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MacPherson B, Scott R, Gras R. Using individual-based modelling to investigate a pluralistic explanation for the prevalence of sexual reproduction in animal species. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ameline C, Voegtli F, Andras J, Dexter E, Engelstädter J, Ebert D. Genetic slippage after sex maintains diversity for parasite resistance in a natural host population. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0051. [PMID: 36399570 PMCID: PMC9674289 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although parasite-mediated selection is a major driver of host evolution, its influence on genetic variation for parasite resistance is not yet well understood. We monitored resistance in a large population of the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna over 8 years, as it underwent yearly epidemics of the bacterial pathogen Pasteuria ramosa. We observed cyclic dynamics of resistance: Resistance increased throughout the epidemics, but susceptibility was restored each spring when hosts hatched from sexual resting stages. Host resting stages collected across the year showed that largely resistant host populations can produce susceptible sexual offspring. A genetic model of resistance developed for this host-parasite system, based on multiple loci and strong epistasis, is in partial agreement with our findings. Our results reveal that, despite strong selection for resistance in a natural host population, genetic slippage after sexual reproduction can be a strong factor for the maintenance of genetic diversity of host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ameline
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Voegtli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason Andras
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Dexter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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Schlupp I. Male mate choice in livebearing fishes: an overview. Curr Zool 2018; 64:393-403. [PMID: 30402080 PMCID: PMC6007348 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of studies on mate choice focus on female mate choice, there is growing recognition of the role of male mate choice too. Male mate choice is tightly linked to 2 other phenomena: female competition for males and ornamentation in females. In the current article, I review the existing literature on this in a group of fishes, Poeciliidae. In this group, male mate choice appears to be based on differences in female quality, especially female size, which is a proxy for fecundity. Some males also have to choose between heterospecific and conspecific females in the unusual mating system of the Amazon molly. In this case, they typically show a preference for conspecific females. Whereas male mate choice is relatively well documented for this family, female ornamentation and female competition are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schlupp
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Tenebrionid secretions and a fungal benzoquinone oxidoreductase form competing components of an arms race between a host and pathogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3651-60. [PMID: 26056261 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504552112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi and their insect hosts represent a model system for examining invertebrate-pathogen coevolutionary selection processes. Here we report the characterization of competing components of an arms race consisting of insect protective antimicrobial compounds and evolving fungal mechanisms of detoxification. The insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has a remarkably wide host range; however, some insects are resistant to fungal infection. Among resistant insects is the tenebrionid beetle Tribolium castaneum that produces benzoquinone-containing defensive secretions. Reduced fungal germination and growth was seen in media containing T. castaneum dichloromethane extracts or synthetic benzoquinone. In response to benzoquinone exposure, the fungus expresses a 1,4-benzoquinone oxidoreductase, BbbqrA, induced >40-fold. Gene knockout mutants (ΔBbbqrA) showed increased growth inhibition, whereas B. bassiana overexpressing BbbqrA (Bb::BbbqrA(O)) displayed increased resistance to benzoquinone compared with wild type. Increased benzoquinone reductase activity was detected in wild-type cells exposed to benzoquinone and in the overexpression strain. Heterologous expression and purification of BbBqrA in Escherichia coli confirmed NAD(P)H-dependent benzoquinone reductase activity. The ΔBbbqrA strain showed decreased virulence toward T. castaneum, whereas overexpression of BbbqrA increased mortality versus T. castaneum. No change in virulence was seen for the ΔBbbqrA or Bb::BbbqrA(O) strains when tested against the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella or the beetle Sitophilus oryzae, neither of which produce significant amounts of cuticular quinones. The observation that artificial overexpression of BbbqrA results in increased virulence only toward quinone-secreting insects implies the lack of strong selection or current failure of B. bassiana to counteradapt to this particular host defense throughout evolution.
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Alicea B, Gordon R. Toy models for macroevolutionary patterns and trends. Biosystems 2014; 123:54-66. [PMID: 25224014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many models have been used to simplify and operationalize the subtle but complex mechanisms of biological evolution. Toy models are gross simplifications that nevertheless attempt to retain major essential features of evolution, bridging the gap between empirical reality and formal theoretical understanding. In this paper, we examine thirteen models which describe evolution that also qualify as such toy models, including the tree of life, branching processes, adaptive ratchets, fitness landscapes, and the role of nonlinear avalanches in evolutionary dynamics. Such toy models are intended to capture features such as evolutionary trends, coupled evolutionary dynamics of phenotype and genotype, adaptive change, branching, and evolutionary transience. The models discussed herein are applied to specific evolutionary contexts in various ways that simplify the complexity inherent in evolving populations. While toy models are overly simplistic, they also provide sufficient dynamics for capturing the fundamental mechanism(s) of evolution. Toy models might also be used to aid in high-throughput data analysis and the understanding of cultural evolutionary trends. This paper should serve as an introductory guide to the toy modeling of evolutionary complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Gordon
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Embryogenesis Center, Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory, Panacea, FL 32346, USA.
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Abstract
Plant-animal interactions are a key component for biodiversity maintenance, but they are currently threatened by human activities. Habitat fragmentation might alter ecological interactions due to demographic changes, spatial discontinuities, and edge effects. Also, there are less evident effects of habitat fragmentation that potentially alter selective forces and compromise the fitness of the interacting species. Changes in the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions in fragmented habitats could significantly influence the plant reproductive output and the fauna assemblage associated with. Fragmented habitats may trigger contemporary evolution processes and open new evolutionary opportunities. Interacting parties with a diffuse and asymmetric relationship are less susceptible to local extinction but more prone to evolve towards new interactions or autonomy. However, highly specialized mutualisms are likely to disappear. On the other hand, ecological interactions may mutually modulate their response in fragmented habitats, especially when antagonistic interactions disrupt mutualistic ones. Ecoevolutionary issues of habitat fragmentation have been little explored, but the empiric evidence available suggests that the complex modification of ecological interactions in fragmented habitats might lead to nonanalogous communities on the long term.
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Kotusz J, Popiołek M, Drozd P, De Gelas K, Šlechtová V, Janko K. Role of parasite load and differential habitat preferences in maintaining the coexistence of sexual and asexual competitors in fish of theCobitis taeniahybrid complex. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kotusz
- Museum of Natural History, Faculty of Biological Sciences; University of Wrocław; Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Popiołek
- Institute of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology; Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wrocław Poland
| | - Pavel Drozd
- Faculty of Sciences; University of Ostrava; Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Koen De Gelas
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO); Brussels Belgium
- Biogenomics; K.U. Leuven Research and Development; Leuven Belgium
| | - Vera Šlechtová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology and Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; AS CR, Libechov Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Department of Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology and Genetics; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; AS CR, Libechov Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology; AS CR, Brno Czech Republic
- Life Science Research Centre; Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Ostrava; Ostrava Czech Republic
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Elzinga JA, Chevasco V, Mappes J, Grapputo A. Low parasitism rates in parthenogenetic bagworm moths do not support the parasitoid hypothesis for sex. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2547-58. [PMID: 23106981 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The parasite hypothesis for sex is one of the many theories that have been suggested to solve the mystery of the widespread occurrence of sex despite its high short-term costs. It suggests that sexual lineages have an evolutionary advantage over parthenogens because they can frequently generate new genotypes that are temporarily less prone to coevolving parasites. In this study, we looked for further supporting evidence for the parasite hypothesis of sex in an attempt to understand the coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic bagworm moths (Naryciinae). The bagworm moths and their parasitoids form one of the few natural host-parasite systems where sexual and parthenogenetic hosts are apparently not separated by ecological or geographical barriers. Furthermore, in support of the parasite hypothesis for sex, parthenogenetic presence is negatively correlated with parasitism rate. We specifically tested, by identifying the reproductive mode of the parasitized individuals, whether parasitoids preferentially attack the parthenogens in sites with both sexual and parthenogenetic forms, as predicted by the parasite hypothesis. We collected hosts from sites with different frequencies of parthenogenetic and sexual moths. A DNA barcoding approach was used to determine the reproductive mode of the parasitized hosts. Furthermore, we investigated whether differences in host and parasitoid phenology could provide an alternative explanation for the variation in parasitism rates between parthenogens and sexuals. Our results contradict the prediction of the parasite hypothesis because parthenogenetic bagworm moths were less parasitized than sexuals in sympatric sites. Our findings can be explained by differences in phenology between the parthenogenetic and sexual moths rather than genetic incompatibility between parthenogenetic hosts and parasitoids. The stable coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae despite the many apparent costs of sex in this system remains a mystery. Our work adds to the list of studies were the assumptions of the parasite hypothesis for sex are not all met.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Elzinga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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RIESCH RÜDIGER, PLATH MARTIN, MAKOWICZ AMBERM, SCHLUPP INGO. Behavioural and life-history regulation in a unisexual/bisexual mating system: does male mate choice affect female reproductive life histories? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Scharnweber K, Plath M, Winemiller KO, Tobler M. Dietary niche overlap in sympatric asexual and sexual livebearing fishes Poecilia spp. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:1760-1773. [PMID: 22141886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the spatiotemporal patterns in trophic resource use in a system of a gynogenetic poeciliid fish, the Amazon molly Poecilia formosa, and its sexual congeners the sailfin molly Poecilia latipinna and the Atlantic molly Poecilia mexicana using gut contents analysis. No statistically significant differences in trophic resource use were found between sexual and gynogenetic species, but gut contents varied significantly across sites and over time. In addition, variation in trophic morphology (i.e. gut length) was significant across sites but not species, and laboratory experiments indicated that gut length is phenotypically plastic. Overall, trophic differentiation between coexisting asexual and sexual Poecilia appears to be minimal, and it is unlikely that niche differentiation contributes to a stable coexistence of the two reproductive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scharnweber
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
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Examination of boldness traits in sexual and asexual mollies (Poecilia latipinna, P. formosa). Acta Ethol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-011-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Schlupp I. Mate choice and the Amazon molly: how sexuality and unisexuality can coexist. J Hered 2010; 101 Suppl 1:S55-61. [PMID: 20421327 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esq015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most complex and important problems in modern evolutionary biology remains to explain the evolution and persistence of sexual reproduction given the costs of sexuality. One way to study the relative strengths and weaknesses of sexuality and asexuality is to study the dynamics of the coexistence of sexual and asexual organisms. An excellent model system for such an approach is the unisexual Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa. This livebearing fish is clonal, but requires sperm to trigger embryogenesis. Amazon mollies need to obtain sperm from males of closely related species. In an effort to understand the apparently paradoxical coexistence of the Amazon molly with its sexual hosts, many theories were tested, but most seem to have little relevance to understanding stability, whereas male mating behavior is potentially very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schlupp
- Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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Schlupp I. Chapter 5 Behavior of Fishes in the Sexual/Unisexual Mating System of the Amazon Molly (Poecilia formosa). ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(09)39005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Differential susceptibility to food stress in neonates of sexual and asexual mollies (Poecilia, Poeciliidae). Evol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-008-9288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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SCHASCHL HELMUT, TOBLER MICHAEL, PLATH MARTIN, PENN DUSTINJ, SCHLUPP INGO. Polymorphic MHC loci in an asexual fish, the amazon molly (Poecilia formosa; Poeciliidae). Mol Ecol 2008; 17:5220-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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