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Menachekanian S, Voegtle MJ, Warburton RE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Dawlaty JM. Inductive Effect Alone Cannot Explain Lewis Adduct Formation and Dissociation at Electrode Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5759-5768. [PMID: 36862607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding breaking and formation of Lewis bonds at an electrified interface is relevant to a large range of phenomena, including electrocatalysis and electroadsorption. The complexities of interfacial environments and associated reactions often impede a systematic understanding of this type of bond at interfaces. To address this challenge, we report the creation of a main group classic Lewis acid-base adduct on an electrode surface and its behavior under varying electrode potentials. The Lewis base is a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptopyridine and the Lewis acid is BF3, forming a Lewis bond between nitrogen and boron. The bond is stable at positive potentials but cleaves at potentials more negative of approximately -0.3 V vs Ag/AgCl without an associated current. We also show that if the Lewis acid BF3 is supplied from a reservoir of Li+BF4- electrolyte, the cleavage is completely reversible. We propose that the N-B Lewis bond is affected both by the field-induced intramolecular polarization (electroinduction) and by the ionic structures and ionic equilibria near the electrode. Our results indicate that the second effect is responsible for the Lewis bond cleavage at negative potentials. This work is relevant to understanding the fundamentals of electrocatalytic and electroadsorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan Menachekanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Matthew J Voegtle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | | | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Cebi E, Streit SM, Klett J. Size- and shape-adaptable mixed-alkoxide-aggregates: encapsulation of tetrafluoroborate and butadiynediide. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15792-15796. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of silyl compounds with excess sodium tert-butoxide results in encapsulation of the released anion. While the BF4− anion just fits in a spherical sodium alkoxide hull, the butadiyenediide dianion pierces its hull resulting in dimerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkam Cebi
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Marie Streit
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Klett
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Nagane S, Macpherson S, Hope MA, Kubicki DJ, Li W, Verma SD, Ferrer Orri J, Chiang YH, MacManus-Driscoll JL, Grey CP, Stranks SD. Tetrafluoroborate-Induced Reduction in Defect Density in Hybrid Perovskites through Halide Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102462. [PMID: 34219285 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid-perovskite-based optoelectronic devices are demonstrating unprecedented growth in performance, and defect passivation approaches are highly promising routes to further improve properties. Here, the effect of the molecular ion BF4 - , introduced via methylammonium tetrafluoroborate (MABF4 ) in a surface treatment for MAPbI3 perovskite, is reported. Optical spectroscopy characterization shows that the introduction of tetrafluoroborate leads to reduced non-radiative charge-carrier recombination with a reduction in first-order recombination rate from 6.5 × 106 to 2.5 × 105 s-1 in BF4 - -treated samples, and a consequent increase in photoluminescence quantum yield by an order of magnitude (from 0.5 to 10.4%). 19 F, 11 B, and 14 N solid-state NMR is used to elucidate the atomic-level mechanism of the BF4 - additive-induced improvements, revealing that the BF4 - acts as a scavenger of excess MAI by forming MAI-MABF4 cocrystals. This shifts the equilibrium of iodide concentration in the perovskite phase, thereby reducing the concentration of interstitial iodide defects that act as deep traps and non-radiative recombination centers. These collective results allow us to elucidate the microscopic mechanism of action of BF4 - .
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyawan Nagane
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Stuart Macpherson
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael A Hope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Sachin Dev Verma
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jordi Ferrer Orri
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Yu-Hsien Chiang
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Judith L MacManus-Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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NMR Parameters of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Indicators of Their State and Properties in Aqueous Solutions. J SOLUTION CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-020-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Swamy P. CA, Priyanka RN, Thilagar P. Triarylborane–dipyrromethane conjugates bearing dual receptor sites: the synthesis and evaluation of the anion binding site preference. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4067-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fakhraian H, Gorgi-douze A. Synthesis and properties of ionic liquids based on 1-methyl-3-(2-phenethyl)imidazolium. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and properties of three ionic liquids based on 1-methyl-3-(2-phenethyl)imidazolium cation ([MPIm]) and the chloride, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluorophosphate anions have been investigated. The proposed quaternization and anion exchange processes afforded quantitative amounts of the three ionic liquids, and very pure [MPIm][BF4] and [MPIm][PF6] were obtained after recrystallization from ethanol. [MPIm][BF4] showed low melting point and high electrical conductivity. These ionic liquids (immiscible with diethyl ether but miscible with water and DMSO) absorb air moisture, increasing their mass and decreasing their viscosity. The results of NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 19F) and X-ray structure determination confirm the possibility of ion-pair and hydrogen-bond formation in [MPIm][BF4].
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Isolation and crystallographic characterization of solvate- and anion-stabilized PCP pincer complexes of palladium(II). J Organomet Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Campos-Fernández CS, Schottel BL, Chifotides HT, Bera JK, Bacsa J, Koomen JM, Russell DH, Dunbar KR. Anion Template Effect on the Self-Assembly and Interconversion of Metallacyclophanes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:12909-23. [PMID: 16159285 DOI: 10.1021/ja052108q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (bptz) with solvated first-row transition metals M(II) (M(II) = Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu) have been explored with emphasis on the factors that influence the identity of the resulting cyclic products for Ni(II) and Zn(II). The relatively small anions, namely [ClO4]- and [BF4]-, lead to the formation of molecular squares [{M4(bptz)4(CH3CN)8} subsetX][X]7, (M = Zn(II), Ni(II); X = [BF4]-, [ClO4]-), whereas the larger anion [SbF6]- favors the molecular pentagon [{Ni5(bptz)5-(CH3CN)10} subsetSbF6][SbF6]9. The molecular pentagon easily converts to the square in the presence of excess [BF4]-, [ClO4]-, and [I]- anions, whereas the Ni(II) square can be partially converted to the less stable pentagon under more forcing conditions in the presence of excess [SbF6]- ions. No evidence for the molecular square being in equilibrium with the pentagon was observed in the ESI-MS spectra of the individual square and pentagon samples. Anion-exchange reactions of the encapsulated ion in [{Ni4(bptz)4(CH3CN)8} subsetClO4][ClO4]7 reveal that a larger anion such as [IO4]- cannot replace [ClO4]- inside the cavity, but that the linear [Br3]- anion is capable of doing so. ESI-MS studies of the reaction between [Ni(CH3CN)6][NO3]2 and bptz indicate that the product is trinuclear. Mass spectral studies of the bptz reactions with Mn(II), Fe(II), and Cu(II), in the presence of [ClO4]- anions, support the presence of molecular squares. The formation of the various metallacyclophanes is discussed in light of the factors that influence these self-assembly reactions, such as choice of metal ion, anion, and solvent.
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Stephen Hartman J, Shoemaker JA, Janzen AF, Ragogna PJ, (Rick) Szerminski W. The coordination chemistry of (py)2BF2+ and related difluoroboron cations. J Fluor Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(02)00224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Plakhotnyk VN, Schmutzler R, Ernst L, Kovtun YV, Plakhotnyk AV. Influence of the nature of the solvent on the chemical shift of the [BF4]− anion. J Fluor Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(02)00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Koch KR, Madelung S. Solvolysis of the difluoro(1,10-phenantholine)boronium cation in DMSO: A11B and19F NMR study. Polyhedron 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)86143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ghorab M, Winfield JM. Radiotracers in fluorine chemistry. Part XlV. The lability of the fluoroanions BF4−, PF6−, AsF6−, SbF6−, NbF6− and TaF6− in acetonitrile solution. A fluorine-18 radiotracer study [1,2]. J Fluor Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)85032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de la Hoz A, Diez-Barra E, Pardo M, Declercq J, Germain G, Van Meerssche M, Elguero J. Comportement non aromatique d'azoles-I. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adducts of the Mixed Trihalides of Boron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2792(08)60280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of tetrahedral molecules and ions in anisotropic environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(75)90133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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