect of Resistance Training Frequency on Neuromuscular Performance and Muscle Morphology After 8 Weeks in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2019. [PMID: 29528962 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Brigatto, FA, Braz, TV, Zanini, TCdC, Germano, MD, Aoki, MS, Schoenfeld, BJ, Marchetti, PH, and Lopes, CR. Effect of resistance training frequency on neuromuscular performance and muscle morphology after 8 weeks in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2104-2116, 2019-The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of training muscle groups 1 day per week vs. 2 days per week on neuromuscular performance and morphological adaptations in trained men with the number of sets per muscle group equated between conditions. Participants were randomly assigned in 2 experimental groups: 1 session·wk per muscle group (G1, n = 10), where every muscle group was trained once a week with 16 sets or 2 sessions·wk per muscle group (G2, n = 10), where every muscle group was trained twice a week with 8 sets per session. All other variables were held constant over the 8-week study period. No significant difference between conditions for maximal strength in the back squat or bench press, muscle thickness in the elbow extensors, elbow flexors, or quadriceps femoris, and muscle endurance in the back squat and bench press performed at 60% 1 repetition maximum was detected. Effect size favored G2 for some outcome measurements, suggesting the potential of a slight benefit to the higher training frequency. In conclusion, both G1 and G2 significantly enhance neuromuscular adaptations, with a similar change noted between experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Brigatto
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago V Braz
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculty of Americana, Americana, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Moisés D Germano
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo H Marchetti
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, California
| | - Charles R Lopes
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Adventist Faculty of Hortolândia, Hortolândia, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Gomes GK, Franco CM, Nunes PRP, Orsatti FL. High-Frequency Resistance Training Is Not More Effective Than Low-Frequency Resistance Training in Increasing Muscle Mass and Strength in Well-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S130-S139. [PMID: 29489727 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gomes, GK, Franco, CM, Nunes, PRP, and Orsatti, FL. High-frequency resistance training is not more effective than low-frequency resistance training in increasing muscle mass and strength in well-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S130-S139, 2019-We studied the effects of 2 different weekly frequency resistance training (RT) protocols over 8 weeks on muscle strength and muscle hypertrophy in well-trained men. Twenty-three subjects (age: 26.2 ± 4.2 years; RT experience: 6.9 ± 3.1 years) were randomly allocated into the 2 groups: low-frequency resistance training (LFRT, n = 12) or high-frequency resistance training (HFRT, n = 11). The LFRT performed a split-body routine, training each specific muscle group once a week. The HFRT performed a total-body routine, training all muscle groups every session. Both groups performed the same number of sets (10-15 sets) and exercises (1-2 exercise) per week, 8-12 repetitions maximum (70-80% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), 5 times per week. Muscle strength (bench press and squat 1RM) and lean tissue mass (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) were assessed before and at the end of the study. Results showed that both groups improved (p < 0.001) muscle strength {LFRT and HFRT: bench press = 5.6 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9-9.4) and 9.7 kg (95% CI: 4.6-14.9) and squat = 8.0 kg (95% CI: 2.7-13.2) and 12.0 kg (95% CI: 5.1-18.1), respectively} and lean tissue mass (p = 0.007) (LFRT and HFRT: total body lean mass = 0.5 kg [95% CI: 0.0-1.1] and 0.8 kg [95% CI: 0.0-1.6], respectively) with no difference between groups (bench press, p = 0.168; squat, p = 0.312, and total body lean mass, p = 0.619). Thus, HFRT and LFRT are similar overload strategies for promoting muscular adaptation in well-trained subjects when the sets and intensity are equated per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gederson K Gomes
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Franco
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo P Nunes
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Fábio L Orsatti
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Brazil.,Department of Sport Sciences, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Effects of upper-body, lower-body, or combined resistance training on the ratio of follistatin and myostatin in middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1921-1931. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Venckunas T, Krusnauskas R, Snieckus A, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Skurvydas A, Brazaitis M, Kamandulis S. Acute effects of very low-volume high-intensity interval training on muscular fatigue and serum testosterone level vary according to age and training status. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1725-1733. [PMID: 31165241 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the acute physiological responses of three different very low-volume cycling sessions (6 × 5 s, 3 × 30 s, and 3 × 60 s) and their dependence on age and training status. METHODS Subjects were untrained young men (mean ± SD; age 22.3 ± 4.6 years, VO2peak 42.4 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min, n = 10), older untrained men (69.9 ± 6.3 years, 26.5 ± 7.6 ml/kg/min, n = 11), and endurance-trained cyclists (26.4 ± 9.4 years, 55.4 ± 6.6 ml/kg/min, n = 10). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and electrically stimulated knee extension torque, and low-frequency fatigue, as ratio of stimulation torques at 20-100 Hz (P20/100), were measured only 24 h after exercise. Serum testosterone (Te) and blood lactate concentrations were measured only 1 h after exercise. RESULTS All protocols increased the blood lactate concentration and decreased MVC and P20/100 in young men, but especially young untrained men. In old untrained men, 6 × 5 s decreased P20/100 but not MVC. Te increased after 3 × 30 s and 3 × 60 s in young untrained men and after 3 × 60 s in older untrained men. The increase in Te correlated with responses of blood lactate concentration, MVC, and P20/100 only in old untrained men. CONCLUSIONS As little as 6 × 5 s all-out cycling induced fatigue in young and old untrained and endurance-trained cyclists. Slightly higher-volume sessions with longer intervals, however, suppressed contractile function more markedly and also transiently increased serum testosterone concentration in untrained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - R Krusnauskas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - A Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - N Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - N Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - A Skurvydas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - M Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - S Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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17
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Taha MM, Mounir KM. Acute response of serum cortisol to different intensities of resisted exercise in the elderly. BULLETIN OF FACULTY OF PHYSICAL THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/bfpt.bfpt_13_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Tufano JJ, Conlon JA, Nimphius S, Oliver JM, Kreutzer A, Haff GG. Different Cluster Sets Result in Similar Metabolic, Endocrine, and Perceptual Responses in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:346-354. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Cintineo HP, Freidenreich DJ, Blaine CM, Cardaci TD, Pellegrino JK, Arent SM. Acute Physiological Responses to an Intensity-And Time-Under-Tension-Equated Single- vs. Multiple-Set Resistance Training Bout in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3310-3318. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Nindl BC, Eagle SR, Matheny RW, Martin BJ, Rarick KR, Pierce JR, Sharp MA, Kellogg MD, Patton JF. Characterization of growth hormone disulfide-linked molecular isoforms during post-exercise release vs nocturnal pulsatile release reveals similar milieu composition. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 42-43:102-107. [PMID: 30399477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the influence of mode (aerobic/resistance) and volume of exercise (moderate/high) on circulating GH immediately post-exercise as well as following the onset of sleep. DESIGN This study used repeated measures in which subjects randomly completed 5 separate conditions: control (no exercise), moderate volume resistance exercise (MR), high-volume resistance exercise (HR), moderate volume aerobic exercise (MA), and high volume aerobic exercise (HA). METHODS Subjects had two overnight stays on each of the 5 iterations. Serial blood draws began as soon as possible after the completion of the exercise session. Blood was obtained every 20 min for 24-h. GH was measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Pooled samples representing post exercise (PE) and first nocturnal pulse (NP) were divided into two aliquots. One of these aliquots was chemically reduced by adding 10 mM glutathione (GSH) to break down disulfide-linked aggregates. RESULTS No differences were observed when pooling GH response at post-exercise (2.02 ± 0.21) and nocturnal pulse (2.63 ± 0.51; p = .32). Pairwise comparisons revealed main effect differences between controls (1.19 ± 0.29) and both MA (2.86 ± 0.31; p = .009) and HA (3.73 ± 0.71; p = .001). Both MA (p = .049) and HA (p = .035) responses were significantly larger than the MR stimulus (1.96 ± 0.28). With GSH reduction, controls significantly differed from MA (p = .018) and HA (p = .003) during PE, but only differed from HA (p = .003) during NP. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated similar GH responses to exercise and nocturnal pulse, indicating that mode and intensity of exercise does not proportionately affect GH dimeric isoform concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States.
| | - Shawn R Eagle
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States
| | - Ronald W Matheny
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Brian J Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States
| | - Kevin R Rarick
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Joseph R Pierce
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Marilyn A Sharp
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Mark D Kellogg
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - John F Patton
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
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21
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Choi ES, Park Y, Ahn J, Piao S, Lee YH, Yoon JH, Kwon MG, Shin KA, Kim YJ. Changes in hormone levels of participants in a 622-km ultramarathon race based on distance and recovery period. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:700-707. [PMID: 29952178 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runners who participate in endurance sports such as marathons or ultramarathons have superior physical capabilities and health benefits compared to others. However, they may suffer long-term effects of the negative physiological changes during long-distance running. This study aimed to examine the effects of an ultramarathon on hormone levels, and the associated risks. METHODS Ten participants who completed a 622-km ultramarathon were included. Blood was collected prerace, at the 300-km mark, the 622-km mark, and on the 3rd day of recovery (RD3) and the 6th day of recovery (RD6) and analyzed for human growth hormone (HGH), cortisol, beta-endorphin, serotonin, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. RESULTS HGH and beta-endorphin showed the highest increase at the 300-km mark compared to prerace levels, with recovery on RD3 and RD6, respectively. LH, cortisol, and serotonin showed the highest levels of increase at the 622-km mark, with recovery on RD6 for LH, and RD3 for cortisol and serotonin. FSH showed the highest level of decrease at both 300-km and 622-km marks compared to prerace levels, with recovery on RD3. Testosterone decreased the most at the 300-km mark compared to the prerace level and this decrease was below the normal levels; however, it recovered to normal levels on RD3. CONCLUSIONS Hormone levels after the 622-km ultramarathon were within their normal ranges, except for testosterone. However, all the hormones recovered to prerace levels on RD3 or RD6. This study showed that running ultramarathons does not cause abnormal hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun S Choi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yongbum Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Sanggye-Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeki Ahn
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Sanggye-Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shunzhe Piao
- Department of Fitness Management, College of Physical Education, Suwon University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Lee
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin H Yoon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Nazarene University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Man-Geun Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-A Shin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinsung University, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Welfare Soojung Campus, Sungshin University, Seoul, South Korea -
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22
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Bartolomei S, Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Merni F. Effect of Lower-Body Resistance Training on Upper-Body Strength Adaptation in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:13-18. [PMID: 29257792 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bartolomei, S, Hoffman, JR, Stout, JR, and Merni, F. Effect of lower-body resistance training on upper-body strength adaptation in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 13-18, 2018-The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 2 different lower-body strength training schemes on upper-body adaptations to resistance training. Twenty resistance-trained men (4.25 ± 1.6 years of experience) were randomly assigned to either a high intensity (HI; n = 9; age = 24.9 ± 2.9 years; body mass = 88.7 ± 17.2 kg; height = 177.0 ± 5.6 cm) or a mixed high volume and HI resistance training program (MP; n = 11; age = 26.0 ± 4.7 years; body mass = 82.8 ± 9.1 kg; height = 177.54 ± 5.9 cm). High-intensity group followed a HI training for both upper and lower body (4-5 reps at 88%-90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM)), whereas the MP group performed high-volume training sessions focused on muscle hypertrophy for lower body (10-12 reps at 65%-70% of 1-RM) and a HI protocol for the upper body. Maximal strength and power testing occurred before and after the 6-week training program. Analysis of covariance was used to compare performance measures between the groups. Greater increases in MP groups compared with HI groups were observed for bench press 1RM (p = 0.007), bench press power at 50% of 1RM (p = 0.011), and for arm muscle area (p = 0.046). Significant difference between the 2 groups at posttest were also observed for fat mass (p = 0.009). Results indicated that training programs focused on lower-body muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength for upper body can stimulate greater strength and power gains in the upper body compared with HI resistance training programs for both the upper and lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bartolomei
- 1Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; and2Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Yue F(L, Karsten B, Larumbe-Zabala E, Seijo M, Naclerio F. Comparison of 2 weekly-equalized volume resistance-training routines using different frequencies on body composition and performance in trained males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:475-481. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared the effects of 2 weekly-equalized volume and relative load interventions on body composition, strength, and power. Based on individual baseline maximal strength values, 18 recreationally trained men were pair-matched and consequently randomly assigned to one of the following experimental groups: a low volume per session with a high frequency (LV-HF, n = 9) group who trained for 4 days (Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays) or a high volume per session and low frequency (HV-LF, n = 9) group who trained for 2 days (Mondays and Thursdays). Both groups performed 2 different routines over 6 weeks. Participants were tested pre- and post- intervention for maximal strength, upper body power, fat-free mass, limb circumferences, and muscle thickness. Compared with baseline values, both groups increased their fat-free mass (HV-LF: +1.19 ± 1.94; LV-HF: +1.36 ± 1.06 kg, p < 0.05) and vastus medialis thickness (HV-LF: +2.18 ± 1.88, p < 0.01; LV-HF: +1.82 ± 2.43 mm, p < 0.05), but only the HV-LF group enhanced arm circumference (1.08 ± 1.47 cm, p < 0.05) and elbow flexors thickness (2.21 ± 2.81 mm, P < 0.01) values and decreased their fat mass (–2.41 ± 1.10, P < 0.01). Both groups improved (p < 0.01) the maximal loads lifted in the bench press (LV-HF: +0.14 ± 0.01; HV-LF: +0.14 ± 0.01 kg·body mass−1) and the squat (LV-HF: +0.14 ± 0.06; HV-LF: 0.17 ± 0.01 kg·body mass−1) exercises as well as in upper body power (LV-HF: +0.22 ± 0.25; HV-LF: +0.27 ± 0.22 W·body mass−1) Although both training strategies improved performance and lower body muscle mass, only the HV-LF protocol increased upper body hypertrophy and improved body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu (Leon) Yue
- Department of Life and Sport Sciences, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bettina Karsten
- Department of Life and Sport Sciences, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
- Lunex International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Marcos Seijo
- Department of Life and Sport Sciences, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Life and Sport Sciences, University of Greenwich, Medway, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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Marzolini S, Brooks D, Oh P, Jagroop D, MacIntosh BJ, Anderson ND, Alter D, Corbett D. Aerobic With Resistance Training or Aerobic Training Alone Poststroke: A Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:209-222. [PMID: 29600726 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318765692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is associated with muscle atrophy and weakness, mobility deficits, and cardiorespiratory deconditioning. Aerobic and resistance training (AT and RT) each have the potential to improve deficits, yet there is limited evidence on the utility of combined training. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of AT+RT versus AT on physiological outcomes in chronic stroke with motor impairments. METHODS Participants (n = 73) were randomized to 6 months of AT (5 d/wk) or AT+RT (3 and 2 d/wk, respectively). Outcomes included those related to body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, mobility (6-minute walk distance [6MWD], sit-to-stand, and stair climb performance), cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak, oxygen uptake at the ventilatory threshold [VO2VT]), and muscular strength. RESULTS A total of 68 (93.2%) participants (age, mean ± SD = 63.7 ± 11.9) completed the study. AT+RT and AT yielded similar and significant improvements in 6MWD (39.9 ± 55.6 vs 36.5 ± 63.7 m, P = .8), VO2peak (16.4% ± 43.8% vs 15.2% ± 24.7%, P = .9), sit-to-stand time (-2.3 ± 5.1 vs 1.02 ± 9.5 s, P = .05), and stair climb performance (8.2% ± 19.6% vs 7.5% ± 23%, P = .97), respectively. AT+RT produced greater improvements than AT alone for total body lean mass (1.23 ± 2.3 vs 0.27 ± 1.6 kg, P = .039), predominantly trunk ( P = .02) and affected-side limbs ( P = .04), VO2VT (19.1% ± 26.8% vs 10.5% ± 28.9%, P = .046), and upper- and lower-limb muscular strength ( P < .03, all except affected-side leg). CONCLUSION Despite being prescribed 40% less AT, AT+RT resulted in similar and significant improvement in mobility and VO2peak, superior improvements in VO2VT and muscular strength, and an almost 5-fold greater increase in lean mass compared with AT. RT is the most neglected exercise component following stroke but should be prescribed with AT for metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and strength recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marzolini
- 1 Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery
| | - Dina Brooks
- 1 Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery
| | - Paul Oh
- 1 Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery
| | - David Jagroop
- 1 Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,4 University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- 3 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery.,5 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole D Anderson
- 2 University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,3 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery.,6 Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON
| | - David Alter
- 1 Toronto Rehab-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,7 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- 3 Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery.,8 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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25
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Walker S, Häkkinen K, Haff GG, Blazevich AJ, Newton RU. Acute elevations in serum hormones are attenuated after chronic training with traditional isoinertial but not accentuated eccentric loads in strength-trained men. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13241. [PMID: 28400506 PMCID: PMC5392527 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the maintenance of acute hormonal responses reveal an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing increases in strength and muscle mass. We previously observed that maximum strength continued to improve throughout a 10-week period in an accentuated eccentric loading group (AEL) but not a traditional isoinertial loading (ISO) group. Therefore, this study investigated whether the magnitude of acute hormonal responses was greater (i.e., maintained) in AEL compared to ISO at the end of the training period. Subjects in AEL (eccentric load = concentric load + 40%) and ISO performed experimental loading tests (three sets of 10 repetitions in the leg press and knee extension exercises) during weeks 2 and 9 of the training period. Blood samples collected during these experimental loadings were analyzed for serum testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol concentrations. Maximum isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and lower-limb lean mass were assessed before and after 5 and 10 weeks of training. Acute testosterone, growth hormone and cortisol responses to traditional isoinertial loading were reduced at the end of the training period but were not reduced after accentuated eccentric load training (P < 0.05‒0.1 between-groups). Increases in MVC and lower-limb lean mass over weeks 6‒10 were greater in AEL compared to ISO (MVC: 7.3 ± 5.4 vs. -0.4 ± 7.2%, P = 0.026 for between-group difference; lower-limb lean mass: 1.6 ± 2.2 vs. -0.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.063 for between-group difference). The maintenance of acute hormonal responses and continued strength gain in AEL but not ISO are consistent with the hypothesis that maintained acute responses indicate an efficacy of a training stimulus to evoke ongoing adaptation. However, since relationships between hormonal responses and training-induced adaptations were not statistically significant, the data suggest that tracking of acute hormonal responses on an individual level may not provide a sensitive enough guide for decisions regarding program design and periodization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walker
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science and Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland .,Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science and Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Guy Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Amirthalingam T, Mavros Y, Wilson GC, Clarke JL, Mitchell L, Hackett DA. Effects of a Modified German Volume Training Program on Muscular Hypertrophy and Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:3109-3119. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boone CH, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Baker KM, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Changes in Plasma Aldosterone and Electrolytes Following High-Volume and High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Protocols in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1917-23. [PMID: 27331915 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Boone, CH, Hoffman, JR, Gonzalez, AM, Jajtner, AR, Townsend, JR, Baker, KM, Fukuda, DH, and Stout, JR. Changes in plasma aldosterone and electrolytes following high-volume and high-intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1917-1923, 2016-Program variables such as training intensity, volume, and rest interval length are known to elicit distinct hormonal, metabolic, and physical responses. However, little is known regarding resistance exercise (RE) program design and the fluid regulatory response. This investigation aimed to compare the plasma aldosterone (ALD), electrolyte, plasma volume (PV), and osmolality (Posm) responses following high-volume (HV; 4-6 × 10-12 reps, 70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM], 60-s rest) and high-intensity (HI; 6 × 3-5 reps, 90% 1RM, 180-second rest) RE protocols. Ten experienced, resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) performed each protocol in a random, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30 minutes (30P), and 1 hour (1H) postexercise. Significant trial × time interactions (p < 0.01) were observed in Posm, sodium (Na), and potassium (K), whereas a trend (p = 0.06) was observed for ALD. The PV shift from BL-30P was greater than BL-IP and BL-1H (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant between-trial differences were noted. Comparisons between RE protocols revealed significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) elevations during HV vs. HI in Posm at IP, 30P, and 1H; and Na at IP and 30P. During HV, significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) were noted in K at IP compared with HI. Area under the curve analysis indicates a trend (p = 0.07) toward a higher ALD response following HV compared with HI. Results of this study indicate that high-volume, moderate-intensity resistance exercise seems to augment the fluid regulatory response to a greater extent than low-volume, high-intensity training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh H Boone
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1073-1082. [PMID: 27433992 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Scudese E, Simão R, Senna G, Vingren JL, Willardson JM, Baffi M, Miranda H. Long Rest Interval Promotes Durable Testosterone Responses in High-Intensity Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1275-86. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Mookerjee S, Welikonich MJ, Ratamess NA. Comparison of Energy Expenditure During Single-Set vs. Multiple-Set Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1447-52. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Schoenfeld BJ, Ratamess NA, Peterson MD, Contreras B, Tiryaki-Sonmez G. Influence of Resistance Training Frequency on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:1821-9. [PMID: 25932981 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training muscle groups 1 day per week using a split-body routine (SPLIT) vs. 3 days per week using a total-body routine (TOTAL) on muscular adaptations in well-trained men. Subjects were 20 male volunteers (height = 1.76 ± 0.05 m; body mass = 78.0 ± 10.7 kg; age = 23.5 ± 2.9 years) recruited from a university population. Participants were pair matched according to baseline strength and then randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 experimental groups: a SPLIT, where multiple exercises were performed for a specific muscle group in a session with 2-3 muscle groups trained per session (n = 10) or a TOTAL, where 1 exercise was performed per muscle group in a session with all muscle groups trained in each session (n = 10). Subjects were tested pre- and poststudy for 1 repetition maximum strength in the bench press and squat, and muscle thickness (MT) of forearm flexors, forearm extensors, and vastus lateralis. Results showed significantly greater increases in forearm flexor MT for TOTAL compared with SPLIT. No significant differences were noted in maximal strength measures. The findings suggest a potentially superior hypertrophic benefit to higher weekly resistance training frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Schoenfeld
- 1Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York; 2Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey; 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and 4Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Garatachea N, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Santos-Lozano A, Fiuza-Luces C, Morán M, Emanuele E, Joyner MJ, Lucia A. Exercise attenuates the major hallmarks of aging. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 18:57-89. [PMID: 25431878 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has multi-system anti-aging effects. Here we summarize how exercise impacts the major hallmarks of aging. We propose that, besides searching for novel pharmaceutical targets of the aging process, more research efforts should be devoted to gaining insights into the molecular mediators of the benefits of exercise and to implement effective exercise interventions for elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Garatachea
- 1 Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Zaragoza , Huesca, Spain
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Gonzalez AM, Hoffman JR, Townsend JR, Jajtner AR, Boone CH, Beyer KS, Baker KM, Wells AJ, Mangine GT, Robinson EH, Church DD, Oliveira LP, Willoughby DS, Fukuda DH, Stout JR. Intramuscular anabolic signaling and endocrine response following high volume and high intensity resistance exercise protocols in trained men. Physiol Rep 2015. [PMID: 26197935 PMCID: PMC4552541 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise paradigms are often divided into high volume (HV) or high intensity (HI) protocols, however, it is unknown whether these protocols differentially stimulate mTORC1 signaling. The purpose of this study was to examine mTORC1 signaling in conjunction with circulating hormone concentrations following a typical HV and HI lower-body resistance exercise protocol. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 ± 3.4 years; 90.1 ± 11.3 kg; 176.0 ± 4.9 cm) performed each resistance exercise protocol in a random, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30 min (30P), 1 h (1H), 2 h (2H), and 5 h (5H) postexercise. Fine needle muscle biopsies were completed at BL, 1H, and 5H. Electromyography of the vastus lateralis was also recorded during each protocol. HV and HI produced a similar magnitude of muscle activation across sets. Myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations were significantly greater following HI compared to HV (P = 0.01–0.02), whereas the lactate response was significantly higher following HV compared to HI (P = 0.003). The growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin responses were significantly greater following HV compared to HI (P = 0.0001–0.04). No significant differences between protocols were observed for the IGF-1 or testosterone response. Intramuscular anabolic signaling analysis revealed a significantly greater (P = 0.03) phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptor at 1H following HV compared to HI. Phosphorylation status of all other signaling proteins including mTOR, p70S6k, and RPS6 were not significantly different between trials. Despite significant differences in markers of muscle damage and the endocrine response following HV and HI, both protocols appeared to elicit similar mTORC1 activation in resistance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Gonzalez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Adam R Jajtner
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Carleigh H Boone
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Kyle S Beyer
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Kayla M Baker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Adam J Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Edward H Robinson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - David D Church
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Leonardo P Oliveira
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Kraemer RR, Castracane VD. Endocrine alterations from concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: a brief review. Metabolism 2015; 64:190-201. [PMID: 25467839 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise has a positive effect on many tissues, including heart, bone, skeletal muscle, and nervous tissue. Eccentric muscle actions offer a unique and a potentially beneficial form of exercise for maintaining and improving health. During resistance exercise, the effects of gravity, and mechanical properties of the sarcomere and connective tissue in skeletal muscle allow a greater muscle load during an eccentric (lengthening) muscle contraction than a concentric (shortening) muscle contraction. Consequently, older patients, patients with muscle or limb movement limitations or injuries, as well as cancer patients may be able to benefit from isolated eccentric muscle actions. There are specific physiological responses to eccentric muscle contractions. This review will describe the effects of different eccentric muscle contraction protocols on endocrine responses that could have positive effects on different tissues and recommend direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Kraemer
- Deparment of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, 70402.
| | - V Daniel Castracane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 701 W. 5th St. Odessa, TX, 79763
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Calixto R, Verlengia R, Crisp A, Carvalho T, Crepaldi M, Pereira A, Yamada A, da Mota G, Lopes C. Acute effects of movement velocity on blood lactate and growth hormone responses after eccentric bench press exercise in resistance-trained men. Biol Sport 2014; 31:289-94. [PMID: 25609886 PMCID: PMC4296844 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1127287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of different velocities of eccentric muscle actions on acute blood lactate and serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations following free weight bench press exercises performed by resistance-trained men. Sixteen healthy men were divided into two groups: slow eccentric velocity (SEV; n = 8) and fast eccentric velocity (FEV; n = 8). Both groups performed four sets of eight eccentric repetitions at an intensity of 70% of their one repetition maximum eccentric (1RMecc) test, with 2-minute rest intervals between sets. The eccentric velocity was controlled to 3 seconds per range of motion for SEV and 0.5 seconds for the FEV group. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the kinetics of blood lactate removal (at 3, 6, 9, 15, and 20 min) and higher mean values for peak blood lactate (P = 0.001) for the SEV group (9.1 ± 0.5 mM) compared to the FEV group (6.1 ± 0.4 mM). Additionally, serum GH concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.001) at 15 minutes after bench press exercise in the SEV group (1.7 ± 0.6 ng · mL−1) relative to the FEV group (0.1 ± 0.0 ng · mL−1). In conclusion, the velocity of eccentric muscle action influences acute responses following bench press exercises performed by resistance-trained men using a slow velocity resulting in a greater metabolic stress and hormone response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rd Calixto
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Verlengia
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ah Crisp
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tb Carvalho
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Md Crepaldi
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aa Pereira
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ak Yamada
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gr da Mota
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education/Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cr Lopes
- Human Performance Research Group - College of Health Science (FACIS), Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Faculty Adventist of Hortolandia (UNASP), Hortolandia, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hildebrandt T, Shope S, Varangis E, Klein D, Pfaff DW, Yehuda R. Exercise reinforcement, stress, and β-endorphins: an initial examination of exercise in anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 139:86-92. [PMID: 24690349 PMCID: PMC4039319 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are abused primarily in the context of intense exercise and for the purposes of increasing muscle mass as opposed to drug-induced euphoria. AASs also modulate the HPA axis and may increase the reinforcing value of exercise through changes to stress hormone and endorphin release. To test this hypothesis, 26 adult males drawn from a larger study on AAS use completed a progressive ratio task designed to examine the reinforcing value of exercise relative to financial reinforcer. METHOD Sixteen experienced and current users (8 on-cycle, 8 off-cycle) and 10 controls matched on quantity×frequency of exercise, age, and education abstained from exercise for 24 h prior to testing and provided 24-h cortisol, plasma cortisol, ACTH, β-endorphin samples, and measures of mood, compulsive exercise, and body image. RESULTS Between group differences indicated that on-cycle AAS users had the highest β-endorphin levels, lowest cortisol levels, higher ACTH levels than controls. Conversely, off-cycle AAS users had the highest cortisol and ACTH levels, but the lowest β-endorphin levels. Exercise value was positively correlated with β-endorphin and symptoms of AAS dependence. CONCLUSION The HPA response to AASs may explain why AASs are reinforcing in humans and exercise may play a key role in the development of AAS dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sydney Shope
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Eleanna Varangis
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Diane Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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Shaner AA, Vingren JL, Hatfield DL, Budnar RG, Duplanty AA, Hill DW. The Acute Hormonal Response to Free Weight and Machine Weight Resistance Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cadore EL, Pinheiro E, Izquierdo M, Correa CS, Radaelli R, Martins JB, Lhullier FLR, Laitano O, Cardoso M, Pinto RS. Neuromuscular, Hormonal, and Metabolic Responses to Different Plyometric Training Volumes in Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:3001-10. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828c32de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Smilios I, Tsoukos P, Zafeiridis A, Spassis A, Tokmakidis SP. Hormonal responses after resistance exercise performed with maximum and submaximum movement velocities. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:351-7. [PMID: 24552377 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of maximum and submaximum movement velocities after a muscular hypertrophy type resistance exercise protocol on testosterone, human growth hormone (hGH) and cortisol concentrations and on neuromuscular performance assessed with a vertical jump. Eleven males performed a control and 3 resistance exercise protocols (4 sets of squat and 4 sets of leg-press exercises, 8 repetitions/set, 10-repetition maximum load). The first exercise protocol was performed at maximum velocity (Vmax); the second at 70% of Vmax with equal training volume (70%VmaxEV) to Vmax; and the third at 70% of Vmax (70%Vmax) with a 10.6% higher training volume to Vmax. Testosterone and hGH increased after all exercise protocols (p < 0.05) compared with baseline and were higher versus control values (p < 0.05). Cortisol concentrations gradually decreased in 70%Vmax, 70%VmaxEV and control protocols following a typical circadian rhythm (p < 0.05), but remained relatively constant in Vmax protocol. Comparisons among protocols showed that hGH was higher in 70%Vmax versus Vmax (p < 0.05), while cortisol was higher in Vmax versus 70%VmaxEV and control (p < 0.05). The greatest reduction in vertical jump and increase in heart rate were observed after the Vmax protocol (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a hypertrophy type resistance exercise protocol performed at maximum movement velocity increases testosterone and hGH and generates a greater biological stress, as evident by a higher cortisol concentrations and heart rate responses, and a greater reduction in neuromuscular performance. A protocol, however, performed at submaximum movement velocity combined with greater training volume stimulates to a greater extent the hGH response with no effect on cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Smilios
- a Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece
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41
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Schoenfeld BJ. Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Med 2013; 43:179-94. [PMID: 23338987 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that regimented resistance training can promote increases in muscle hypertrophy. The prevailing body of research indicates that mechanical stress is the primary impetus for this adaptive response and studies show that mechanical stress alone can initiate anabolic signalling. Given the dominant role of mechanical stress in muscle growth, the question arises as to whether other factors may enhance the post-exercise hypertrophic response. Several researchers have proposed that exercise-induced metabolic stress may in fact confer such an anabolic effect and some have even suggested that metabolite accumulation may be more important than high force development in optimizing muscle growth. Metabolic stress pursuant to traditional resistance training manifests as a result of exercise that relies on anaerobic glycolysis for adenosine triphosphate production. This, in turn, causes the subsequent accumulation of metabolites, particularly lactate and H(+). Acute muscle hypoxia associated with such training methods may further heighten metabolic buildup. Therefore, the purpose of this paper will be to review the emerging body of research suggesting a role for exercise-induced metabolic stress in maximizing muscle development and present insights as to the potential mechanisms by which these hypertrophic adaptations may occur. These mechanisms include increased fibre recruitment, elevated systemic hormonal production, alterations in local myokines, heightened production of reactive oxygen species and cell swelling. Recommendations are provided for potential areas of future research on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, Program of Exercise Science, APEX Building, Room # 265, Lehman College, CUNY, 250 Bedford Park Blvd West, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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Variable resistance training promotes greater fatigue resistance but not hypertrophy versus constant resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2233-44. [PMID: 23636698 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Loading using variable resistance devices, where the external resistance changes in line with the force:angle relationship, has been shown to cause greater acute neuromuscular fatigue and larger serum hormone responses. This may indicate a greater potential for adaptation during long-term training. Twelve (constant resistance group) and 11 (variable resistance group) men completed 20 weeks of resistance training with 10 men as non-training controls. Training-induced adaptations were assessed by bilateral leg press one repetition maximum, a repetition to failure test using 75 % 1RM, lower limb lean mass and vastus lateralis cross-sectional area. Only the variable resistance training group improved the total number of repetitions (41 ± 46 %) and volume load (52 ± 37 %) during the repetition to failure test (P < 0.05). Similar improvements in maximum strength and hypertrophy of the lower limbs were observed in both training groups. Also, constant and variable resistance 5 × 10RM leg press loadings were performed before and after training in a crossover design. Acute loading-induced responses were assessed by concentric and isometric force, serum hormone concentrations and phosphorylation of intramuscular signalling proteins (0-30 min post-loading). Greater acute decreases in force (P < 0.05-0.01), and greater increases in serum testosterone and cortisol concentration (P < 0.05) and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation (P < 0.05) were observed following variable resistance loadings before and after training. Greater training-induced improvements in fatigue resistance occurred in the variable resistance training group, which may be due to greater acute fatigue and physiological responses during variable versus constant resistance loadings.
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Girman JC, Jones MT, Matthews TD, Wood RJ. Acute effects of a cluster-set protocol on hormonal, metabolic and performance measures in resistance-trained males. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:151-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.775351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Szivak TK, Hooper DR, Dunn-Lewis C, Comstock BA, Kupchak BR, Apicella JM, Saenz C, Maresh CM, Denegar CR, Kraemer WJ. Adrenal Cortical Responses to High-Intensity, Short Rest, Resistance Exercise in Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:748-60. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318259e009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Barroso R, Tricoli V, Santos Gil SD, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H. Maximal strength, number of repetitions, and total volume are differently affected by static-, ballistic-, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2432-7. [PMID: 22914099 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823f2b4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stretching exercises have been traditionally incorporated into warm-up routines before training sessions and sport events. However, the effects of stretching on maximal strength and strength endurance performance seem to depend on the type of stretching employed. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of static stretching (SS), ballistic stretching (BS), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on maximal strength, number of repetitions at a submaximal load, and total volume (i.e., number of repetitions × external load) in a multiple-set resistance training bout. Twelve strength-trained men (20.4 ± 4.5 years, 67.9 ± 6.3 kg, 173.3 ± 8.5 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. All of the subjects completed 8 experimental sessions. Four experimental sessions were designed to test maximal strength in the leg press (i.e., 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) after each stretching condition (SS, BS, PNF, or no-stretching [NS]). During the other 4 sessions, the number of repetitions performed at 80% 1RM was assessed after each stretching condition. All of the stretching protocols significantly improved the range of motion in the sit-and-reach test when compared with NS. Further, PNF induced greater changes in the sit-and-reach test than BS did (4.7 ± 1.6, 2.9 ± 1.5, and 1.9 ± 1.4 cm for PNF, SS, and BS, respectively). Leg press 1RM values were decreased only after the PNF condition (5.5%, p < 0.001). All the stretching protocols significantly reduced the number of repetitions (SS: 20.8%, p < 0.001; BS: 17.8%, p = 0.01; PNF: 22.7%, p < 0.001) and total volume (SS: 20.4%, p < 0.001; BS: 17.9%, p = 0.01; PNF: 22.4%, p < 0.001) when compared with NS. The results from this study suggest that, to avoid a decrease in both the number of repetitions and total volume, stretching exercises should not be performed before a resistance training session. Additionally, strength-trained individuals may experience reduced maximal dynamic strength after PNF stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Barroso
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Carr BM, Webster MJ, Boyd JC, Hudson GM, Scheett TP. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves hypertrophy-type resistance exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:743-52. [PMID: 22941193 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) administration on lower-body, hypertrophy-type resistance exercise (HRE). Using a double-blind randomized counterbalanced design, 12 resistance-trained male participants (mean ± SD; age = 20.3 ± 2 years, mass = 88.3 ± 13.2 kg, height = 1.80 ± 0.07 m) ingested 0.3 g kg(-1) of NaHCO(3) or placebo 60 min before initiation of an HRE regimen. The protocol employed multiple exercises: squat, leg press, and knee extension, utilizing four sets each, with 10-12 repetition-maximum loads and short rest periods between sets. Exercise performance was determined by total repetitions generated during each exercise, total accumulated repetitions, and a performance test involving a fifth set of knee extensions to failure. Arterialized capillary blood was collected via fingertip puncture at four time points and analyzed for pH, [HCO(3)(-)], base excess (BE), and lactate [Lac(-)]. NaHCO(3) supplementation induced a significant alkaline state (pH: NaHCO(3): 7.49 ± 0.02, placebo: 7.42 ± 0.02, P < 0.05; [HCO(3)(-)]: NaHCO(3): 31.50 ± 2.59, placebo: 25.38 ± 1.78 mEq L(-1), P < 0.05; BE: NaHCO(3): 7.92 ± 2.57, placebo: 1.08 ± 2.11 mEq L(-1), P < 0.05). NaHCO(3) administration resulted in significantly more total repetitions than placebo (NaHCO(3): 139.8 ± 13.2, placebo: 134.4 ± 13.5), as well as significantly greater blood [Lac(-)] after the exercise protocol (NaHCO(3): 17.92 ± 2.08, placebo: 15.55 ± 2.50 mM, P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate ergogenic efficacy for NaHCO(3) during HRE and warrant further investigation into chronic training applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Carr
- School of Human Performance and Recreation, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
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Caruso JF, Lutz BM, Davidson ME, Wilson K, Crane CS, Craig CE, Nissen TE, Mason ML, Coday MA, Sheaff RJ, Potter WT. Salivary Hormonal Values from High-Speed Resistive Exercise Workouts. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:625-32. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822c7267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2693-702. [PMID: 22105707 PMCID: PMC3371329 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between acute exercise-induced hormone responses and adaptations to high intensity resistance training in a large cohort (n = 56) of young men. Acute post-exercise serum growth hormone (GH), free testosterone (fT), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and cortisol responses were determined following an acute intense leg resistance exercise routine at the midpoint of a 12-week resistance exercise training study. Acute hormonal responses were correlated with gains in lean body mass (LBM), muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) and leg press strength. There were no significant correlations between the exercise-induced elevations (area under the curve—AUC) of GH, fT and IGF-1 and gains in LBM or leg press strength. Significant correlations were found for cortisol, usually assumed to be a hormone indicative of catabolic drive, AUC with change in LBM (r = 0.29, P < 0.05) and type II fibre CSA (r = 0.35, P < 0.01) as well as GH AUC and gain in fibre area (type I: r = 0.36, P = 0.006; type II: r = 0.28, P = 0.04, but not lean mass). No correlations with strength were observed. We report that the acute exercise-induced systemic hormonal responses of cortisol and GH are weakly correlated with resistance training-induced changes in fibre CSA and LBM (cortisol only), but not with changes in strength.
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Bottaro M, Veloso J, Wagner D, Gentil P. Resistance training for strength and muscle thickness: Effect of number of sets and muscle group trained. Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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