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Tansel B. Persistence times of refractory materials in landfills: A review of rate limiting conditions by mass transfer and reaction kinetics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:88-103. [PMID: 31234049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring programs at closed landfills show that transformation of plastics, wood, and metals continue long after the active decomposition of the waste fractions are considered as complete. Studies conducted in natural anaerobic environments (e.g., marine sediments and rocks) provide insight for slow degradation mechanisms involving coupling of thermodynamically favorable and unfavorable reactions and biochemical transformations by microbial consortia. These transformations occur at much slower rates through more complex and less obvious mechanisms and are not evident until after the primary decomposition mechanisms become less significant. This study presents a review of the conditions that limit the mass transfer and reaction kinetics for anaerobic transformations in landfills and provides new insights for reaction mechanisms (e.g., anaerobic oxidation and anaerobic corrosion) that occur at relatively slow rates in mature landfills. Conditions and mechanisms of slow transformations by microbial and chemical activities with relatively small energy yields and availability of electron acceptors (e.g., inorganics, plastics) and/or diffusion of gas and moisture into the previously isolated areas in waste deposits were discussed. Time scales for mass transfer and reaction kinetics were compared under anaerobic conditions for different waste components deposited at municipal solid waste landfills. Half-lives of different materials under anaerobic conditions were estimated and compared. Emergence of syntrophic methanogenic communities and conditions for triboelectric effects were evaluated as possible electron transfer mechanisms between waste layers for occurrence of extremely slow transformations of wastes deposited in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tansel
- Florida International University, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Florida, USA.
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2
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Laube VM, Martin SM. Conversion of Cellulose to Methane and Carbon Dioxide by Triculture of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus, Desulfovibrio sp., and Methanosarcina barkeri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 42:413-20. [PMID: 16345841 PMCID: PMC244029 DOI: 10.1128/aem.42.3.413-420.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of cellulose by monocultures of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus and cocultures of A. cellulolyticus-Methanosarcina barkeri, A. cellulolyticus-Desulfovibrio sp., and A. cellulolyticus-M. barkeri-Desulfovibrio sp. was studied. The monoculture produced ethanol, acetate, H(2), and CO(2). More acetate and less ethanol was formed by the cocultures than by the monoculture. Acetate was utilized by M. barkeri in coculture with A. cellulolyticus after a lag period, whereas ethanol was metabolized by the sulfate reducer only under conditions of low H(2) partial pressure, i.e., when cocultured with A. celluloyticus-M. barkeri or when grown together with the methanogen. Only the three-component culture carried out the rapid conversion of cellulose to CO(2) and methane. Furthermore, this culture hydrolyzed the most cellulose-85% of that initially present. This amount was increased to 90% by increasing the population of M. barkeri in the triculture. Methane production was also increased, and a quicker fermentation rate was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Laube
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Khan AW, Wall D, van den Berg L. Fermentative conversion of cellulose to acetic Acid and cellulolytic enzyme production by a bacterial mixed culture obtained from sewage sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 41:1214-8. [PMID: 16345772 PMCID: PMC243891 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.5.1214-1218.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple procedure that uses a cellulose-enriched culture started from sewage sludge was developed for producing cellulolytic enzymes and converting cellulose to acetic acid rather than CH(4) and CO(2). In this procedure, the culture which converts cellulose to CH(4) and CO(2) was mixed with a synthetic medium and cellulose and heated to 80 degrees C for 15 min before incubation. The end products formed were acetic acid, propionic acid, CO(2), and traces of ethanol and H(2). Supernatants from 6- to 10-day-old cultures contained 16 to 36 mM acetic acid. Cellulolytic enzymes in the supernatant were stable at 2 degrees C under aerobic conditions for up to 4 weeks and had the ability to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose, a microcystalline cellulose, cellobiose, xylan, and filter paper to reducing sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Khan
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0R6
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Barlaz MA, Schaefer DM, Ham RK. Bacterial population development and chemical characteristics of refuse decomposition in a simulated sanitary landfill. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 55:55-65. [PMID: 16347835 PMCID: PMC184054 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.1.55-65.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Population development of key groups of bacteria involved in municipal refuse conversion to methane was measured from the time of initial incubation through the onset of methane production. Hemicellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogens, and acetate- and H(2)-plus-CO(2)-utilizing methanogens were enumerated by the most-probable-number technique with media containing oat spelt xylan, ball-milled cellulose, butyrate, acetate, and H(2) plus CO(2), respectively. Refuse decomposition was monitored in multiple replicate laboratory-scale sanitary landfills. A laboratory-scale landfill was dismantled weekly for microbial and chemical analysis. Leachate was neutralized and recycled to ensure methanogenesis. The methane concentration of the sampled containers increased to 64% by day 69, at which time the maximum methane production rate, 929 liters of CH(4) per dry kg-year, was measured. Population increases of 2, 4, 5, 5, and 6 orders of magnitude were measured between fresh refuse and the methane production phase for the hemicellulolytic bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria, butyrate-catabolizing acetogens, and acetate- and H(2)-CO(2)-utilizing methanogens, respectively. The cellulolytic bacteria and acetogens increased more slowly than the methanogens and only after the onset of methane production. The initial decrease in the pH of the refuse ecosystem from 7.5 to 5.7 was attributed to the accumulation of acidic end products of sugar fermentation, to the low acid-consuming activity of the acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria, and to levels of oxygen and nitrate in the fresh refuse sufficient for oxidation of only 8% of the sugars to carbon dioxide and water. Cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition was most rapid after establishment of the methanogenic and acetogenic populations and a reduction in the initial accumulation of carboxylic acids. A total of 72% of these carbohydrates were degraded in the container sampled after 111 days. Initially acetate utilization, but ultimately polymer hydrolysis, limited the rate of refuse conversion to methane. Microbial and chemical composition data were combined to formulate an updated description of refuse decomposition in four phases: an aerobic phase, an anaerobic acid phase, an accelerated methane production phase, and a decelerated methane production phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Barlaz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Departments of Meat and Animal Science and Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Kim JH, Kim M, Bae W. Effect of oxidized leachate on degradation of lignin by sulfate-reducing bacteria. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH: THE JOURNAL FOR A SUSTAINABLE CIRCULAR ECONOMY 2009; 27:520-6. [PMID: 19423591 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x08096899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste materials (MSWs) in landfills need a long period of stabilization because lignin compounds in MSWs and leachate are not readily biodegraded, but inhibit methanogenic metabolism. Recirculation of leachate into the landfill offers the potential advantage of increasing the rate of decomposition of organic matter. However, the degradation of lignin by leachate recirculation alone is quite difficult. Several recent studies have demonstrated that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were able to degrade lignin compounds. In this study, batch tests were conducted to investigate the impacts of SRB enrichment on lignin decomposition rates as well as the decomposition of other biodegradable organics. Further, the effects of nitrite and nitrate on lignin degradation rates were also studied. A 16S rRNA assay showed that the SRB used herein, which were obtained by enriching solid waste collected from a closed MSW landfill, were Thaurea sp. and Desulfovibrio sp. Lignin was found to be biodegraded by the SRB and the rate of lignin removal per unit of waste volatile suspended solid was 2.9 mg lignin g—1 VSS day— 1. It was found that the initial degradation rate increased under higher initial lignin concentrations. However, the degradation rate during days 6—19 became slower than that during the initial 9 days because lignin consisted of complexly bonded aromatic compounds that were not readily biodegradable. Adding other organics such as lactate seemed to improve the rate and amount of lignin degradation, probably due to the increase in SRB associated with consumption of the additional organics. The lignin removal percentage decreased with increases in oxidized nitrogen (nitrite or nitrate) concentrations, indicating that oxidized nitrogen could inhibit SRB activity. Conclusively, the study verified the existence of SRB in the landfill and showed that the SRB could be activated for the degradation of lignin by the recirculation of the leachate, which is consistent with other studies showing that leachate recirculation could shorten the stabilization period of the landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Kim
- QH-Plus Eco Ltd., J-Tower, 158-3, Seokchon-dong, Song Pa-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moonil Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental System Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa-1 dong, Ansan, Kyunggi-do, 425-791, South Korea,
| | - Wooken Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental System Engineering, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa-1 dong, Ansan, Kyunggi-do, 425-791, South Korea
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Khan A, Murray W. Influence ofClostridium saccharolyticumon cellulose degradation byAcetivibrio cellulolyticus*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KHAN AW, MES-HARTREE MARY. Metabolism of Acetate and Hydrogen by a Mixed Population of Anaerobes Capable of Converting Cellulose to Methane*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fox M, Noike T. Wet oxidation pretreatment for the increase in anaerobic biodegradability of newspaper waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2004; 91:273-281. [PMID: 14607487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wet oxidation was investigated for its process performance on methane fermentation of newspaper waste. The mechanisms of solubilization of newspaper waste were investigated using the following criteria: destruction of total COD (TCOD), production of soluble COD (SCOD), production of volatile fatty acids, production of soluble carbohydrates, production of soluble lignin derivatives (SLD), production of furan (F) and destruction of lignin and cellulose. Wet oxidation was carried out at 170, 190, and 210 degrees C, with a retention time of 1 h. The highest removal efficiencies of TCOD and cellulose were achieved at 210 degrees C, approximately 40% and 69% were destroyed, respectively. On the other hand, highest lignin removal efficiency was achieved at 190 degrees C in which approximately 65% was removed. Batch methane fermentation tests were performed in 2-l glass bottles filled with the wet oxidized newspaper samples. Methane fermentation of newspaper pretreated at 190 degrees C gave the highest CH(4) conversion efficiency (59% of the initial TCOD was recovered as CH(4) gas). Anaerobic cellulose removals varied from 74% to 88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fox
- Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Bichet-Hébé I, Pourcher AM, Sutra L, Comel C, Moguedet G. Detection of a whitening fluorescent agent as an indicator of white paper biodegradation: a new approach to study the kinetics of cellulose hydrolysis by mixed cultures. J Microbiol Methods 1999; 37:101-9. [PMID: 10445310 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(99)00043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and reliable method to estimate paper degradation by cellulolytic bacteria is described. This method is based on the detection in the culture medium of a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) added to white paper during the manufacturing process. Preliminary results using a Cellulomonas strain cultivated in a liquid medium containing FWA, indicated that this component is non-toxic at a final concentration of 0.01 per thousand (v/v) and that the fluorescence decreased during the first 24 h of incubation, i.e. during exponential growth phase, suggesting an adsorption of FWA on bacterial cells. Consequently, all experiments have been performed with a liquid medium containing FWA (0.01 per thousand v/v) and white paper (8.0 g/l) as cellulose source. Mixed bacterial populations (MBPs) were prepared from refuse samples. These MBPs, which mainly consisted of bacterial rod cells, were used as inocula and fluorescence was measured after 30 h of incubation, i.e. after the stationary phase was reached. A high linear correlation (R(2) = 0.979) was found between the percentages of degraded paper (%P) deduced from residual paper weight and the fluorescence values (F) of the culture medium and the following equation between %P and F was determined: %P = 8.71x10(-5) x F. An additional experiment using a second MBP showed a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.990) between the measured %P and the %P estimated from F values, confirming the reproducibility of the method. Moreover, the time course of paper degradation by five replicate flasks from a unique MBP was set up. Paper degradation was detected 3 to 5 days after the beginning of the stationary phase. The average degradation rate between the 7th and the 11th day of incubation was 11.4% per day. Rates of paper degradation ranged from 31 to 60% after 10 days and from 77 to 88% after 3 weeks of incubation, depending on the inoculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bichet-Hébé
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement, Faculté des Sciences, Angers, France
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Wang YS, Byrd CS, Barlaz MA. Anaerobic biodegradability of cellulose and hemicellulose in excavated refuse samples using a biochemical methane potential assay. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 13:147-53. [PMID: 7764843 DOI: 10.1007/bf01583999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Improved techniques are needed to predict potential methane generation from refuse buried in landfills. The Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) test was used to measure the methane potential of ten refuse samples excavated from a Berkeley, CA, landfill. The test was conducted in 125-ml serum bottles containing phosphate-buffered medium and inoculated with anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Comparison of the measured BMP to the theoretical BMP calculated from measured cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations indicated that cellulose plus hemicellulose is not well correlated with the measured BMP. The average of the measured to theoretical BMP was 19.1% (range 0-53%, s.d. = 16.9%). Measured sulfate concentrations showed that sulfate was an insignificant electron sink in the samples tested. Once methane production from the refuse was complete, 0.072 g of Whatman no. 1 filter paper was added to two of the four serum bottles incubated for each sample. An average of 84.9% (s.d. = 2.5%) of the added filter paper was recovered as methane, suggesting that some cellulose and hemicellulose present in refuse is recalcitrant or otherwise not bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7908
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Krishnan S, Lalitha K. Interactive metabolic regulations during biomethanation ofLeucaena leucocephala. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02798394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Anaerobic digestion of cellulose by pure and mixed bacterial cultures. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Tabassum R, Rajoka MI, Malik KA. Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by an anaerobic mixed culture from lignocellulosic biomass. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1990; 6:39-45. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01225353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1989] [Accepted: 07/22/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marx R, Kohl M, Klein J. Ergebnisse zur Aufbereitung von schweinegülle als substrat für biotechnologische Stoffwandlungsprozesse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(11)80039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perot C, Sergent M, Richard P, Luu RPT, Millot N. The effects of pH, temperature and agitation speed on sludge anaerobic hydrolysis‐acidification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/09593338809384628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rolz C, Cabrera SD, Valdez MJ, De Arriola MDC, Valladares J. Biodegradation of pretreated ex-fermented sugar cane chips by fungal enzymes and mixtures of anaerobic bacteria. Biotechnol Prog 1986; 2:120-30. [PMID: 20568204 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.5420020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Rolz
- Central American Research Institute for Industry (ICAITI), P.O. Box 1552, Guatemala City, Guatemala
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Smiti N, Ollivier B, Garcia J. Thermophilic degradation of cellulose by a triculture ofClostridium thermocellum, Methanobacteriumsp. andMethanosarcinaMP. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Khan A, Meek E. Immobilization of a syntrophic culture of propionate-degrading and methanogenic bacteria present in cellulose-enriched culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-4565(85)90047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Giuliano C, Khan AW. Cellulase and Sugar Formation by
Bacteroides cellulosolvens
, a Newly Isolated Cellulolytic Anaerobe. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48:446-8. [PMID: 16346612 PMCID: PMC241537 DOI: 10.1128/aem.48.2.446-448.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated mesophilic anaerobe,
Bacteroides cellulosolvens
, has the ability to produce cellulase and to degrade cellulose to cellobiose and glucose. It does not utilize glucose, and it lacks β-glucosidase activity. This anaerobe appears to degrade cellulose to cellobiose by cellulase action, and the presence of cells appears necessary for the formation of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Giuliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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21
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Sahm H. Anaerobic wastewater treatment. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1984; 29:83-115. [PMID: 6437159 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Khan AW, Miller SS, Murray WD. Development of a two-phase combination fermenter for the conversion of cellulose to methane. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:1571-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Jones KL, Grainger JM. The application of enzyme activity measurements to a study of factors affecting protein, starch and cellulose fermentation in domestic refuse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00498042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Khan A, Murray WD. Isolation of a symbiotic culture of two species of bacteria capable of converting cellulose to ethanol and acetic acid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1982.tb08291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Microbial biomass from renewables: Review of alternatives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-11019-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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KHAN A, SADDLER J, PATEL G, COLVIN J, MARTIN S. DEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE BY A NEWLY ISOLATED MESOPHILIC ANAEROBE, BACTEROIDACEAE FAMILY. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1980.tb01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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