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Nene LC, Abrahamse H. Design consideration of phthalocyanines as sensitizers for enhanced sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy of cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1077-1097. [PMID: 38486981 PMCID: PMC10935510 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the diseases with the highest incidence and mortality globally. Conventional treatment modalities have demonstrated threatening drawbacks including invasiveness, non-controllability, and development of resistance for some, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Sono-photodynamic combinatorial therapy (SPDT) has been developed as an alternative treatment modality which offers a non-invasive and controllable therapeutic approach. SPDT combines the mechanism of action of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which uses ultrasound, and photodynamic therapy (PDT), which uses light, to activate a sensitizer and initiate cancer eradication. The use of phthalocyanines (Pcs) as sensitizers for SPDT is gaining interest owing to their ability to induce intracellular oxidative stress and initiate toxicity under SDT and PDT. This review discusses some of the structural prerequisites of Pcs which may influence their overall SPDT activities in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Cindy Nene
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Matshitse R, Nwaji N, Managa M, Chen ZL, Nyokong T. Photodynamic therapy characteristics of phthalocyanines in the presence of boron doped detonation nanodiamonds: Effect of symmetry and charge. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102705. [PMID: 34954389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysicochemical and photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity of benzothiazole substituted zinc phthalocyanine: 1 (asymmetrically substituted and composed of no charges), 2 (asymmetrically substituted and composed of three positive charges), and 3 (symmetrically substituted and composed of four positive charges), are presented. The triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields were highest for complex 2 showing the importance of asymmetry and charge. The complexes are covalently and non-covalently linked to B doped detonation nanodiamonds (B@DNDs) to yield nanohybrids (B@DNDs-1, B@DNDs-2, B@DNDs-3). The presence of B@DNDs, asymmetry and positive charge resulted in improved PDT with the lowest cell viability being observed for B@DNDs-2 at 5%. The cell viability ranged from 5 to 7% for the nanohybrids compared to 19 to 26% for Pcs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refilwe Matshitse
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Njemuwa Nwaji
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Muthumuni Managa
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.
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3
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Mgidlana S, Şen P, Nyokong T. Direct nonlinear optical absorption measurements of asymmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanine when covalently linked to semiconductor quantum dots. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Managa M, Mgidlana S, Khene S, Nyokong T. Optical limiting properties of indium 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin covalently linked to semiconductor quantum dots. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gounden D, Nombona N, van Zyl WE. Recent advances in phthalocyanines for chemical sensor, non-linear optics (NLO) and energy storage applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Nkhahle R, Nyokong T. Creating the Ideal Push‐Pull System for Electrocatalysis: A Comparative Study on Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Cardanol‐based Cobalt Phthalocyanines. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reitumetse Nkhahle
- Institute of Nanotechnology Innovation Department of Chemistry Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute of Nanotechnology Innovation Department of Chemistry Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
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Mgidlana S, Oluwole DO, Nyokong T. Fabrication of efficient nonlinear optical absorber using Zn phthalocyanine-semiconductor quantum dots conjugates. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Mgidlana S, Oluwole DO, Nyokong T. Effects of the carboxylic acid substituents on the photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of asymmetrical Zn(II) phthalocyanines–quantum dots conjugates. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2018.1503684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sithi Mgidlana
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - David O. Oluwole
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Nwaji N, Dingiswayo S, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photophysical and enhanced nonlinear optical response in asymmetric benzothiazole substituted phthalocyanine covalently linked to semiconductor quantum dots. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 204:629-639. [PMID: 29980065 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of asymmetric benzothiazole substituted phthalocyanines (complexes 3 to 5) and their covalent attachment to glutathione (GSH) functionalized quantum dots (QDs) are reported in this work. Additionally, their photophysical and nonlinear optical properties were investigated. A decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield with corresponding increase in the triplet quantum yield was observed when the complexes were covalently linked to glutathione (GSH) functionalized cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots. Reverse saturable absorption was found to be predominantly dominated by excited state absorption. The observed limiting threshold values range from 0.29-0.75 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njemuwa Nwaji
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Somila Dingiswayo
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Centre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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Managa M, Khene S, Britton J, Martynov AG, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY, Nyokong T. Photophysics and NLO properties of Ga(III) and In(III) phthalocyaninates bearing diethyleneglycol chains. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on synthesis and characterizations of Ga(III) and In(III) complexes, formed by 2,3-bis[2[Formula: see text]-(2[Formula: see text]-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]-9,10,16,17,23,24-hexa-[Formula: see text]-butoxy phthalocyanine (1H2) coordinating acetatoindium(III) (1InOAc) and hydroxogallium(III) (1GaOH) Photophysical properties of hydroxogallium(III) phthalocyaninate 1GaOH and acetatoindium(III) phthalocyaninate 1InOAc were studied by UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy and time-resolved methods. The nonlinear absorption of the complexes was studied using the Z-scan technique at 532 nm and 10 ns pulse in DMSO and in thin films formed by composite with poly(bisphenol A carbonate) — PBC. The magnitude of absorption coefficients and other nonlinear optical parameters estimated in this work showed that complex 1InOAc exhibited the strongest nonlinear optical behavior in comparison with 1GaOH in solution and a reverse tendency when embedded in PBC thin films. DFT calculations were used to rationalize these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthumuni Managa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Samson Khene
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Alexander G. Martynov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninskii pr., 31, Building 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninskii pr., 31, Building 4, Moscow, Russia
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Leninskii pr., 31, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninskii pr., 31, Building 4, Moscow, Russia
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Leninskii pr., 31, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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Oluwole DO, Ngxeke SM, Britton J, Nyokong T. The effect of point of substitution and silver based nanoparticles on the photophysical and optical nonlinearity of indium carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Oluwole DO, Yagodin AV, Mkhize NC, Sekhosana KE, Martynov AG, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY, Nyokong T. First Example of Nonlinear Optical Materials Based on Nanoconjugates of Sandwich Phthalocyanines with Quantum Dots. Chemistry 2017; 23:2820-2830. [PMID: 28001325 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report original, selective, and efficient approaches to novel nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, namely homoleptic double- and triple-decker europium(III) complexes 2 and 3 with the A3 B-type phthalocyanine ligand (2,3-bis[2'-(2''-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]-9,10,16,17,23,24-hexa-n-butoxyphthalocyanine 1) bearing two anchoring diethyleneglycol chains terminated with OH groups. Their covalently linked nanoconjugates with mercaptosuccinic acid-capped ternary CdSeTe/CdTeS/ZnSeS quantum dots are prepared in the presence of an ethyl(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide activating agent. Optical limiting (OL) properties of the obtained low-symmetry complexes and their conjugates with quantum dots (QDs) are measured for the first time by the open-aperture Z-scan technique (532 nm laser and pulse rate of 10 ns). For comparison, symmetrical double- and triple-decker EuIII octa-n-butoxyphthalocyaninates 5 and 6 and their mixtures with trioctylphosphine oxide-capped QDs are also synthesized and studied. It is revealed that both lowering of molecular symmetry and expansion of the π-electron system upon moving from double- to triple-decker complexes significantly improves the OL characteristics, making the low-symmetry triple-decker complex 3 the most efficient optical limiter in the studied family of sandwich complexes, affording 50 % lowering of light transmittance below 0.5 J cm-2 input fluence. Conjugation (both covalent and noncovalent) with QDs affords further enhancement of the OL properties of both double- and triple-decker complexes. Altogether, the obtained results contribute to the development of novel nonlinear optical materials for future nanoelectronic and optical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Oluwole
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Alexey V Yagodin
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander G Martynov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Yulia G Gorbunova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu Tsivadze
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, Moscow, 119071, Russia.,Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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13
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Oluwole DO, Yagodin AV, Britton J, Martynov AG, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY, Nyokong T. Optical limiters with improved performance based on nanoconjugates of thiol substituted phthalocyanine with CdSe quantum dots and Ag nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16190-16198. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grafting of thiolated phthalocyanine onto quantum dots and nanoparticles provided conjugates with prominent optical limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Oluwole
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Alexey V. Yagodin
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow
- Russia
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Jonathan Britton
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
| | - Alexander G. Martynov
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Grahamstown 6140
- South Africa
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