Helicobacter pylori produces unique filaments upon host contact in vitro

The Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System

Colonization of the human stomach with Helicobacter pylori strains containing the cag pathogenicity island is a risk factor for development of gastric cancer. The cag pathogenicity island contains genes encoding a secreted effector protein (CagA) and components of a type IV secretion system (Cag T4SS). The molecular architecture of the H. pylori Cag T4SS is substantially more complex than that of prototype T4SSs in other bacterial species. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries pertaining to the structure and function of the Cag T4SS and its role in gastric cancer pathogenesis.

Bacteria-surface interactions

The interaction of bacteria with surfaces has important implications in a range of areas, including bioenergy, biofouling, biofilm formation, and the infection of plants and animals. Many of the interactions of bacteria with surfaces produce changes in the expression of genes that influence cell morphology and behavior, including genes essential for motility and surface attachment. Despite the attention that these phenotypes have garnered, the bacterial systems used for sensing and responding to surfaces are still not well understood. An understanding of these mechanisms will guide the development of new classes of materials that inhibit and promote cell growth, and complement studies of the physiology of bacteria in contact with surfaces. Recent studies from a range of fields in science and engineering are poised to guide future investigations in this area. This review summarizes recent studies on bacteria-surface interactions, discusses mechanisms of surface sensing and consequences of cell attachment, provides an overview of surfaces that have been used in bacterial studies, and highlights unanswered questions in this field.

Functional characterization of the interaction between bacterial adhesin multivalent adhesion molecule 7 (MAM7) protein and its host cell ligands

The ability of a pathogen to rapidly form a stable interaction with the host cell surface is key to its success. Bacterial pathogens use a repertoire of virulence factors, but their efficient use relies on close contact between the host and the pathogen. We have recently identified a constitutively expressed MAM7 (multivalent adhesion molecule 7), which is widely distributed in gram-negative pathogens and enables them to establish initial contact with the host cell. Here, we describe the dissection of the MAM7 interaction with the host cell surface into two distinct binding events, involving the host protein fibronectin and the membrane phospholipid phosphatidic acid. We analyzed which domains within MAM7 and fibronectin are necessary for complex formation. We further studied phosphatidic acid binding by MAM7 using site-directed mutagenesis and liposome association assays and demonstrated that a specific distribution of basic charge on MAM7 is required for high affinity binding. Finally, we showed that fibronectin and phosphatidic acid binding to MAM7 are not mutually exclusive and that the three molecules likely assemble into a tripartite complex on the host cell surface.

Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide is synthesized via a novel pathway with an evolutionary connection to protein N-glycosylation

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component on the surface of Gram negative bacteria and is composed of lipid A-core and the O antigen polysaccharide. O polysaccharides of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori contain Lewis antigens, mimicking glycan structures produced by human cells. The interaction of Lewis antigens with human dendritic cells induces a modulation of the immune response, contributing to the H. pylori virulence. The amount and position of Lewis antigens in the LPS varies among H. pylori isolates, indicating an adaptation to the host. In contrast to most bacteria, the genes for H. pylori O antigen biosynthesis are spread throughout the chromosome, which likely contributed to the fact that the LPS assembly pathway remained uncharacterized. In this study, two enzymes typically involved in LPS biosynthesis were found encoded in the H. pylori genome; the initiating glycosyltransferase WecA, and the O antigen ligase WaaL. Fluorescence microscopy and analysis of LPS from H. pylori mutants revealed that WecA and WaaL are involved in LPS production. Activity of WecA was additionally demonstrated with complementation experiments in Escherichia coli. WaaL ligase activity was shown in vitro. Analysis of the H. pylori genome failed to detect a flippase typically involved in O antigen synthesis. Instead, we identified a homolog of a flippase involved in protein N-glycosylation in other bacteria, although this pathway is not present in H. pylori. This flippase named Wzk was essential for O antigen display in H. pylori and was able to transport various glycans in E. coli. Whereas the O antigen mutants showed normal swimming motility and injection of the toxin CagA into host cells, the uptake of DNA seemed to be affected. We conclude that H. pylori uses a novel LPS biosynthetic pathway, evolutionarily connected to bacterial protein N-glycosylation.

Bacterial surfaces are decorated with glycans. The human stomach pathogen Helicobacter pylori exposes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) containing Lewis antigens that mimic human glycan structures. H. pylori alters its Lewis antigen display in adaptation to the individual host. Lewis antigens can interact with human dendritic cells, thereby inducing a suppression of the immune response and facilitating a chronic H. pylori infection. Whereas three general LPS biosynthesis pathways are known, the route of LPS assembly in H. pylori remained to be elucidated. We identified and characterized two components of the H. pylori LPS pathway, WecA and WaaL, which demonstrated that, as in other bacteria, the glycan is initially assembled onto a polyprenoid lipid carrier. This intermediate then has to cross a membrane barrier, requiring specialized translocases. H. pylori does not employ a translocase from common LPS pathways. We show that instead H. pylori uses a translocase named Wzk, which is involved in protein N-glycosylation in other bacteria. Wzk was able to translocate various glycan structures. The identification of Wzk as the H. pylori translocase involved in LPS biosynthesis indicates an evolutionary connection between LPS and glycoprotein biosynthesis pathways.

The Helicobacter pylori CagD (HP0545, Cag24) protein is essential for CagA translocation and maximal induction of interleukin-8 secretion

Pathogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori use a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to deliver the toxin CagA into human host cells. The T4SS, along with the toxin itself, is coded into a genomic insert, which is termed the cag pathogenicity island. The cag pathogenicity island contains about 30 open-reading frames, for most of which the exact function is not well characterized or totally unknown. We have determined the crystal structure of one of the proteins coded by the cag genes, CagD, in two crystal forms. We show that the protein is a covalent dimer in which each monomer folds as a single domain that is composed of five beta-strands and three alpha-helices. Our data show that in addition to a cytosolic pool, CagD partially associates with the inner membrane, where it may be exposed to the periplasmic space. Furthermore, CagA tyrosine phosphorylation and interleukin-8 assays identified CagD as a crucial component of the T4SS that is involved in CagA translocation into host epithelial cells; however, it does not seem absolutely necessary for pilus assembly. We have also identified significant amounts of CagD in culture supernatants, which are not a result of general bacterial lysis. Since this localization was independent of the various tested cag mutants, our findings may indicate that CagD is released into the supernatant during host cell infection and then binds to the host cell surface or is incorporated in the pilus structure. Overall, our results suggest that CagD may serve as a unique multifunctional component of the T4SS that may be involved in CagA secretion at the inner membrane and may localize outside the bacteria to promote additional effects on the host cell.