Fusing Self-Organized Neural Network and Keypoint Clustering for Localized Real-Time Background Subtraction

Analysis of fMRI Signals from Working Memory Tasks and Resting-State of Brain: Neutrosophic-Entropy-Based Clustering Algorithm

This study applies a neutrosophic-entropy-based clustering algorithm (NEBCA) to analyze the fMRI signals. We consider the data obtained from four different working memory tasks and the brain's resting state for the experimental purpose. Three non-overlapping clusters of data related to temporal brain activity are determined and statistically analyzed. Moreover, we used the Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) method to reduce system dimensionality and present the effectiveness of NEBCA. The results show that using NEBCA, we are able to distinguish between different working memory tasks and resting-state and identify subtle differences in the related activity of brain regions. By analyzing the statistical properties of the entropy inside the clusters, the various regions of interest (ROIs), according to Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL) atlas crucial for clustering procedure, are determined. The inferior occipital gyrus is established as an important brain region in distinguishing the resting state from the tasks. Moreover, the inferior occipital gyrus and superior parietal lobule are identified as necessary to correct the data discrimination related to the different memory tasks. We verified the statistical significance of the results through the two-sample t-test and analysis of surrogates performed by randomization of the cluster elements. The presented methodology is also appropriate to determine the influence of time of day on brain activity patterns. The differences between working memory tasks and resting-state in the morning are related to a lower index of small-worldness and sleep inertia in the first hours after waking. We also compared the performance of NEBCA to two existing algorithms, KMCA and FKMCA. We showed the advantage of the NEBCA over these algorithms that could not effectively accumulate fMRI signals with higher variability.