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Ragone MI, Bayley M, López S, Díaz RG, Consolini AE. Nebivolol in oral subacute treatment prevents cardiac post-ischemic dysfunction in rats, but hyperthyroidism reduces this protection: mechanisms involved. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3093-3109. [PMID: 37878045 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Nebivolol could prevent dysfunction in patients suffering myocardial ischemia. However, influence of hyperthyroidism is not known. Consequences and mechanisms of nebivolol treatment were investigated in isolated hearts from euthyroid (EuT) and hyperthyroid (HpT) rats. Rats were orally treated during 1 week with 20 mg/kg/day nebivolol (O-Neb), 30 mg/kg/day atenolol (O-Ate), or not treated (C). Isolated perfused hearts were exposed to global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) inside a flow calorimeter. Left diastolic ventricular pressure, developed contractile pressure (P), and total heat rate (Ht) were continuously measured, while infarct size was measured after 2-h R. EuT-C and HpT-C hearts developed similarly low post-ischemic contractile recovery and economy (P/Ht). Nebivolol totally prevented dysfunction and reduced infarction size in EuT hearts, but partially improved recovery in HpT rat hearts. Contrarily, oral atenolol totally prevented dysfunction in HpT hearts but partially in EuT hearts. Nebivolol effects were reversed by perfusing L-NAME in both conditions, but partially reduced by aminoguanidine in HpT. However, L-NAME increased P and P/Ht recoveries in EuT-C and HpT-C rat hearts, as well as melatonin. Oral nebivolol prevented post-ischemic dysfunction and infarction in EuT hearts due to adrenergic β1 blockade and activation of iNOS and/or eNOS, but the effect was attenuated in HpT hearts by excessive iNOS-dependent nitrosative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Matías Bayley
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sofía López
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Romina G Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CIC-UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Lepidium meyenii (maca) and soy isoflavones reduce cardiac stunning of ischemia-reperfusion in rats by mitochondrial mechanisms. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:471-480. [PMID: 34765511 PMCID: PMC8572714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Phytoestrogens are traditionally used for cardiovascular risks but direct effects on the ischemic heart remain unclear. Plants with phytoestrogens are used for reducing menopausic symptoms and they could also be cardioprotectives. Here we investigated whether maca (Lepidium meyenii) contains isoflavones and prevents cardiac stunning, in comparison to soy isoflavones. Experimental procedure Both products were orally and daily administered to rats during 1 week before exposing isolated hearts to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Young male (YM), female (YF) and aged female (AgF) rats treated with maca (MACA, 1 g/kg/day) or soy isoflavones (ISOF, 100 mg/kg/day) were compared to acute daidzein (DAZ, 5 mg/kg i.p.) and non-treated rat groups. Isolated ventricles were perfused inside a calorimeter to simultaneously measure contractile and calorimetrical signals before and during I/R. Results and conclusions Maca has genistein and daidzein. MACA and ISOF improved the post-ischemic contractile recovery (PICR) and muscle economy (P/Ht) in YM and YF hearts, but not in AgF hearts. DAZ improved PICR and P/Ht more in YM than in YF. The mKATP channels blockade reduced both PICR and P/Ht in DAZ-treated YM hearts, without affecting them in ISOF or MACA-treated YM hearts. In MACA treated YF hearts, the simultaneous blockade of NOS and mKATP channels, or the mNCX blockade reduced cardioprotection. Results show that subacute oral treatment with maca or with soy isoflavones was strongly preventive of cardiac ischemic dysfunction, more than the acute administration of a pure isoflavone (daidzein, genistein). Maca induced synergistic and complex mechanisms which prevented mitochondrial calcium overload.
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Key Words
- 5-HD, 5-hydroxydecanoate
- AgF, aged female rats
- CICUAL, Institutional Committee for Care of Laboratory Animals
- CONICET, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research
- Calcium
- Cardiomyocytes
- DAZ, daidzein
- DMSO, dimethylsulphoxide
- Daidzein
- F, Fisher coefficient for variance statistical test
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- Ht, total heat rate
- I/R, ischemia and reperfusion
- ISOF, soy isoflavones
- Isoflavones
- MACA, Lepidium meyenii root powder
- Maca
- Mitochondria
- Myocardial economy
- NOS
- NOS, nitric oxide synthases
- P, maximal pressure developed in contraction
- P/Ht, muscle economy
- PICR, post-ischemic contractile recovery
- PKC, protein-kinase C
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, standard error of media
- TFT, triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- YF, young female rats
- YM, young male
- i.p, intraperitoneal
- l-NAME, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride
- mKATP channels
- mKATP, mitochondrial ATP-dependent K+ channels
- mNCX
- mNCX, mitochondrial Na/Ca exchanger
- ΔLVEDP, resting diastolic pressure
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The mKATP Channels and protein-kinase C Are Involved in the Cardioprotective Effects of Genistein on Estrogen-Deficient Rat Hearts Exposed to Ischemia/Reperfusion: Energetic Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 75:460-474. [PMID: 32195757 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic deficiency is considered a risk of coronary disease in women. The phytoestrogen genistein could be a safe preventive strategy. The first aim of this work was to validate a model of cardiac stunning in which natural estrogenic deficiency rats, ie, adult young male (YM) and aged female (AgF), are compared with young female rats (YF). The second aim was to study whether the in vivo administration of genistein prevents the stunning in estrogenic deficiency rats. The third aim was to evaluate whether in our estrogenic deficiency model exists a synergy between genistein and estradiol. The fourth aim was to characterize the underlying mechanisms of genistein. Stunning was induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in isolated hearts inside a calorimeter. The left ventricular pressure (P) and total heat rate (Ht) were simultaneously measured, while diastolic contracture and muscle economy (P/Ht) were calculated. During R, P/Ht and P recovered less in AgF and YM than in YF rat hearts. Genistein through i.p. (GST-ip) improved P and P/Ht in AgF and YM, but not in YF. In YM, the cardioprotections of GST-ip and estradiol were synergistic. After ischemia, GST-ip increased SR Ca leak causing diastolic contracture. The GST-ip cardioprotection neither was affected by blockade of PI3K-Akt, NO synthases, or phosphatases, but it was sensitive to blockade of protein-kinase C and mKATP channels. Results suggest that (1) estrogenic deficiency worsens cardiac stunning, (2) GST-ip was more cardioprotective in estrogenic deficiency and synergistic with estradiol, and (3) cardioprotection of GST-ip depends on the protein-kinase C and mKATP channel pathway activation.
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Ragone MI, Bayley M, Colareda GA, Bonazzola P, Consolini AE. Cardioprotective Mechanisms of Hypothyroidism on Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rats and Effects of Carvedilol: Energetic Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 25:72-85. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248419872957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is considered a cardiac risk factor, but there is controversial evidence about its effects on coronary disease. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of hypothyroidism in rat hearts exposed to 2 degrees of stunning due to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) as well as the underlying mechanisms. Hypothyroid (HypoT) rats were obtained by drinking 0.02% methimazole during 15 days. Isolated hearts were perfused and introduced in a flow calorimeter to measure contractile performance (P), total heat rate (Ht), and muscle economy (P/Ht). Hearts were exposed to 2 models of I/R, moderate and severe (respectively 20 or 30 minutes I/45 minutes R). Moreover, free cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium changes were measured by confocal fluorometry on cardiomyocytes. Comparison to euthyroid (EuT) hearts was done. Hypothyroidism was cardioprotective, but HypoT hearts were more sensitive than EuT hearts to the preischemic blockade of mitochondrial transporters mNCX and mKATPchannels. Moreover, the postischemic recovery of P and P/Ht in HypoT hearts was strongly reduced by inhibition of the cellular pathways of PI3K/Akt and protein kinase C (PKC), and it was increased by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. However, physiological concentrations of adrenaline reduced the cardioprotection of HypoT, but oral treatment with 20 mg/kg/day carvedilol prevented it. Results show that hypothyroidism reduces the mitochondrial Ca2+overload during I/R by mKATPchannel activation and Ca2+extrusion through mNCX, while the PI3K/Akt and PKC pathways are involved in that cardioprotection. Contrarily, NOS activation and adrenaline blunt such cardioprotection, but carvedilol prevented the adrenergic dysfunction. These results would explain why hypothyroidism is a clinical risk factor in angor patients under adrenergic exacerbation but reduced the incidence of acute episodes of coronary syndrome in hospitalized patients. Results suggest that a treatment with carvedilol could be a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cardiac postischemic dysfunction in hypothyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Matías Bayley
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Germán A. Colareda
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia E. Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Colareda GA, Consolini AE. Low-flow ischaemia and reperfusion in rat hearts: energetic of stunning and cardioprotection of genistein. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1174-1187. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Low-flow ischemia (LFI) is consequent to coronary disease and produces cardiac stunning during reperfusion (R). Energetic performance and mechanisms of Ca2+ handling during LFI/R are not known. Moreover, cardioprotection of the phytoestrogen genistein (Gen) remains to be demonstrated in LFI/R. The aim was to study the mechanisms of the stunning consequent to LFI/R and the effects of Gen on both sexes.
Methods
Rat ventricles were perfused inside a calorimeter to measure maximal pressure development (P) and total heat rate (Ht) before and during exposition to LFI/R. The mechanisms of stunning were evaluated with selective drugs.
Key findings
Female hearts (FH) developed higher postischemic contractile recovery (PICR) and muscle economy (P/Ht) than males (MH). Cardioprotection was sensitive to blockade of mKATP channels, UCam and NOS. Perfusion of 20 μmol/l Gen reduced PICR and P/Ht during LFI/R in FH, and dysfunction was increased by mNCX blockade with mPTP opening. However, intraperitoneal 5 mg/kg Gen (Gen-ip) was cardioprotective in both sexes, and the beneficial effect of Gen-ip was blocked by 100 μmol/l 5-HD.
Conclusions
FH are more protected than MH against the LFI/R dysfunction, which involves mitochondrial Ca2+ loss; Gen-ip was more cardioprotective in MH than in FH, mainly by activation of the mKATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Colareda
- Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Consolini
- Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Hernández JJ, Ragone MI, Bonazzola P, Bandoni AL, Consolini AE. Antitussive, antispasmodic, bronchodilating and cardiac inotropic effects of the essential oil from Blepharocalyx salicifolius leaves. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:107-117. [PMID: 28811222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) is a tree native to Argentina and Uruguay that grows and is cultivated along the riverside of the Rio de la Plata. The leaves of this plant species, locally known as "anacahuita" are used in South America to prepare infusions for the empiric treatment of cough and bronchospasm, as well as diarrhoea and other intestinal disorders. Although previous phytochemical studies have been performed with the essential oil extracted from Blepharocalyx salicifolius, pharmacological evidence supporting its traditional use is still lacking. AIM OF THE STUDY To experimentally evaluate the pharmacological properties of Blepharocalyx salicifolius based on its traditional use. The studies were performed with tincture (T-Bs) and essential oil (EO-Bs) prepared from its leaves, in isolated rat trachea, intestine and heart preparations. METHODS The ex-vivo effects of T-Bs and EO-Bs were evaluated with the agonists carbachol (CCh) and calcium chloride (Ca2+) in the contractile concentration-response curves (CRC) of the isolated intestine. The muscle relaxant effect of EO-Bs was evaluated in the isolated trachea and compared with the effect achieved with papaverine as a positive control. The T-Bs and EO-Bs cardiac effects were analysed by perfusion of an isolated rat heart before a period of ischemia/reperfusion (stunning model). The antitussive effect of both T-Bs and EO-Bs was evaluated in mice exposed to ammonia using codeine as a positive control. RESULTS Both T-Bs and EO-Bs induced a non-competitive inhibition of the CCh-CRC in the rat intestine, with IC50 values of 170.3 ± 48.5µg T-Bs/mL (n = 6) and 5.9 ± 1.6µg EO-Bs/mL (n = 6), respectively. EO-Bs also inhibited non-competitively the Ca2+-CRC, with IC50 value of 1.8 ± 0.3µg EO-Bs/mL (n = 8). A similar effect was obtained with the main active component of the EO-Bs 1,8-cineole. In isolated trachea, EO-Bs induced the relaxation of the CCh-contracted tissue (1.7 ± 0.2µg EO-Bs/mL, n = 11) up to a maximal relaxation that was 1.9 times higher than that of papaverine. In the isolated heart, EO-Bs induced a poor negative inotropic response, and did not improve the contractile and energetic recovery after ischemia and reperfusion. In the mouse cough model, EO-Bs (90mg/Kg) was as effective as codeine (30mg/Kg) in reducing cough frequency. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the preparations from Blepharocalyx salicifolius leaves were effective as central antitussive, bronchodilating and antispasmodic agents, suggestive of a mechanism associated with the inhibition of Ca2+ influx into smooth muscle. The EO-Bs displayed only a poor ability to reduce cardiac inotropism, and was devoid of any cardioprotective properties. Thus, the present study validates the traditional use of this South American plant for asthma, cough and bronchospasm, shedding new light into its potency and putative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehison Jiménez Hernández
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC) y Maestría en Plantas Medicinales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Inés Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC) y Maestría en Plantas Medicinales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina, Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, UBA-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Arnaldo L Bandoni
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia C.A. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca (GFEYEC) y Maestría en Plantas Medicinales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Ragone MI, Bonazzola P, Colareda GA, Lazarte ML, Bruno F, Consolini AE. Cardioprotection of stevioside on stunned rat hearts: A mechano-energetical study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 35:18-26. [PMID: 28991641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sweetener and hypoglycemic properties of stevioside (STV) are well known, as the main component of the plant Stevia rebaudiana. Given its extensive use in diabetic patients, it was of interest to evaluate its effects on the most frequent cardiovascular disease, the coronary insufficiency. PURPOSE To study whether STV could be cardioprotective against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in a model of "stunning" in rat hearts. STUDY DESIGN A preclinical study was performed in isolated hearts from rats in the following groups: non-treated rats whose hearts were perfused with STV 0.3 mg/ml and their controls (C) exposed to either moderate stunning (20 min I/45 min R) or severe stunning (30 min I/45 min R), and a group of rats orally treated with STV 25 mg/kg/day in the drink water during 1 week before the experiment of severe stunning in the isolated hearts were done. METHODS The mechano-calorimetrical performance of isolated beating hearts was recorded during stabilization period with control Krebs perfusion inside a calorimeter, with or without 0.3 mg/ml STV before the respective period of I/R. The left ventricular maximal developed pressure (P) and total heat rate (Ht) were continuously measured. RESULTS Both, orally administered and perfused STV improved the post-ischemic contractile recovery (PICR, as % of initial control P) and the total muscle economy (P/Ht) after the severe stunning, but only improved P/Ht in moderate stunning. However, STV increased the diastolic pressure (LVEDP) during I/R in both stunning models. For studying the mechanism of action, ischemic hearts were reperfused with 10 mM caffeine-36 mM Na+-Krebs to induce a contracture dependent on sarcorreticular Ca2+ content, whose relaxation mainly depends on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. STV at 0.3 mg/ml increased the area-under-curve of the caffeine-dependent contracture (AUC-LVP). Moreover, at room temperature STV increased the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake measured by Rhod-2 fluorescence in rat cardiomyocytes, but prevented the [Ca2+]m overload assessed by caffeine-dependent SR release. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that STV is cardioprotective against I/R under oral administration or direct perfusion in hearts. The mechanism includes the regulation of the myocardial calcium homeostasis and the energetic during I/R in several sites, mainly reducing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and increasing the sarcorreticular Ca2+ store.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán A Colareda
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Lara Lazarte
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Bruno
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Grupo de Farmacología Experimental y Energética Cardíaca, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina.
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Mitochondrial Bioenergetics During Ischemia and Reperfusion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:141-167. [PMID: 28551786 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) mitochondria suffer a deficiency to supply the cardiomyocyte with chemical energy, but also contribute to the cytosolic ionic alterations especially of Ca2+. Their free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]m) mainly depends on mitochondrial entrance through the uniporter (UCam) and extrusion in exchange with Na+ (mNCX) driven by the electrochemical gradient (ΔΨm). Cardiac energetic is frequently estimated by the oxygen consumption, which determines metabolism coupled to ATP production and to the maintaining of ΔΨm. Nevertheless, a better estimation of heart energy consumption is the total heat release associated to ATP hydrolysis, metabolism, and binding reactions, which is measurable either in the presence or the absence of oxygenation or perfusion. Consequently, a mechano-calorimetrical approach on isolated hearts gives a tool to evaluate muscle economy. The mitochondrial role during I/R depends on the injury degree. We investigated the role of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters in the energetic of hearts stunned by a model of no-flow I/R in rat hearts. This chapter explores an integrated view of previous and new results which give evidences to the mitochondrial role in cardiac stunning by ischemia o hypoxia, and the influence of thyroid alterations and cardioprotective strategies, such as cardioplegic solutions (high K-low Ca, pyruvate) and the phytoestrogen genistein in both sex. Rat ventricles were perfused in a flow-calorimeter at either 30 °C or 37 °C to continuously measure the left ventricular pressure (LVP) and total heat rate (Ht). A pharmacological treatment was done before exposing to no-flow I and R. The post-ischemic contractile (PICR as %) and energetical (Ht) recovery and muscle economy (Eco: P/Ht) were determined during stunning. The functional interaction between mitochondria (Mit) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was evaluated with selective mitochondrial inhibitors in hearts reperfused with Krebs-10 mM caffeine-36 mM Na+. The caffeine induced contracture (CIC) was due to SR Ca2+ release, while relaxation mainly depends on mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake since neither SL-NCX nor SERCA are functional under this media. The ratio of area-under-curves over ischemic values (AUC-ΔHt/AUC-ΔLVP) estimates the energetical consumption (EC) to maintain CIC. Relaxation of CIC was accelerated by inhibition of mNCX or by adding the aerobic substrate pyruvate, while both increased EC. Contrarily, relaxation was slowed by cardioplegia (high K-low Ca Krebs) and by inhibition of UCam. Thus, Mit regulate the cytosolic [Ca2+] and SR Ca2+ content. Both, hyperthyroidism (HpT) and hypothyroidism (HypoT) reduced the peak of CIC but increased EC, in spite of improving PICR. Both, CIC and PICR in HpT were also sensitive to inhibition of mNCX or UCam, suggesting that Mit contribute to regulate the SR store and Ca2+ release. The interaction between mitochondria and SR and the energetic consequences were also analyzed for the effects of genistein in hearts exposed to I/R, and for the hypoxia/reoxygenation process. Our results give evidence about the mitochondrial regulation of both PICR and energetic consumption during stunning, through the Ca2+ movement.
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Colareda GA, Ragone MI, Consolini AE. Sex differences in the mechano-energetic effects of genistein on stunned rat and guinea pig hearts. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 43:102-15. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Colareda
- Experimental Pharmacology Group (GFEYEC); Department of Biological Sciences, School of Exactas Sciences; National University of La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - María I Ragone
- Experimental Pharmacology Group (GFEYEC); Department of Biological Sciences, School of Exactas Sciences; National University of La Plata; La Plata Argentina
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET); La Plata Argentina
| | - Alicia E Consolini
- Experimental Pharmacology Group (GFEYEC); Department of Biological Sciences, School of Exactas Sciences; National University of La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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Ragone MI, Bonazzola P, Colareda GA, Consolini AE. Cardioprotective effect of hyperthyroidism on the stunned rat heart during ischaemia-reperfusion: energetics and role of mitochondria. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:680-97. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Cátedra de Biofísica, Facultad de Odontología e Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET; Argentina
| | - Germán A. Colareda
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina
| | - Alicia E. Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina
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Bonazzola P, Ragone MI, Consolini AE. Effects of pyruvate on the energetics of rat ventricles stunned by ischemia–reperfusion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:386-98. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate (Pyr) was proposed as an additive to cold high-K+–low-Ca2+ cardioplegia (CPG) to protect the heart during surgery. We explored whether Pyr and CPG would work synergistically to protect rat hearts from stunning during ischemia–reperfusion (I/R). We measured the heat release and contractility of perfused ventricles during I/R, and the cytosolic and mitochondrial [Ca2+] in cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy. We found that under cold-CPG (30 °C), 10 mmol·L−1 Pyr reduced the post-ischemic contractile recovery (PICR) as well as muscle economy, when added either before ischemia or during I/R, which was reversed by blockade of UCam. In noncardioplegic hearts, Pyr was cardioprotective when it was present during I/R, more so at 37 °C than at 30 °C, with improved economy. In cardiomyocytes, the addition of Pyr to CPG slightly increased the mitochondrial [Ca2+] but decreased cytosolic [Ca2+]. The results suggest that Pyr only protects hearts from stunning when present before ischemia and during reperfusion, and that it dampens the cardioprotective properties of CPG. The mechanisms underlying such different behavior depend on the dynamic balance between Pyr stimulation of the energetic state and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Our results support the use of Pyr in stunned hearts, but not in cold high-K+ cardioplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bonazzola
- Cátedra de Biofísica, Facultad de Odontología e Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (CONICET, Facultad de Medicina), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - María Inés Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alicia E. Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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Ragone MI, Torres NS, Consolini AE. Energetic study of cardioplegic hearts under ischaemia/reperfusion and [Ca(2+)] changes in cardiomyocytes of guinea-pig: mitochondrial role. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:369-84. [PMID: 23171431 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the role of mitochondria in the recovery of guinea-pig hearts exposed to high-K(+)-cardioplegia (CPG) and ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) METHODS: We measured contractility and heat release in perfused guinea-pig hearts and cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy in isolated cardiomyocytes loaded with Fluo-4 or Rhod-2. RESULTS In hearts, CPG increased the postischaemic contractile recovery, and this was potentiated by the mNCX blocker clonazepam and the mKATP opener diazoxide, which also prevented the fall in muscle economy. Moreover, CPG prevented the stunning induced by ouabain, which was reduced by clonazepam. In cardiomyocytes, CPG increased fluorescent signals of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+), while the addition of a mNCX blocker (CGP37157) increased cytosolic but reduced mitochondrial [Ca(2+)]. Ouabain in CPG increased cytosolic Ca(2+) and resting heat, but the addition of CGP37157 reduced them, as well as mitochondrial Ca(2+). CONCLUSIONS CPG, diazoxide and clonazepam improve postischaemic recovery, respectively, by increasing the Ca(2+) cycling and by reducing the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake either by uniporter or by mNCX. The mitochondria compete with the leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as sink of Ca(2+) in guinea-pig hearts, affecting the postischaemic contractility. CPG also prevented the ouabain-induced dysfunction by avoiding the Ca(2+) overload. Ouabain reduced the synergism between CPG and clonazepam suggesting that [Na(+)]i and SR load influence the mNCX role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Ragone
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata; Argentina
| | - N. S. Torres
- The Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute (CVRTI); Salt Lake City; UT; USA
| | - A. E. Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP); La Plata; Argentina
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Consolini AE, Ragone MI, Bonazzola P. Mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium in rat hearts under high-K(+) cardioplegia and pyruvate: mechano-energetic performance. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:485-96. [PMID: 21812526 DOI: 10.1139/y11-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-K(+)-cardioplegia (CPG) and pyruvate (Pyr) are used as cardioprotective agents. Considering that mitochondria play a critical role in cardiac dysfunction, we investigated the effect of CPG on mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and sarcorreticular (SR) calcium handling. Cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+), as well as mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were assessed in rat cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy. Mechano-calorimetrical correlation was studied in perfused hearts. CPG did not modify JC-1 (ΔΨm), but transiently increased, by up to 1.8 times, the Fura-2 (intracellular Ca concentration, [Ca(2+)]i) and Rhod-2 (mitochondrial free Ca concentration [Ca(2+)]m) fluorescence of resting cells, with exponential decays. The addition of 5 µmol·L(-1) thapsigargin (Tpg) increased the Rhod-2 fluorescence in a group of cells without any effect on the Fura-2 signal. In rat hearts perfused with CPG, 1 µmol·L(-1) Tpg decreased resting heat rate (ΔH(r): -0.44 ± 0.07 mW·g(-1)), while the addition of 5 µmol·L(-1) KB-R7943 increased resting pressure (ΔrLVP by +5.26 ± 1.10 mm Hg; 1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa). The addition of 10 mmol·L(-1) Pyr to CPG increased H(r) (+3.30 ± 0.24 mW·g(-1)) and ΔrLVP (+2.2 ± 0.4 mm Hg), which are effects potentiated by KB-R7943. The results suggest that under CPG, (i) there was an increase in [Ca(2+)]i and [Ca(2+)]m (without changing ΔΨm) that decayed by exothermic removal mechanisms; (ii) mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake contributed to the removal of cytosolic Ca(2+), in a process that was potentiated by inhibition of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA), and reduced by KB-R7943; (iii) under these conditions, SERCA represents the main energetic consumer; (iv) Pyr increased the energetic performance of hearts,mainly by inducing mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Dept. Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Argentina.
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CARDIAC role of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters in the high-[K+](o) cardioprotection of rat hearts under ischemia and reperfusion: a mechano-energetic study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 54:213-22. [PMID: 19597370 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181b04ce3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of mitochondrial transporters in the cardioprotection of rat hearts exposed to high [K+]-low [Ca2+]-cardioplegia (CPG) and ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) was studied through the mechano-energetic consequences of target drugs. The total heat rate (Ht) and the left intraventricular pressure (LVP) were simultaneously measured in isolated perfused hearts (30 degrees C and 1 Hz) inside a flow-calorimeter during 45 minutes of no-flow I and 45 minutes of R. After stabilization (C) they were pretreated with CPG and 100 microM 5-hydroxidecanoate (5HD, selective mKATP blocker) without and with 10 or 30 microM clonazepam (Clzp, mNCX inhibitor), 30 microM diazoxide (Dzx, selective mKATP opener), 1 microM Ru360 (selective Ca-uniporter blocker), and 0.2 microM cyclosporine-A, (mPTP inhibitor, before I and during R). Before I, 5-hydroxydecanoate in CPG increased the resting heat rate (17.83 +/- 3.55 mW/g) without changing the stunning. Clzp 30 microM + CPG + 5-hydroxydecanoate reduced the postischemic P with diastolic contracture and high Ht. Dzx protected C-hearts from stunning but increased it in CPG hearts with low economy (P/Ht) as well as Ru360. Cyclosporine-A did not modify the stunning of C or CPG ischemic hearts, suggesting that the mPTP was not opened. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondria have a precise role for determining cardioprotection or stunning in high-K+ cardioplegic rat hearts under I/R. Known protective drugs, such as Dzx and Ru360, which reduce the mitochondrial Ca2+-uptake, increased the stunning of CPG-rat hearts and reduced muscle economy, whereas 5-hydroxydecanoate and Clzp together increased the stunning by inducing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload.
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Modulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics in the isolated Guinea pig beating heart by potassium and lidocaine cardioplegia: implications for cardioprotection. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 54:298-309. [PMID: 19620879 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181b2b842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are damaged by cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury but can contribute to cardioprotection. We tested if hyperkalemic cardioplegia (CP) and lidocaine (LID) differently modulate mitochondrial (m) bioenergetics and protect hearts against I/R injury. Guinea pig hearts (n = 71) were perfused with Krebs Ringer's solution before perfusion for 1 minute just before ischemia with either CP (16 mM K) or LID (1 mM) or Krebs Ringer's (control, 4 mM K). The 1-minute perfusion period assured treatment during ischemia but not on reperfusion. Cardiac function, NADH, FAD, m[Ca], and superoxide (reactive oxygen species) were assessed at baseline, during the 1-minute perfusion, and continuously during I/R. During the brief perfusion before ischemia, CP and LID decreased reactive oxygen species and increased NADH without changing m[Ca]. Additionally, CP decreased FAD. During ischemia, NADH was higher and reactive oxygen species was lower after CP and LID, whereas m[Ca] was lower only after LID. On reperfusion, NADH and FAD were more normalized, and m[Ca] and reactive oxygen species remained lower after CP and LID. Better functional recovery and smaller infarct size after CP and LID were accompanied by better mitochondrial function. These results suggest that mitochondria may be implicated, directly or indirectly, in protection by CP and LID against I/R injury.
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Consolini AE, Bonazzola P. Energetics of Ca2+ homeostasis during ischemia–reperfusion on neonatal rat hearts under high-[K+] cardioplegia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 86:866-79. [DOI: 10.1139/y08-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanocalorimetric consequences and mechanisms involved in Ca2+ homeostasis during ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) as well as the protective role of cardioplegic pretreatment with high [K+] (25 mmol/L) and low or near-normal [Ca2+] (0.5 or 2 mmol/L) were evaluated in a model of neonatal rat heart. Beating hearts from 10–12-day-old rats were perfused with Krebs solution (2 mmol/L Ca2+) under both isotonic and isometric conditions. During pretreatment, hearts were exposed for 20 min to either Krebs (control) or cardioplegia (CPG) before 15 min ischemia and 45 min reperfusion while being continuously measured for either contractility or total heat rate (Ht) in a flow calorimeter. Contractile recovery after reperfusion in hearts exposed to ischemia only (control) was higher in the isometric hearts under optimal length (87.9% ± 8.1%) than in the isotonic hearts (57.3% ± 10.6%). This same behavior was found in hearts pretreated with CPG-0.5 mmol/L Ca2+. Ht in controls was reduced from 11.5 ± 0.8 mW/g in the initial beating condition to 1.11 ± 0.33 mW/g during ischemia and was increased to 13.02 ± 0.93 mW/g (113.8% ± 5.0% of preischemic) after reperfusion. Hearts pretreated with CPG-0.5 mmol/L Ca2+ showed the same behavior. However, when extracellular calcium ([Ca]o) was increased to 2 mmol/L under CPG, isotonic hearts, but not isometric hearts, significantly increased the contractile recovery to a maximum of 88.7% ± 10.8% of preischemic levels. Ht was recovered to 92.1% ± 4.3% of preischemic, suggesting that contractile recovery was less energetically expensive after CPG-2 mmol/L Ca2+ than it was in postischemic hearts exposed to control or CPG-0.5 mmol/L Ca2+. The role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum store was evaluated by pretreating hearts with 10 mmol/L caffeine, which reduced contractile recovery only under isometric conditions or after increasing [Ca]o in CPG under isotonic conditions, suggesting that the contribution of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was dependent on the fibre length or the [Ca]o. The inhibition of the reverse mode of the sarcolemmal Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) and the mitochondrial Ca uniporter (CaU) by KB-R7943 (KBR) at 5 µmol/L in CPG-0.5 mmol/L Ca2+ improved contractile recovery of isotonic hearts, whereas it decreased Ht at the start of reperfusion, suggesting that mitochondria could uptake Ca2+ vía the mitochondrial CaU. Neither the positive inotropism nor Ht were changed by inhibiting the mitochondrial NCX with 10 µmol/L clonazepam in CPG-0.5 mmol/L Ca2+ + 5 µmol/L KBR, which suggests that the mitochondrial NCX does not have a role. Finally, the role of the forward mode of the sarcolemmal NCX was evidenced by the fall in contractile recovery with increased Ht when KBR was increased to 20 µmol/L and added to CPG-2 mmol/L Ca2+ + 10 mmol/L caffeine before I/R. Thus the sarcolemmal NCX was essential for removing the diastolic Ca2+ during the periods of CPG and I/R. In summary, Ca2+ homeostasis during I/R of neonatal rat hearts is different from that of adult rats. High-[K+] CPG protected neonatal hearts only under isotonic conditions, at a near-normal [Ca]o, or by exposure to KBR. Mitochondria were able to uptake Ca2+ via the mitochondrial CaU and reduce the Ca2+ available for contractile recovery. Nevertheless, after increasing [Ca]o in CPG, the sarcoplasmic reticulum had a main role in restoring contractility during reperfusion, as it does in adults. Thus, the degree of maturation of the heart must be taken into account to evaluate the effects of CPG and drugs on I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia E. Consolini
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biofísica, Facultad de Odontología e Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (CONICET, Facultad de Medicina), Universidad de Buenos Aires, (1122) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Bonazzola
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biofísica, Facultad de Odontología e Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (CONICET, Facultad de Medicina), Universidad de Buenos Aires, (1122) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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