1
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Banerjee B, Das D. Effects of bursty synthesis in organelle biogenesis. Math Biosci 2024; 370:109156. [PMID: 38346665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2024.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A fundamental question of cell biology is how cells control the number of organelles. The processes of organelle biogenesis, namely de novo synthesis, fission, fusion, and decay, are inherently stochastic, producing cell-to-cell variability in organelle abundance. In addition, experiments suggest that the synthesis of some organelles can be bursty. We thus ask how bursty synthesis impacts intracellular organelle number distribution. We develop an organelle biogenesis model with bursty de novo synthesis by considering geometrically distributed burst sizes. We analytically solve the model in biologically relevant limits and provide exact expressions for the steady-state organelle number distributions and their means and variances. We also present approximate solutions for the whole model, complementing with exact stochastic simulations. We show that bursts generally increase the noise in organelle numbers, producing distinct signatures in noise profiles depending on different mechanisms of organelle biogenesis. We also find different shapes of organelle number distributions, including bimodal distributions in some parameter regimes. Notably, bursty synthesis broadens the parameter regime of observing bimodality compared to the 'non-bursty' case. Together, our framework utilizes number fluctuations to elucidate the role of bursty synthesis in producing organelle number heterogeneity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binayak Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741 246, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipjyoti Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia 741 246, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Du C, Guo X, Qiu X, Jiang W, Wang X, An H, Wang J, Luo Y, Du Q, Wang R, Cheng C, Guo Y, Teng H, Ran H, Wang Z, Li P, Zhou Z, Ren J. Self-Reinforced Bimetallic Mito-Jammer for Ca 2+ Overload-Mediated Cascade Mitochondrial Damage for Cancer Cuproptosis Sensitization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306031. [PMID: 38342617 PMCID: PMC11022715 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), metal ion accumulation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle collapse are crucial factors in mitochondria-mediated cell death. However, the highly adaptive nature and damage-repair capabilities of malignant tumors strongly limit the efficacy of treatments based on a single treatment mode. To address this challenge, a self-reinforced bimetallic Mito-Jammer is developed by incorporating doxorubicin (DOX) and calcium peroxide (CaO2) into hyaluronic acid (HA) -modified metal-organic frameworks (MOF). After cellular, Mito-Jammer dissociates into CaO2 and Cu2+ in the tumor microenvironment. The exposed CaO2 further yields hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Ca2+ in a weakly acidic environment to strengthen the Cu2+-based Fenton-like reaction. Furthermore, the combination of chemodynamic therapy and Ca2+ overload exacerbates ROS storms and mitochondrial damage, resulting in the downregulation of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and blocking of Cu-ATPase to sensitize cuproptosis. This multilevel interaction strategy also activates robust immunogenic cell death and suppresses tumor metastasis simultaneously. This study presents a multivariate model for revolutionizing mitochondria damage, relying on the continuous retention of bimetallic ions to boost cuproptosis/immunotherapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chier Du
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Xun Guo
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Qiu
- Department of Intensive Care Unitthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Hongjin An
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Yuanli Luo
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Qianying Du
- Department of RadiologySecond Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Ruoyao Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid SurgerySecond Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Hua Teng
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Department of General PracticeChongqing General HospitalChongqing400010P. R. China
| | - Jianli Ren
- Department of Ultrasound and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imagingthe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400010P. R. China
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3
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Sloan DB, Conover JL, Grover CE, Wendel JF, Sharbrough J. Polyploid plants take cytonuclear perturbations in stride. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:829-839. [PMID: 38267606 PMCID: PMC10980399 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Hybridization in plants is often accompanied by nuclear genome doubling (allopolyploidy), which has been hypothesized to perturb interactions between nuclear and organellar (mitochondrial and plastid) genomes by creating imbalances in the relative copy number of these genomes and producing genetic incompatibilities between maternally derived organellar genomes and the half of the allopolyploid nuclear genome from the paternal progenitor. Several evolutionary responses have been predicted to ameliorate these effects, including selection for changes in protein sequences that restore cytonuclear interactions; biased gene retention/expression/conversion favoring maternal nuclear gene copies; and fine-tuning of relative cytonuclear genome copy numbers and expression levels. Numerous recent studies, however, have found that evolutionary responses are inconsistent and rarely scale to genome-wide generalities. The apparent robustness of plant cytonuclear interactions to allopolyploidy may reflect features that are general to allopolyploids such as the lack of F2 hybrid breakdown under disomic inheritance, and others that are more plant-specific, including slow sequence divergence in organellar genomes and preexisting regulatory responses to changes in cell size and endopolyploidy during development. Thus, cytonuclear interactions may only rarely act as the main barrier to establishment of allopolyploid lineages, perhaps helping to explain why allopolyploidy is so pervasive in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Justin L Conover
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Corrinne E Grover
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State
University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan F Wendel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State
University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Technology, Socorro, NM, USA
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4
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Adams AN, Smith BJ, Raad TJ, Mueller RL. Gigantic animal cells suggest organellar scaling mechanisms across a 50-fold range in cell volume. Evolution 2024; 78:442-452. [PMID: 38113239 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The largest cells are orders of magnitude bigger than the smallest cells. Organelle content scales to maintain cell function, with different organelles increasing in volume, length, or number as cells increase in size. Scaling may also reflect functional demands placed on organelles by increased cell size. Amphibians exhibit exceptional diversity in cell size. Using transmission electron microscopy, we analyzed 3 species whose enterocyte cell volumes range from 228 to 10,593 μm3. We show that nuclear volume increases by an increase in radius while mitochondrial volume increases by an increase in total network length; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, with their complex shapes, are intermediate. Notably, all 4 organelle types increase in total volume proportional to cell volume, despite variation in functional (i.e., metabolic, transport) demands. This pattern suggests that organellar building blocks are incorporated into more or larger organelles following the same rules across species that vary ~50-fold in cell sizes, consistent with a "limited precursor" model for organellar scaling that, in turn, assumes equivalent cytoplasmic concentrations of organellar building block proteins. Taken together, our results lead us to hypothesize that salamanders have evolved increased biosynthetic capacity to maintain functional protein concentrations despite huge cell volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradford Julian Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Design & Computing, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas John Raad
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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5
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Chatterjee S, Ganguly A, Bhattacharyya D. Reprogramming nucleolar size by genetic perturbation of the extranuclear Rab GTPases Ypt6 and Ypt32. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:283-301. [PMID: 37994551 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming organelle size has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach. However, there have been few reports of nucleolar size reprogramming. We addressed this question in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by studying mutants having opposite effects on the nucleolar size. Mutations in genes involved in nuclear functions (KAR3, CIN8, and PRP45) led to enlarged nuclei/nucleoli, whereas mutations in secretory pathway family genes, namely the Rab-GTPases YPT6 and YPT32, reduced nucleolar size. When combined with mutations leading to enlarged nuclei/nucleoli, the YPT6 or YPT32 mutants can effectively reprogram the nuclear/nucleolar size almost back to normal. Our results further indicate that null mutation of YPT6 causes secretory stress that indirectly influences nuclear localization of Maf1, the negative regulator of RNA Polymerase III, which might reduce the nucleolar size by inhibiting nucleolar transcript enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreosi Chatterjee
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abira Ganguly
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dibyendu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Wong SS, Wainman A, Saurya S, Raff JW. Regulation of centrosome size by the cell-cycle oscillator in Drosophila embryos. EMBO J 2024; 43:414-436. [PMID: 38233576 PMCID: PMC10898259 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitotic centrosomes assemble when centrioles recruit large amounts of pericentriolar material (PCM) around themselves. In early C. elegans embryos, mitotic centrosome size appears to be set by the limiting amount of a key component. In Drosophila syncytial embryos, thousands of mitotic centrosomes are assembled as the embryo proceeds through 13 rounds of rapid nuclear division, driven by a core cell cycle oscillator. These divisions slow during nuclear cycles 11-13, and we find that centrosomes respond by reciprocally decreasing their growth rate, but increasing their growth period-so that they grow to a relatively consistent size at each cycle. At the start of each cycle, moderate CCO activity initially promotes centrosome growth, in part by stimulating Polo/PLK1 recruitment to centrosomes. Later in each cycle, high CCO activity inhibits centrosome growth by suppressing the centrosomal recruitment and/or maintenance of centrosome proteins. Thus, in fly embryos, mitotic centrosome size appears to be regulated predominantly by the core cell cycle oscillator, rather than by the depletion of a limiting component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Shing Wong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alan Wainman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Saroj Saurya
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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7
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Shaikh U, Sherlock K, Wilson J, Gilliland W, Lewellyn L. Lineage-based scaling of germline intercellular bridges during oogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553876. [PMID: 37645982 PMCID: PMC10462136 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The size of subcellular structures must be tightly controlled to maintain normal cell function; this is especially important when cells are part of developing tissues or organs. Despite its importance, few studies have determined how the size of organelles or other structures is maintained during tissue growth, when cells are growing, dividing, and rearranging. The developing egg chamber is a powerful model in which to study the relative growth rates of subcellular structures. The egg chamber contains a cluster of sixteen germ cells, which are connected through intercellular bridges called ring canals. Ring canals are formed following incomplete cytokinesis after each of four germ cell divisions. As the egg chamber grows, the nurse cells and the ring canals that connect them increase in size. Here, we demonstrate that ring canal size scaling is related to their lineage; the largest, "first born" ring canals grow at a relatively slower rate than ring canals derived from subsequent mitotic divisions. This lineage-based scaling relationship is maintained even if directed transport is reduced, ring canal size is altered, or if the germ cells go through an additional mitotic division. Further, we propose that changes in ring canal scaling could provide a mechanism to alter egg size.
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8
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Chen P, Levy DL. Regulation of organelle size and organization during development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:53-64. [PMID: 35148938 PMCID: PMC9357868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, as cells divide in the developing embryo, the size of intracellular organelles generally decreases to scale with the decrease in overall cell size. Organelle size scaling is thought to be important to establish and maintain proper cellular function, and defective scaling may lead to impaired development and disease. However, how the cell regulates organelle size and organization are largely unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the process of size scaling at both the cell and organelle levels and discuss recently discovered mechanisms that regulate this process during early embryogenesis. In addition, we describe how some recently developed techniques and Xenopus as an animal model can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of size regulation and to uncover the significance of proper organelle size scaling and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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9
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Genome-wide subcellular protein map for the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:533-547. [PMID: 36804636 PMCID: PMC9981465 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is a model trypanosomatid, an important group of human, animal and plant unicellular parasites. Understanding their complex cell architecture and life cycle is challenging because, as with most eukaryotic microbes, ~50% of genome-encoded proteins have completely unknown functions. Here, using fluorescence microscopy and cell lines expressing endogenously tagged proteins, we mapped the subcellular localization of 89% of the T. brucei proteome, a resource we call TrypTag. We provide clues to function and define lineage-specific organelle adaptations for parasitism, mapping the ultraconserved cellular architecture of eukaryotes, including the first comprehensive 'cartographic' analysis of the eukaryotic flagellum, which is vital for morphogenesis and pathology. To demonstrate the power of this resource, we identify novel organelle subdomains and changes in molecular composition through the cell cycle. TrypTag is a transformative resource, important for hypothesis generation for both eukaryotic evolutionary molecular cell biology and fundamental parasite cell biology.
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10
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Viana MP, Chen J, Knijnenburg TA, Vasan R, Yan C, Arakaki JE, Bailey M, Berry B, Borensztejn A, Brown EM, Carlson S, Cass JA, Chaudhuri B, Cordes Metzler KR, Coston ME, Crabtree ZJ, Davidson S, DeLizo CM, Dhaka S, Dinh SQ, Do TP, Domingus J, Donovan-Maiye RM, Ferrante AJ, Foster TJ, Frick CL, Fujioka G, Fuqua MA, Gehring JL, Gerbin KA, Grancharova T, Gregor BW, Harrylock LJ, Haupt A, Hendershott MC, Hookway C, Horwitz AR, Hughes HC, Isaac EJ, Johnson GR, Kim B, Leonard AN, Leung WW, Lucas JJ, Ludmann SA, Lyons BM, Malik H, McGregor R, Medrash GE, Meharry SL, Mitcham K, Mueller IA, Murphy-Stevens TL, Nath A, Nelson AM, Oluoch SA, Paleologu L, Popiel TA, Riel-Mehan MM, Roberts B, Schaefbauer LM, Schwarzl M, Sherman J, Slaton S, Sluzewski MF, Smith JE, Sul Y, Swain-Bowden MJ, Tang WJ, Thirstrup DJ, Toloudis DM, Tucker AP, Valencia V, Wiegraebe W, Wijeratna T, Yang R, Zaunbrecher RJ, Labitigan RLD, Sanborn AL, Johnson GT, Gunawardane RN, Gaudreault N, Theriot JA, Rafelski SM. Integrated intracellular organization and its variations in human iPS cells. Nature 2023; 613:345-354. [PMID: 36599983 PMCID: PMC9834050 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how a subset of expressed genes dictates cellular phenotype is a considerable challenge owing to the large numbers of molecules involved, their combinatorics and the plethora of cellular behaviours that they determine1,2. Here we reduced this complexity by focusing on cellular organization-a key readout and driver of cell behaviour3,4-at the level of major cellular structures that represent distinct organelles and functional machines, and generated the WTC-11 hiPSC Single-Cell Image Dataset v1, which contains more than 200,000 live cells in 3D, spanning 25 key cellular structures. The scale and quality of this dataset permitted the creation of a generalizable analysis framework to convert raw image data of cells and their structures into dimensionally reduced, quantitative measurements that can be interpreted by humans, and to facilitate data exploration. This framework embraces the vast cell-to-cell variability that is observed within a normal population, facilitates the integration of cell-by-cell structural data and allows quantitative analyses of distinct, separable aspects of organization within and across different cell populations. We found that the integrated intracellular organization of interphase cells was robust to the wide range of variation in cell shape in the population; that the average locations of some structures became polarized in cells at the edges of colonies while maintaining the 'wiring' of their interactions with other structures; and that, by contrast, changes in the location of structures during early mitotic reorganization were accompanied by changes in their wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianxu Chen
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ritvik Vasan
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calysta Yan
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matte Bailey
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ben Berry
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Eva M Brown
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara Carlson
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie A Cass
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thao P Do
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Haupt
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric J Isaac
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Brian Kim
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Haseeb Malik
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aditya Nath
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Youngmee Sul
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - W Joyce Tang
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruian Yang
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ramon Lorenzo D Labitigan
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adrian L Sanborn
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Liu S, Tan C, Tyers M, Zetterberg A, Kafri R. What programs the size of animal cells? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:949382. [PMID: 36393871 PMCID: PMC9665425 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.949382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is programmed with definite quantities, magnitudes, and proportions. At the microscopic level, such definite sizes manifest in individual cells - different cell types are characterized by distinct cell sizes whereas cells of the same type are highly uniform in size. How do cells in a population maintain uniformity in cell size, and how are changes in target size programmed? A convergence of recent and historical studies suggest - just as a thermostat maintains room temperature - the size of proliferating animal cells is similarly maintained by homeostatic mechanisms. In this review, we first summarize old and new literature on the existence of cell size checkpoints, then discuss additional advances in the study of size homeostasis that involve feedback regulation of cellular growth rate. We further discuss recent progress on the molecules that underlie cell size checkpoints and mechanisms that specify target size setpoints. Lastly, we discuss a less-well explored teleological question: why does cell size matter and what is the functional importance of cell size control?
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Shixuan Liu, ; Ran Kafri,
| | - Ceryl Tan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anders Zetterberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ran Kafri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Shixuan Liu, ; Ran Kafri,
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12
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Mao Y, Pichaud F. For Special Issue: Tissue size and shape. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 130:1-2. [PMID: 35659474 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Franck Pichaud
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Lanz MC, Zatulovskiy E, Swaffer MP, Zhang L, Ilerten I, Zhang S, You DS, Marinov G, McAlpine P, Elias JE, Skotheim JM. Increasing cell size remodels the proteome and promotes senescence. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3255-3269.e8. [PMID: 35987199 PMCID: PMC9444988 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell size is tightly controlled in healthy tissues, but it is unclear how deviations in cell size affect cell physiology. To address this, we measured how the cell's proteome changes with increasing cell size. Size-dependent protein concentration changes are widespread and predicted by subcellular localization, size-dependent mRNA concentrations, and protein turnover. As proliferating cells grow larger, concentration changes typically associated with cellular senescence are increasingly pronounced, suggesting that large size may be a cause rather than just a consequence of cell senescence. Consistent with this hypothesis, larger cells are prone to replicative, DNA-damage-induced, and CDK4/6i-induced senescence. Size-dependent changes to the proteome, including those associated with senescence, are not observed when an increase in cell size is accompanied by an increase in ploidy. Together, our findings show how cell size could impact many aspects of cell physiology by remodeling the proteome and provide a rationale for cell size control and polyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Lanz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ilayda Ilerten
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong Shin You
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Georgi Marinov
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Jan M Skotheim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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14
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How Metabolic Rate Relates to Cell Size. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081106. [PMID: 35892962 PMCID: PMC9332559 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The metabolic conversion of resources into living structures and processes is fundamental to all living systems. The rate of metabolism (‘fire of life’) is critical for supporting the rates of various biological processes (‘pace of life’), but why it varies considerably within and among species is little understood. Much of this variation is related to body size, but such ‘metabolic scaling’ relationships also vary extensively. Numerous explanations have been offered, but no consensus has yet been reached. Here, I critically review explanations concerning how cell size and number and their establishment by cell expansion and multiplication may affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that cell size and growth can affect metabolic rate at any given body mass, as well as how it changes with increasing body mass during growth or evolution. Mechanisms causing negative associations between cell size and metabolic rate may involve reduced resource supply and/or demand in larger cells, but more research is needed. A cell-size perspective not only helps to explain some (but not all) variation in metabolic rate and its body-mass scaling, but may also foster the conceptual integration of studies of ontogenetic development and body-mass scaling. Abstract Metabolic rate and its covariation with body mass vary substantially within and among species in little understood ways. Here, I critically review explanations (and supporting data) concerning how cell size and number and their establishment by cell expansion and multiplication may affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Cell size and growth may affect size-specific metabolic rate, as well as the vertical elevation (metabolic level) and slope (exponent) of metabolic scaling relationships. Mechanistic causes of negative correlations between cell size and metabolic rate may involve reduced resource supply and/or demand in larger cells, related to decreased surface area per volume, larger intracellular resource-transport distances, lower metabolic costs of ionic regulation, slower cell multiplication and somatic growth, and larger intracellular deposits of metabolically inert materials in some tissues. A cell-size perspective helps to explain some (but not all) variation in metabolic rate and its body-mass scaling and thus should be included in any multi-mechanistic theory attempting to explain the full diversity of metabolic scaling. A cell-size approach may also help conceptually integrate studies of the biological regulation of cellular growth and metabolism with those concerning major transitions in ontogenetic development and associated shifts in metabolic scaling.
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15
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Hong Luo G, Zhao Xu T, Li X, Jiang W, Hong Duo Y, Zhong Tang B. Cellular organelle-targeted smart AIEgens in tumor detection, imaging and therapeutics. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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16
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Mahjoub MR, Nanjundappa R, Harvey MN. Development of a multiciliated cell. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102105. [PMID: 35716530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCC) are evolutionary conserved, highly specialized cell types that contain dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that they use to propel fluid directionally. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 30 and 500 basal bodies via a process termed centriole amplification. Much progress has been made in recent years in understanding the pathways involved in MCC fate determination, differentiation, and ciliogenesis. Recent studies using mammalian cell culture systems, mice, Xenopus, and other model organisms have started to uncover the mechanisms involved in centriole and cilia biogenesis. Yet, how MCC progenitor cells regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia during their differentiation remains largely unknown. In this review, we will examine recent findings that address this fundamental question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rashmi Nanjundappa
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan N Harvey
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology Division), Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Lacroix B, Dumont J. Spatial and Temporal Scaling of Microtubules and Mitotic Spindles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020248. [PMID: 35053364 PMCID: PMC8774166 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, the mitotic spindle, a macromolecular structure primarily comprised of microtubules, drives chromosome alignment and partitioning between daughter cells. Mitotic spindles can sense cellular dimensions in order to adapt their length and mass to cell size. This scaling capacity is particularly remarkable during early embryo cleavage when cells divide rapidly in the absence of cell growth, thus leading to a reduction of cell volume at each division. Although mitotic spindle size scaling can occur over an order of magnitude in early embryos, in many species the duration of mitosis is relatively short, constant throughout early development and independent of cell size. Therefore, a key challenge for cells during embryo cleavage is not only to assemble a spindle of proper size, but also to do it in an appropriate time window which is compatible with embryo development. How spatial and temporal scaling of the mitotic spindle is achieved and coordinated with the duration of mitosis remains elusive. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that support mitotic spindle spatial and temporal scaling over a wide range of cell sizes and cellular contexts. We will present current models and propose alternative mechanisms allowing cells to spatially and temporally coordinate microtubule and mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Julien Dumont
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France;
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Early onset effects of single substrate accumulation recapitulate major features of LSD in patient-derived lysosomes. iScience 2021; 24:102707. [PMID: 34258549 PMCID: PMC8253970 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome functions mainly rely on their ability to either degrade substrates or release them into the extracellular space. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are commonly characterized by a chronic lysosomal accumulation of different substrates, thereby causing lysosomal dysfunctions and secretion defects. However, the early effects of substrate accumulation on lysosomal homeostasis have not been analyzed so far. Here, we describe how the acute accumulation of a single substrate determines a rapid centripetal redistribution of the lysosomes, triggering their expansion and reducing their secretion, by limiting the motility of these organelles toward the plasma membrane. Moreover, we provide evidence that such defects could be explained by a trapping mechanism exerted by the extensive contacts between the enlarged lysosomes and the highly intertwined membrane structures of the endoplasmic reticulum which might represent a crucial biological cue ultimately leading to the clinically relevant secondary defects observed in the LSD experimental models and patients. LEU-ME triggers a rapid expansion of the lysosomal compartment Expanded lysosomes display motility and secretion defects Enlarged lysosomes display extended endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites
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Zhang W, Liu Z, Xu X. Navigating immune cell immunometabolism after liver transplantation. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 160:103227. [PMID: 33675906 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. The immunometabolism microenvironment undergoes massive changes at the interface of immune functionalities and metabolic regulations after LT. These changes considerably modify post-transplant complications, and immune cells play an influential role in the hepatic immunometabolism microenvironment after LT. Therefore, adequate studies on the complex pathobiology of immune cells are critical to prevent post-transplant complications, and the interplay between cellular metabolism and immune function is evident. Furthermore, immune cells perform their specified functions, such as activation or differentiation, accompanied by alterations in metabolic pathways, such as metabolic reprogramming. This transformation remarkably affects post-transplant complications like rejection. By targeting different metabolic pathways, regulations of metabolism are employed to shape immune responses. These differences of metabolic pathways allow for selective regulation of immune responses to further develop effective therapies that prevent graft loss after LT. This review examines immune cells in the hepatic immunometabolism microenvironment after LT, summarizes possible mechanisms and potential prevention on rejection to acquire immune tolerance, and offers some insight into references for scientific research along with clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhikun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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