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Yang K, Zhao Y, Ji M, Li Z, Zhai S, Zhou X, Wang Q, Wang C, Liang B. Challenges and opportunities for the biodegradation of chlorophenols: Aerobic, anaerobic and bioelectrochemical processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116862. [PMID: 33550168 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are highly toxic and refractory contaminants which widely exist in various environments and cause serious harm to human and environment health and safety. This review provides comprehensive information on typical CPs biodegradation technologies, the most green and benign ones for CPs removal. The known aerobic and anaerobic degradative bacteria, functional enzymes, and metabolic pathways of CPs as well as several improving methods and critical parameters affecting the overall degradation efficiency are systematically summarized and clarified. The challenges for CPs mineralization are also discussed, mainly including the dechlorination of polychlorophenols (poly-CPs) under aerobic condition and the ring-cleavage of monochlorophenols (MCPs) under anaerobic condition. The coupling of functional materials and degraders as well as the operation of sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors and bioelectrochemical system (BES) are promising strategies to overcome some current limitations. Future perspective and research gaps in this field are also proposed, including the further understanding of microbial information and the specific role of materials in CPs biodegradation, the potential application of innovative biotechnologies and new operating modes to optimize and maximize the function of the system, and the scale-up of bioreactors towards the efficient biodegradation of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichao Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Min Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Siyuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Lechner U, Türkowsky D, Dinh TTH, Al‐Fathi H, Schwoch S, Franke S, Gerlach M, Koch M, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N, Dang TCH. Desulfitobacterium contributes to the microbial transformation of 2,4,5-T by methanogenic enrichment cultures from a Vietnamese active landfill. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1137-1156. [PMID: 30117290 PMCID: PMC6196390 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) was a major component of Agent Orange, which was used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War. Little is known about its degradation under anoxic conditions. Established enrichment cultures using soil from an Agent Orange bioremediation plant in southern Vietnam with pyruvate as potential electron donor and carbon source were shown to degrade 2,4,5-T via ether cleavage to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), which was further dechlorinated to 3,4-dichlorophenol. Pyruvate was initially fermented to hydrogen, acetate and propionate. Hydrogen was then used as the direct electron donor for ether cleavage of 2,4,5-T and subsequent dechlorination of 2,4,5-TCP. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated the presence of bacteria and archaea mainly belonging to the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Chloroflexi and Euryarchaeota. Desulfitobacterium hafniense was identified as the dechlorinating bacterium. Metaproteomics of the enrichment culture indicated higher protein abundances of 60 protein groups in the presence of 2,4,5-T. A reductive dehalogenase related to RdhA3 of D. hafniense showed the highest fold change, supporting its function in reductive dehalogenation of 2,4,5-TCP. Despite an ether-cleaving enzyme not being detected, the inhibition of ether cleavage but not of dechlorination, by 2-bromoethane sulphonate, suggested that the two reactions are catalysed by different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Lechner
- Institute of Biology/MicrobiologyMartin‐Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Dominique Türkowsky
- Department of Molecular Systems BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Thi Thu Hang Dinh
- Vietnamese Academy of Science and TechnologyInstitute of BiotechnologyHanoiVietnam
- Present address:
Vietnamese Academy of Science and TechnologyGraduate University of Science and TechnologyHanoiVietnam
| | - Hassan Al‐Fathi
- Institute of Biology/MicrobiologyMartin‐Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Stefan Schwoch
- Institute of Biology/MicrobiologyMartin‐Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Stefan Franke
- Institute of Biology/MicrobiologyMartin‐Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | | | - Mandy Koch
- Institute of Chemistry/Food and Environmental ChemistryMartin‐Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Thi Cam Ha Dang
- Vietnamese Academy of Science and TechnologyInstitute of BiotechnologyHanoiVietnam
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El-Sayed WS. Characterization of a Highly Enriched Microbial Consortium Reductively Dechlorinating 2,3-Dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol and the Corresponding cprA Genes from River Sediment. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 65:341-352. [PMID: 29334051 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1215613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic reductive dechlorination of 2,3-dichlorophenol (2,3DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6TCP) was investigated in microcosms from River Nile sediment. A stable sediment-free anaerobic microbial consortium reductively dechlorinating 2,3DCP and 2,4,6TCP was established. Defined sediment-free cultures showing stable dechlorination were restricted to ortho chlorine when enriched with hydrogen as the electron donor, acetate as the carbon source, and either 2,3-DCP or 2,4,6-TCP as electron acceptors. When acetate, formate, or pyruvate were used as electron donors, dechlorination activity was lost. Only lactate can replace dihydrogen as an electron donor. However, the dechlorination potential was decreased after successive transfers. To reveal chlororespiring species, the microbial community structure of chlorophenol-reductive dechlorinating enrichment cultures was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Eight dominant bacteria were detected in the dechlorinating microcosms including members of the genera Citrobacter, Geobacter, Pseudomonas, Desulfitobacterium, Desulfovibrio and Clostridium. Highly enriched dechlorinating cultures were dominated by four bacterial species belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Desulfitobacterium, and Clostridium. Desulfitobacterium represented the major fraction in DGGE profiles indicating its importance in dechlorination activity, which was further confirmed by its absence resulting in complete loss of dechlorination. Reductive dechlorination was confirmed by the stoichiometric dechlorination of 2,3DCP and 2,4,6TCP to metabolites with less chloride groups and by the detection of chlorophenol RD cprA gene fragments in dechlorinating cultures. PCR amplified cprA gene fragments were cloned and sequenced and found to cluster with the cprA/pceA type genes of Dehalobacter restrictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael S El-Sayed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, KSA; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Arora PK, Bae H. Bacterial degradation of chlorophenols and their derivatives. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:31. [PMID: 24589366 PMCID: PMC3975901 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) and their derivatives are persistent environmental pollutants which are used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs, pesticides and other industrial products. CPs, which include monochlorophenols, polychlorophenols, chloronitrophenols, chloroaminophenols and chloromethylphenols, are highly toxic to living beings due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic properties. Several physico-chemical and biological methods have been used for removal of CPs from the environment. Bacterial degradation has been considered a cost-effective and eco-friendly method of removing CPs from the environment. Several bacteria that use CPs as their sole carbon and energy sources have been isolated and characterized. Additionally, the metabolic pathways for degradation of CPs have been studied in bacteria and the genes and enzymes involved in the degradation of various CPs have been identified and characterized. This review describes the biochemical and genetic basis of the degradation of CPs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Arora
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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Hug LA, Maphosa F, Leys D, Löffler FE, Smidt H, Edwards EA, Adrian L. Overview of organohalide-respiring bacteria and a proposal for a classification system for reductive dehalogenases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120322. [PMID: 23479752 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organohalide respiration is an anaerobic bacterial respiratory process that uses halogenated hydrocarbons as terminal electron acceptors during electron transport-based energy conservation. This dechlorination process has triggered considerable interest for detoxification of anthropogenic groundwater contaminants. Organohalide-respiring bacteria have been identified from multiple bacterial phyla, and can be categorized as obligate and non-obligate organohalide respirers. The majority of the currently known organohalide-respiring bacteria carry multiple reductive dehalogenase genes. Analysis of a curated set of reductive dehalogenases reveals that sequence similarity and substrate specificity are generally not correlated, making functional prediction from sequence information difficult. In this article, an orthologue-based classification system for the reductive dehalogenases is proposed to aid integration of new sequencing data and to unify terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Hug
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Villemur R. The pentachlorophenol-dehalogenating Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain PCP-1. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120319. [PMID: 23479749 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, a complete description of Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain PCP-1 is presented. The D. hafniense strain PCP-1 was isolated from a methanogenic consortium for its capacity to dehalogenate pentachlorophenol (PCP) into 3-chlorophenol. This strain is also capable of dehalogenating several other chloroaromatic compounds and tetrachloroethene into trichloroethene. Four gene loci encoding putative chlorophenol-reductive dehalogenases (CprA2 to CprA5) were detected, and the products of two of these loci have been demonstrated to dechlorinate different chlorinated phenols. Strain PCP-1 was used in laboratory-scale bioprocesses to degrade PCP present in contaminated environments. Desulfitobacterium hafniense PCP-1 is an excellent candidate for the development of efficient bioprocesses to degrade organohalide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Villemur
- INRS institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada, H7V 1B7.
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Quantitative analysis of the relative transcript levels of four chlorophenol reductive dehalogenase genes in Desulfitobacterium hafniense PCP-1 exposed to chlorophenols. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6261-4. [PMID: 21742910 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00390-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative to those of unexposed cultures, the transcript levels of the four CprA-type reductive dehalogenase genes (cprA2, cprA3, cprA4, and cprA5) in Desulfitobacterium hafniense PCP-1 were measured in cultures exposed to chlorophenols. In 2,4,6-trichlorophenol-amended cultures, cprA2 and cprA3 were upregulated, as was cprA5, but concomitantly with the appearance of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). In 3,5-DCP-amended cultures, only cprA5 was upregulated. In pentachlorophenol-amended cultures grown for 12 h, cprA2 and cprA3 were upregulated but not cprA5. cprA4 was not upregulated significantly in cultures containing any tested chlorophenols.
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Identification and characterization of a novel CprA reductive dehalogenase specific to highly chlorinated phenols from Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain PCP-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7536-40. [PMID: 20870790 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01362-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain PCP-1 reductively dechlorinates pentachlorophenol (PCP) to 3-chlorophenol and a variety of halogenated aromatic compounds at the ortho, meta, and para positions. Several reductive dehalogenases (RDases) are thought to be involved in this cascade of dehalogenation. We partially purified a novel RDase involved in the dechlorination of highly chlorinated phenols from strain PCP-1 cultivated in the presence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. The RDase was membrane associated, and the activity was sensitive to oxygen, with a half-life of 128 min upon exposure to air. The pH and temperature optima were 7.0 and 55°C, respectively. Several highly chlorinated phenols were dechlorinated at the ortho positions. The highest dechlorinating activity levels were observed with PCP, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, and 2,3,4-trichlorophenol. 3-Chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate, 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate, dichlorophenols, and monochlorophenols were not dechlorinated. The apparent K(m) value for PCP was 46.7 μM at a methyl viologen concentration of 2 mM. A mixture of iodopropane and titanium citrate caused a light-reversible inhibition of the dechlorinating activity, suggesting the involvement of a corrinoid cofactor. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the partially purified preparation revealed 2 bands with apparent molecular masses of 42 and 47 kDa. Mass spectrometry analysis using Mascot to search the genome sequence of D. hafniense strain DCB-2 identified the 42-kDa band as NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, subunit D, and the 47-kDa band as the putative chlorophenol RDase CprA3. This is the first report of an RDase with high affinity and high dechlorinating activity toward PCP.
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Abstract
Desulfitobacterium spp. are strictly anaerobic bacteria that were first isolated from environments contaminated by halogenated organic compounds. They are very versatile microorganisms that can use a wide variety of electron acceptors, such as nitrate, sulfite, metals, humic acids, and man-made or naturally occurring halogenated organic compounds. Most of the Desulfitobacterium strains can dehalogenate halogenated organic compounds by mechanisms of reductive dehalogenation, although the substrate spectrum of halogenated organic compounds varies substantially from one strain to another, even with strains belonging to the same species. A number of reductive dehalogenases and their corresponding gene loci have been isolated from these strains. Some of these loci are flanked by transposition sequences, suggesting that they can be transmitted by horizontal transfer via a catabolic transposon. Desulfitobacterium spp. can use H2 as electron donor below the threshold concentration that would allow sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Furthermore, there is some evidence that syntrophic relationships occur between Desulfitobacterium spp. and sulfate-reducing bacteria, from which the Desulfitobacterium cells acquire their electrons by interspecies hydrogen transfer, and it is believed that this relationship also occurs in a methanogenic consortium. Because of their versatility, desulfitobacteria can be excellent candidates for the development of anaerobic bioremediation processes. The release of the complete genome of Desulfitobacterium hafniense strain Y51 and information from the partial genome sequence of D. hafniense strain DCB-2 will certainly help in predicting how desulfitobacteria interact with their environments and other microorganisms, and the mechanisms of actions related to reductive dehalogenation.
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