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Mori T, Wang H, Zhang W, Ser CC, Arora D, Pan CF, Li H, Niu J, Rahman MA, Mori T, Koishi H, Yang JKW. Pick and place process for uniform shrinking of 3D printed micro- and nano-architected materials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5876. [PMID: 37735573 PMCID: PMC10514194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization lithography is promising for producing three-dimensional structures with user-defined micro- and nanoscale features. Additionally, shrinkage by thermolysis can readily shorten the lattice constant of three-dimensional photonic crystals and enhance their resolution and mechanical properties; however, this technique suffers from non-uniform shrinkage owing to substrate pinning during heating. Here, we develop a simple method using poly(vinyl alcohol)-assisted uniform shrinking of three-dimensional printed structures. Microscopic three-dimensional printed objects are picked and placed onto a receiving substrate, followed by heating to induce shrinkage. We show the successful uniform heat-shrinking of three-dimensional prints with various shapes and sizes, without sacrificial support structures, and observe that the surface properties of the receiving substrate are important factors for uniform shrinking. Moreover, we print a three-dimensional mascot model that is then uniformly shrunk, producing vivid colors from colorless woodpile photonic crystals. The proposed method has significant potential for application in mechanics, optics, and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mori
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan.
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, China.
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Chern Chia Ser
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Deepshikha Arora
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Pan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Hao Li
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jiabin Niu
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - M A Rahman
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koishi
- Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama, 6496261, Japan
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
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Weber B, Suhina T, Brouwer AM, Bonn D. Frictional weakening of slip interfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7603. [PMID: 30972367 PMCID: PMC6450692 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
When two objects are in contact, the force necessary to overcome friction is larger than the force necessary to keep sliding motion going. This difference between static and dynamic friction is usually attributed to the growth of the area of real contact between rough surfaces in time when the system is at rest. We directly measure the area of real contact and show that it actually increases during macroscopic slip, despite the fact that dynamic friction is smaller than static friction. This signals a decrease in the interfacial shear strength, the friction per unit contact area, which is due to a mechanical weakening of the asperities. This provides a novel explanation for stick-slip phenomena in, e.g., earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Weber
- Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 110, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (B.W); (D.B.)
| | - T. Suhina
- Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. M. Brouwer
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - D. Bonn
- Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. (B.W); (D.B.)
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3
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Géminard JC, Bertin E. Aging of the frictional properties induced by temperature variations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:056108. [PMID: 21230546 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.056108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The dry frictional contact between two solid surfaces is well known to obey Coulomb friction laws. In particular, the static friction force resisting the relative lateral (tangential) motion of solid surfaces, initially at rest, is known to be proportional to the normal force and independent of the area of the macroscopic surfaces in contact. Experimentally, the static friction force has been observed to slightly depend on time. Such an aging phenomenon has been accounted for either by the creep of the material or by the condensation of water bridges at the microscopic contact points. By studying a toy model, we show that the small uncontrolled temperature changes of the system can also lead to a significant increase of the static friction force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Géminard
- Laboratoire de Physique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Wu-Bavouzet F, Cayer-Barrioz J, Le Bot A, Brochard-Wyart F, Buguin A. Effect of surface pattern on the adhesive friction of elastomers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:031806. [PMID: 21230100 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.031806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results for the friction of a flat surface against a hexagonally patterned surface, both being made of PolyDiMethylSiloxane. We simultaneously measure forces of range 10 mN and observe the contact under sliding velocities of about 100 μm/s. We observe adhesive friction on three different pattern heights (80, 310, and 2100 nm). Two kinds of contacts have been observed: the flat surface is in close contact with the patterned one (called intimate contact, observed for 80 nm) or only suspended on the tops on the asperities (called laid contact, observed for 2100 nm). In the range of velocities used, the contact during friction is similar to the static one. Furthermore, our experimental system presents a contact transition during friction for h=310 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Wu-Bavouzet
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France
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Yamaguchi T, Gravish N, Autumn K, Creton C. Microscopic modeling of the dynamics of frictional adhesion in the gecko attachment system. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:3622-8. [PMID: 19673062 DOI: 10.1021/jp8067415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a simple microscopic model describing the unique friction behavior of gecko setal arrays as they are dragged on smooth surfaces. Unlike other solids of high elastic modulus that do not stick under van der Waals forces alone, the gecko setal arrays do not require a compressive force to display a drag resistance but rather develop a tensile normal force when they are dragged (J. Experim. Biol. 2006, 209, 3569). We describe this unique behavior with a microscopic model involving curved beam structures at two length scales: at the spatula level, thousands of independent curved beams repeat detachment and reattachment, whereas at the seta level, the curved beam geometry of the seta induces a coupling between the frictional force and the adhesive force that depends on the angle of contact, therefore allowing easy release when the animal needs it. Our model accounts well for the dependence of the drag and adhesion forces on the drag velocity and can also explain macroscopic attachment/ detachment cycles of the setal array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Laboratoire PPMD, CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France and Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Nick Gravish
- Laboratoire PPMD, CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France and Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Kellar Autumn
- Laboratoire PPMD, CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France and Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire PPMD, CNRS-UPMC-ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France and Department of Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon 97219
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Sivebaek IM, Samoilov VN, Persson BNJ. Frictional properties of confined polymers. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2008; 27:37-46. [PMID: 19230226 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2008-10349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present molecular dynamics friction calculations for confined hydrocarbon solids with molecular lengths from 20 to 1400 carbon atoms. Two cases are considered: a) polymer sliding against a hard substrate, and b) polymer sliding on polymer. In the first setup the shear stresses are relatively independent of molecular length. For polymer sliding on polymer the friction is significantly larger, and dependent on the molecular chain length. In both cases, the shear stresses are proportional to the squeezing pressure and finite at zero load, indicating an adhesional contribution to the friction force. The friction decreases when the sliding distance is of the order of the molecular length indicating a strong influence of molecular alignment during run-in. The results of our calculations show good correlation with experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bureau
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, Universités Paris 6 and 7, UMR 7588 CNRS, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France
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Whitten PG, Brown HR. Polymer entanglement density and its influence on interfacial friction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 76:026101. [PMID: 17930098 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.76.026101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The entanglement density of amorphous glassy polymers is well known to control their fracture mechanisms under tensile loading. There have been some reports indicating substantial deformation of a glassy polymer's surface region when exposed to interfacial friction. It is shown conclusively here that there is a direct correlation between the entanglement density of a glassy polymer and the deformation mechanisms that facilitate sliding friction. This correlation was shown experimentally by studying the topography of polymer surfaces following a single sliding pass by an inorganic glass sphere. Four different polymers were studied, including polystyrene cross linked to different degrees. It is also shown that permanent plastic deformation accompanies interfacial friction, and, furthermore, that the type of deformation is a direct function of the respective polymer's entanglement density. In contrast, no difference in the observed friction force could be attributed to the entanglement density of the respective polymers. The findings can be explained by the state- and rate-dependent friction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Whitten
- Materials Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Bureau L, Caroli C, Baumberger T. Frictional dissipation and interfacial glass transition of polymeric solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:225501. [PMID: 17155809 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.225501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present single contact friction experiments between a glassy polymer and smooth silica substrates grafted with alkylsilane layers of different coverage densities and morphologies. This allows us to adjust the polymer-substrate interaction strength. We find that, when going from weak to strong interaction, the response of the interfacial junction where shear localizes evolves from that of a highly viscous threshold fluid to that of a plastically deformed glassy solid. This we analyze as resulting from an interaction-induced "interfacial glass transition" helped by pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bureau
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588 CNRS-Université Paris 6, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France.
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11
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Ghorbal A, Bistac S, Schmitt M. Friction and nanowear of polystyrene against hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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