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Genaro K, Prado WA. The role of the anterior pretectal nucleus in pain modulation: A comprehensive review. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4358-4380. [PMID: 33909941 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Descending pain modulation involves multiple encephalic sites and pathways that range from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Behavioral studies conducted in the 1980s revealed that electrical stimulation of the pretectal area causes antinociception dissociation from aversive responses. Anatomical and physiological studies identified the anterior pretectal nucleus and its descending projections to several midbrain, pontine, and medullary structures. The anterior pretectal nucleus is morphologically divided into a dorsal part that contains a dense neuron population (pars compacta) and a ventral part that contains a dense fiber band network (pars reticulata). Connections of the two anterior pretectal nucleus parts are broad and include prominent projections to and from major encephalic systems associated with somatosensory processes. Since the first observation that acute or chronic noxious stimuli activate the anterior pretectal nucleus, it has been established that numerous mediators participate in this response through distinct pathways. Recent studies have confirmed that at least two pain inhibitory pathways are activated from the anterior pretectal nucleus. This review focuses on rodent anatomical, behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical data that have helped to identify mediators of the anterior pretectal nucleus and pathways related to its role in pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Genaro
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wiliam A Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang R, Andersen AH, Hardy PA, Forman E, Evans A, Ai Y, Yue J, Yue G, Gash DM, Grondin R, Zhang Z. Objectively measuring effects of electro-acupuncture in parkinsonian rhesus monkeys. Brain Res 2017; 1678:12-19. [PMID: 29017909 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acupuncture has increasingly been used as an alternative therapy for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the efficacy of acupunture for PD still remains unclear. The present study was designed to objectively and safely monitor anti-parkinsonian effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and brain activity in nonhuman primates modeling human PD. Six middle-aged rhesus monkeys were extensively studied by a computerized behavioral testing battery and by pharmacological MRI (phMRI) scans with specific dopaminergic drug stimulations. All animals were evaluated for behavior and phMRI responses under normal, parkinsonian, parkinsonian with EA treatment and parkinsonian after EA treatment conditions. Stable parkinsonian features were observed in all animals prior to entering the EA study and positive responses to levodopa (L-dopa) challenge were also seen in all animals. The results demonstrated that chronic EA treatments could significantly improve the movement speed and the fine motor performance time during the period of EA treatments, and the effectiveness of EA could be detected even 3 months after the EA treatment. The phMRI data revealed that chronic EA treatments could alter neuronal activity in the striatum, primary motor cortex (M1), cingulate gyrus and global pallidus externa (GPe) in the ipsilateral hemisphere to MPTP lesions. As seen in the changes of parkinsonian features, the residual effects of phMRI responses to apomorphine (APO) challenge could also be found in the aforementioned areas. The results strongly suggest that anti-parkinsonian effects of EA can be objectively assessed, and the method used in the present study could be translated into the human clinic with some minor modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021 PR China; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anders H Andersen
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter A Hardy
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eric Forman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - April Evans
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yi Ai
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jin Yue
- Nanning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, Guangxi 530001, PR China
| | - Guihua Yue
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning City, Guangxi 530200, PR China
| | - Don M Gash
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Richard Grondin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Medeiros LF, Caumo W, Dussán-Sarria J, Deitos A, Brietzke A, Laste G, Campos-Carraro C, de Souza A, Scarabelot VL, Cioato SG, Vercelino R, de Castro AL, Araújo AS, Belló-Klein A, Fregni F, Torres ILS. Effect of Deep Intramuscular Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurophysiological Biomarkers in Chronic Myofascial Pain Syndrome. PAIN MEDICINE 2016; 17:122-35. [PMID: 26408420 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the neuromodulation techniques effects (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS] and deep intramuscular stimulation therapy [DIMST]) on pain intensity, peripheral, and neurophysiological biomarkers chronic myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) patients. DESIGN Randomized, double blind, factorial design, and controlled placebo-sham clinical trial. SETTING Clinical trial in the Laboratory of Pain and Neuromodulation at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (NCT02381171). SUBJECTS We recruited women aged between 19- and 75-year old, with MPS diagnosis. METHODS Patients were randomized into four groups: rTMS + DIMST, rTMS + sham-DIMST, sham-rTMS + DIMST, sham-rTMS + sham-DIMST; and received 10 sessions for 20 minutes each one (rTMS and DIMST). Pain was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS); neurophysiological parameters were assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation; biochemical parameters were: BDNF, S100β, lactate dehydrogenase, inflammatory (TNF-α, IL6, and IL10), and oxidative stress parameters. RESULTS We observed the pain relief assessed by VAS immediately assessed before and after the intervention (P < 0.05, F(1,3)= 3.494 and F(1,3)= 4.656, respectively); in the sham-rTMS + DIMST group and both three active groups in relation to sham-rTMS + sham-DIMST group, respectively. There was an increase in the MEP after rTMS + sham-DIMST (P < 0.05). However, there was no change in all-peripheral parameters analyzed across the treatment (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings add additional evidence about rTMS and DIMST in relieving pain in MPS patients without synergistic effect. No peripheral biomarkers reflected the analgesic effect of both techniques; including those related to cellular damage. Additionally, one neurophysiological parameter (increased MEP amplitude) needs to be investigated.
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Fischer MJ, Stephan M, Kielstein H, Rahne H, Nugraha B, Gutenbrunner C, Ro JY, Svensson P. Functions of the temporomandibular system in extracranial chronic pain conditions: modulatory effects on nocifensive behavior in an animal model. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2014; 37:485-93. [PMID: 25150425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mastication may be able to activate endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms and therefore lead to modulation of nociceptive processing. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible effect of food consistency on noxious input from the spinal system. METHODS Three groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given an injection of complete Freund adjuvant in a hind paw 10 days after eating soft or hard food (one group received a saline injection-the control group [C]; the other group (D) received no injection). Nocifensive behavior was assessed with the use of the hot plate and tail flick assays at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours and at 6.5 days after injection for groups A/B, and c-Fos activity was assessed in the brain after testing. Groups C/D had hot plate testing at 1 hour and 6.5 days. The data were analyzed by general linear modeling and 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS There was a small increase in the hot plate percent maximum possible effect (MPE) from -45.7 to -61.1 in group A over the length of the experiment, but a very small decrease for group B over the same period (-33.5 to -28.8). For the saline control group, there was a small increase toward 0 %MPE over the same time frame (-15.0 to 1.7). The %MPE differences were significant between groups A and C (P < .0005), but not significant between the other groups (F = 13.34, df = 2, P = .001, observed power = 99%). Using the pooled results (all time points), the differences between all groups were significant (P < .0005). There were no significant differences in the tail flick test. c-Fos was mainly observed in the raphe pallidus area with significant differences between groups A and B at 3 and 6 hours after injection of CFA (P = .027 and .022, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that food consistency (hardness) influences nocifensive behavior in this animal model via a descending pathway operating at the supraspinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Fischer
- Lecturer/Privatdozent, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany; Lecturer/Privatdozent, Department of Orthopaedics, Hanover Medical School, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Stephan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Professor, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Henning Rahne
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Boya Nugraha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Christoph Gutenbrunner
- Professor, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Jin Y Ro
- Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter Svensson
- Professor, Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Silva ML, Silva JR, Prado WA. Analgesia induced by 2- or 100-Hz electroacupuncture in the rat tail-flick test depends on the anterior pretectal nucleus. Life Sci 2013; 93:742-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Electroacupuncture at 2/100 hz activates antinociceptive spinal mechanisms different from those activated by electroacupuncture at 2 and 100 hz in responder rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:205316. [PMID: 24159340 PMCID: PMC3789442 DOI: 10.1155/2013/205316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of intrathecal injection of desipramine and fluoxetine (selective inhibitors of norepinephrine and 5-HT uptake, resp.), thiorphan and neostigmine (inhibitors of enkephalinase and acetylcholinesterase, resp.), gabapentin (a GABA releaser), and vigabatrin (an inhibitor of GABA-transaminase) on the antinociception induced by 2 Hz, 100 Hz, or 2/100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) applied bilaterally to the Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoints using the rat tail-flick test. We show that 2 Hz EA antinociception lasts longer after the administration of drugs that increase the spinal availability of norepinephrine, acetylcholine, or GABA; 100 Hz EA antinociception lasts longer after drug that increases the spinal availability of norepinephrine; 2/100 Hz EA antinociception lasts longer after drugs that increase the spinal availability of endogenous opioids or GABA. We conclude that the antinociceptive effect of 2/100 Hz EA is different from the synergistic effect of alternate stimulation at 2 and 100 Hz because the effect of the former is not changed by increasing the spinal availability of serotonin and lasts longer after the administration of vigabatrin. The combination of EA with drugs that increase the availability of spinal neurotransmitters involved in the modulation of nociceptive inputs may result in a synergistic antinociceptive effect in the rat tail-flick test.
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Mayor D. An exploratory review of the electroacupuncture literature: clinical applications and endorphin mechanisms. Acupunct Med 2013; 31:409-15. [PMID: 23917395 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2013-010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) is widely used in clinical practice and research, as well as in experimental investigations into the mechanisms of acupuncture. This study explores publication trends in clinical and experimental studies of EA (1975-2011) for pain and non-pain research; EA use for different clinical conditions (1974-2012); and the relation of EA research, including stimulation frequency, to opioid peptide mechanisms. Appropriate PubMed 'all fields' searches were conducted, identified studies were classified using PubMed filters and manually, and data extracted into tables. A total of 2916 clinical studies were located, of which 19% involved EA. Additionally, 3344 animal studies were located, of which 48% involved EA. The publication rate of EA studies per year has risen over time, but the percentage of studies of pain has fallen from 60% to 25%. The conditions most commonly treated with EA are musculoskeletal, neurological, obstetric and gastrointestinal, along with intraoperative and postoperative analgesia. EA studies, particularly with low frequency stimulation, are more likely to support the role of endogenous opioid mechanisms than manual acupuncture studies, and opioid release is more likely in the central nervous system than the circulation. EA is increasingly used in clinical and especially experimental research, particularly for non-pain conditions. Acupuncture does release endogenous opioids, but this probably depends on 'dosage', with the evidence more consistent and convincing for EA than for manual acupuncture. Different frequencies of EA appear to activate different endogenous opioid mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mayor
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
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Fais RS, Reis GM, Rossaneis AC, Silveira JWS, Dias QM, Prado WA. Amitriptyline converts non-responders into responders to low-frequency electroacupuncture-induced analgesia in rats. Life Sci 2012; 91:14-9. [PMID: 22677436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to examine whether the use of intraperitoneal or intrathecal amitriptyline combined with electroacupuncture modifies the tail-flick reflex and incision pain in rats that normally do not have analgesia to electroacupuncture in the tail-flick test (non-responder rats). MAIN METHODS Changes in the nociceptive threshold of intraperitoneal or intrathecal saline- or amitriptyline-treated non-responder rats were evaluated using the tail-flick or incision pain tests before, during and after a 20-min period of electroacupuncture, applied at 2 Hz to the Zusanli and Sanynjiao acupoints. Amitriptyline was used at doses of 0.8 mg/kg or 30 μg/kg by intraperitoneal or intrathecal route, respectively. At these doses, amitriptyline has no effect against thermal or incision pain in rats. KEY FINDINGS Rats selected as non-responders to the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture 2 Hz in tail-flick and incision pain tests become responders after an intraperitoneal or intrathecal injection of amitriptyline. SIGNIFICANCE Amitriptyline converts non-responder rats to rats that respond to electroacupuncture with analgesia in a model of thermal phasic pain and anti-hyperalgesia in a model of incision pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Fais
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Silva JR, Silva ML, Prado WA. Analgesia Induced by 2- or 100-Hz Electroacupuncture in the Rat Tail-Flick Test Depends on the Activation of Different Descending Pain Inhibitory Mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2011; 12:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Silva ML, Silva JRT, Prado WA. The integrity of the anterior pretectal nucleus and dorsolateral funiculus is necessary for electroacupuncture-induced analgesia in the rat tail-flick test. Eur J Pain 2009; 14:249-54. [PMID: 19560380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that the anterior pretectal nucleus (APtN) is implicated in pathways that descend through the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) to modulate nociceptive inputs in the spinal dorsal horn. The activation of descending inhibitory mechanisms also seems to be involved in electroacupuncture (EA)-induced analgesia. This study utilized the tail-flick test to examine the changes produced by DLF lesion or injection of 2% lidocaine into the APtN in the analgesia induced by 2 or 100 Hz EA applied to the Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupoints in lightly anesthetized rats. Tail-flick latency was significantly increased by EA, the effect of 2 Hz EA lasting longer than that produced by 100 Hz EA. The effect of either 2 or 100 Hz EA did not occur in DLF lesion rats. The effect of 2 Hz EA did not occur in rats with neural block of the whole or dorsal APtN. In contrast, the effect of 100 Hz EA was reduced in rats with neural block of the whole APtN, but remained unchanged in rats with neural block of the dorsal APtN. We thus conclude that the integrity of the APtN and DLF is necessary for EA-induced analgesia in the rat tail-flick test. In addition, the integrity of the dorsal APtN is necessary for the analgesic effect of 2 but not 100 Hz EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto-USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
This paper is the thirtieth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2007 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd.,Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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