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Matos F, Bernardino J, Durães J, Cunha J. A Survey on Sensor Failures in Autonomous Vehicles: Challenges and Solutions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5108. [PMID: 39204805 PMCID: PMC11360603 DOI: 10.3390/s24165108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely heavily on sensors to perceive their surrounding environment and then make decisions and act on them. However, these sensors have weaknesses, and are prone to failure, resulting in decision errors by vehicle controllers that pose significant challenges to their safe operation. To mitigate sensor failures, it is necessary to understand how they occur and how they affect the vehicle's behavior so that fault-tolerant and fault-masking strategies can be applied. This survey covers 108 publications and presents an overview of the sensors used in AVs today, categorizes the sensor's failures that can occur, such as radar interferences, ambiguities detection, or camera image failures, and provides an overview of mitigation strategies such as sensor fusion, redundancy, and sensor calibration. It also provides insights into research areas critical to improving safety in the autonomous vehicle industry, so that new or more in-depth research may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Durães
- Polytechnic University of Coimbra, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal; (F.M.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
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Resnik DB, Andrews SL. A precautionary approach to autonomous vehicles. AI AND ETHICS 2024; 4:403-418. [PMID: 38770187 PMCID: PMC11105117 DOI: 10.1007/s43681-023-00277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we defend an approach to autonomous vehicle ethics and policy based on the precautionary principle. We argue that a precautionary approach is warranted, given the significant scientific and moral uncertainties related to autonomous vehicles, especially higher-level ones. While higher-level autonomous vehicles may offer many important benefits to society, they also pose significant risks, which are not fully understood at this juncture. Risk management strategies traditionally used by government officials to make decisions about new technologies cannot be applied to higher-level autonomous vehicles because these strategies require accurate and reliable probability estimates concerning the outcomes of different policy options and extensive agreement about values, which are not currently available for autonomous vehicles. Although we describe our approach as precautionary, that does not mean that we are opposed to autonomous vehicle development and deployment, because autonomous vehicles offer benefits that should be pursued. The optimal approach to managing the risks of autonomous vehicles is to take reasonable precautions; that is, to adopt policies that attempt to deal with serious risks in a responsible way without depriving society of important benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Resnik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Mail Drop E1-06, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Suzanne L. Andrews
- Master of Science in Bioethics Student, Columbia University, 203 Lewisohn Hall, 2970 Broadway, Mail Code 4119, New York, NY 10027-6902, USA
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Rollings KA, Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Jackson RJ. Built Environment and Public Health: More Than 20 Years of Progress. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:27-33. [PMID: 38091569 PMCID: PMC10726940 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Rollings
- Kimberly A. Rollings is with the Health & Design Research Fellowship Program, University of Michigan Medical School, the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Andrew L. Dannenberg is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle. Howard Frumkin is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, and the Land and People Lab, Trust for Public Land, San Francisco, CA. Richard J. Jackson is with the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Andrew L Dannenberg
- Kimberly A. Rollings is with the Health & Design Research Fellowship Program, University of Michigan Medical School, the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Andrew L. Dannenberg is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle. Howard Frumkin is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, and the Land and People Lab, Trust for Public Land, San Francisco, CA. Richard J. Jackson is with the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Howard Frumkin
- Kimberly A. Rollings is with the Health & Design Research Fellowship Program, University of Michigan Medical School, the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Andrew L. Dannenberg is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle. Howard Frumkin is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, and the Land and People Lab, Trust for Public Land, San Francisco, CA. Richard J. Jackson is with the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Richard J Jackson
- Kimberly A. Rollings is with the Health & Design Research Fellowship Program, University of Michigan Medical School, the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Andrew L. Dannenberg is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and the Department of Urban Design and Planning, College of Built Environments, University of Washington, Seattle. Howard Frumkin is with the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, and the Land and People Lab, Trust for Public Land, San Francisco, CA. Richard J. Jackson is with the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
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Pettigrew S, Farrar V, Booth L, Karl C, Godic B, Brown J, Thompson J. The inexorable rise of automated food deliveries and potential anticipatory policy actions. Aust N Z J Public Health 2023; 47:100065. [PMID: 37330362 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food deliveries to consumers using autonomous vehicles are forecast to become commonplace in Australia and globally. The aims of this study were to (i) explore the anticipated nature of AV food delivery services in Australia and (ii) identify available policy options to optimise positive outcomes and minimise any negative consequences for health and well-being. METHODS In total, 36 interviews were conducted with 40 expert stakeholders across a range of relevant sectors including transport, urban planning, health and telecommunications. Interviewees discussed the ways in which automated food deliveries are likely to be implemented and the potential implications for lifestyles and health. RESULTS The interviewees expected automated food deliveries to constitute an extension of current trends towards online food ordering and rapid home deliveries, with potential adverse implications for diet quality at the population level. CONCLUSIONS Effective regulation of automated food and beverage delivery services will be needed to anticipate and address this emerging phenomenon. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH There is the opportunity to optimise the public health outcomes associated with automated food deliveries while minimising potential negative consequences through proactive anticipatory action. Delays could result in undesirable and irreversible changes to the food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Victoria Farrar
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leon Booth
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Branislava Godic
- Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Transport, Health and Urban Design (THUD) Research Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie Brown
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Thompson
- Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Transport, Health and Urban Design (THUD) Research Lab, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Australia; University Department of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Manasreh D, Nazzal MD, Talha SA, Khanapuri E, Sharma R, Kim D. Application of Autonomous Vehicles for Automated Roadside Safety Assessment. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD: JOURNAL OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2022; 2676:255-266. [DOI: 10.1177/03611981221095090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Road edge drop-off has well known impacts on the safety of the traveling public and roadway service life. Continuous inspection of roadsides is therefore needed to monitor their condition. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are increasing in number and have the potential to be used for road and roadside condition data collection. This study explored the use of AVs to assess road edge drop-off. To this end, the ability and accuracy of a research grade autonomous vehicle platform built on a passenger car was used to determine road edge drop-off. Data were collected for the roadside along a state highway in Ohio using the different sensors of the vehicle platform, including a Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) sensor. A 160-m (525-ft) long section of the highway was selected and surveyed using a high accuracy stationary terrestrial laser scanner to obtain the topographic map of the highway and its sides. The lidar data were analyzed using fully automated deep learning methods to determine the edge drop-off severity along the selected section. The analyzed lidar data were compared with those obtained using the high accuracy stationary terrestrial laser scanner. The results of this study showed that the autonomous vehicle platform can be used successfully to assess the road edge drop-off with excellent accuracy, particularly when using end-to-end deep learning methods for analyzing the collected data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Manasreh
- Department of Civil &Architectural Engineering & Construction Management, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Munir D. Nazzal
- Department of Civil &Architectural Engineering & Construction Management, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Sk Abu Talha
- Department of Civil &Architectural Engineering & Construction Management, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eshaan Khanapuri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rajnikant Sharma
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Jalil Z, Abbasi A, Javed AR, Khan MB, Abul Hasanat MH, AlTameem A, AlKhathami M, Jilani Saudagar AK. A Novel Benchmark Dataset for COVID-19 Detection during Third Wave in Pakistan. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6354579. [PMID: 35990145 PMCID: PMC9391128 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6354579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly severe infection caused by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is essential to confirm the COVID-19 infection, but it has certain limitations, including paucity of reagents, is computationally time-consuming, and requires expert clinicians. Clinicians suggest that the PCR test is not a reliable automated COVID-19 patient detection system. This study proposed a machine learning-based approach to evaluate the PCR role in COVID-19 detection. We collect real data containing 603 COVID-19 samples from the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan, during the third COVID-19 wave. The experiments are separated into two sets. The first set comprises 24 features, including PCR test results, whereas the second comprises 24 features without PCR test. The findings demonstrate that the decision tree achieves the best detection rate for positive and negative COVID-19 patients in both scenarios. The findings reveal that PCR does not contribute to detecting COVID-19 patients. The findings also aid in the early detection of COVID-19, mainly when PCR test results are insufficient for diagnosing COVID-19 and help developing countries with a paucity of PCR tests and specialist facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunera Jalil
- Department of Cyber Security, PAF Complex E-9, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Abbasi
- Department of Cyber Security, PAF Complex E-9, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman Javed
- Department of Cyber Security, PAF Complex E-9, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Badruddin Khan
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mozaherul Hoque Abul Hasanat
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah AlTameem
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlKhathami
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Khader Jilani Saudagar
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khan MA, Etminani-Ghasrodashti R, Kermanshachi S, Rosenberger JM, Pan Q, Foss A. Do ridesharing transportation services alleviate traffic crashes? A time series analysis. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 23:333-338. [PMID: 35639637 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2074412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES On-demand ridesharing services are suggested to provide several benefits, such as improving accessibility and mobility, reducing drive-alone trips and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the impacts of these services on traffic crashes are not completely clear. This paper investigates the availability of Via- an on-demand ridesharing service in Arlington, TX, to identify the effects of this service on traffic crashes. We hypothesize that the launch of Via would result in more shared rides, fewer drive-alone trips and fewer traffic crashes. METHODS We implement an Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) approach to study the impact of Via service availability on traffic crashes using weekly counts of all traffic crashes, the number of injuries, and serious injuries that occurred in Arlington from 2014 to 2021. RESULTS The results show a statistically significant reduction in the weekly number of total crashes and total injuries but do not show any significant impact on the number of serious injuries. Shared Autonomous Vehicles have the potential to reduce traffic crashes caused by driver's fault. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the potential impacts ridesharing services can have on traffic crashes and injuries in a mid-sized city. The results of this study can help decision and policymakers to understand the full potential of ridesharing services that can contribute to making relevant decisions toward creating sustainable and safer transportation systems in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif Khan
- Center for Transportation Equity, Decisions and Dollars (CTEDD), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Roya Etminani-Ghasrodashti
- Center for Transportation Equity, Decisions and Dollars (CTEDD), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Sharareh Kermanshachi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), Arlington, Texas
| | - Jay Michael Rosenberger
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), Arlington, Texas
| | - Qisheng Pan
- Center for Transportation Equity, Decisions and Dollars (CTEDD), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Ann Foss
- Office of Strategic Initiatives, City of Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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Microphone Array for Speaker Localization and Identification in Shared Autonomous Vehicles. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11050766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the current technological transformation in the automotive industry, autonomous vehicles are getting closer to the Society of Automative Engineers (SAE) automation level 5. This level corresponds to the full vehicle automation, where the driving system autonomously monitors and navigates the environment. With SAE-level 5, the concept of a Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) will soon become a reality and mainstream. The main purpose of an SAV is to allow unrelated passengers to share an autonomous vehicle without a driver/moderator inside the shared space. However, to ensure their safety and well-being until they reach their final destination, active monitoring of all passengers is required. In this context, this article presents a microphone-based sensor system that is able to localize sound events inside an SAV. The solution is composed of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) microphone array with a circular geometry connected to an embedded processing platform that resorts to Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology to successfully process in the hardware the sound localization algorithms.
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Othman K. Exploring the implications of autonomous vehicles: a comprehensive review. INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS 2022; 7:165. [PMCID: PMC8885781 DOI: 10.1007/s41062-022-00763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the last few years, a large emphasis has been devoted to autonomous vehicles (AVs), as vehicle automation promises a large number of benefits such as: improving mobility and minimization of energy and emissions. Additionally, AVs represent a major tool in the fight against pandemics as autonomous vehicles can be used to transport people while maintaining isolation and sterilization. Thus, manufacturers are racing to introduce AVs as fast as possible. However, laws and regulations are not yet ready for this change and the legal sector is following the development of autonomous vehicles instead of taking the lead. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the previous studies in the transportation field that involve AVs with the aim of exploring the implications of AVs on the safety, public behaviour, land use, economy, society and environment, public health, and benefits of autonomous vehicles in fighting pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Othman
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Toronto, 35 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4 Canada
- Faculty of Engineering, Public works department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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The 2019 Conference on Health and Active Transportation: Research Needs and Opportunities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211842. [PMID: 34831599 PMCID: PMC8622688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Active transportation (AT) is widely viewed as an important target for increasing participation in aerobic physical activity and improving health, while simultaneously addressing pollution and climate change through reductions in motor vehicular emissions. In recent years, progress in increasing AT has stalled in some countries and, furthermore, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has created new AT opportunities while also exposing the barriers and health inequities related to AT for some populations. This paper describes the results of the December 2019 Conference on Health and Active Transportation (CHAT) which brought together leaders from the transportation and health disciplines. Attendees charted a course for the future around three themes: Reflecting on Innovative Practices, Building Strategic Institutional Relationships, and Identifying Research Needs and Opportunities. This paper focuses on conclusions of the Research Needs and Opportunities theme. We present a conceptual model derived from the conference sessions that considers how economic and systems analysis, evaluation of emerging technologies and policies, efforts to address inclusivity, disparities and equity along with renewed attention to messaging and communication could contribute to overcoming barriers to development and use of AT infrastructure. Specific research gaps concerning these themes are presented. We further discuss the relevance of these themes considering the pandemic. Renewed efforts at research, dissemination and implementation are needed to achieve the potential health and environmental benefits of AT and to preserve positive changes associated with the pandemic while mitigating negative ones.
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Gill T. Ethical dilemmas are really important to potential adopters of autonomous vehicles. ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2021; 23:657-673. [PMID: 34248401 PMCID: PMC8253245 DOI: 10.1007/s10676-021-09605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ethical dilemma (ED) of whether autonomous vehicles (AVs) should protect the passengers or pedestrians when harm is unavoidable has been widely researched and debated. Several behavioral scientists have sought public opinion on this issue, based on the premise that EDs are critical to resolve for AV adoption. However, many scholars and industry participants have downplayed the importance of these edge cases. Policy makers also advocate a focus on higher level ethical principles rather than on a specific solution to EDs. But conspicuously absent from this debate is the view of the consumers or potential adopters, who will be instrumental to the success of AVs. The current research investigated this issue both from a theoretical standpoint and through empirical research. The literature on innovation adoption and risk perception suggests that EDs will be heavily weighted by potential adopters of AVs. Two studies conducted with a broad sample of consumers verified this assertion. The results from these studies showed that people associated EDs with the highest risk and considered EDs as the most important issue to address as compared to the other technical, legal and ethical issues facing AVs. As such, EDs need to be addressed to ensure robustness in the design of AVs and to assure consumers of the safety of this promising technology. Some preliminary evidence is provided about interventions to resolve the social dilemma in EDs and about the ethical preferences of prospective early adopters of AVs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10676-021-09605-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripat Gill
- Lazaridis School of Business & Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON Canada
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Abstract
Vehicle automation is progressing rapidly and autonomous vehicles (AVs) are forecast to become a central feature of transportation systems globally. This development has the potential to result in profound changes in walking behaviors. The present study examined this issue from the perspective of relevant experts for the purpose of informing health policy. Interviews were conducted with 44 key stakeholders in Australia (n = 34), the European Union (n = 5), the UK (n = 4), and the US (n = 1). The stakeholders represented a wide range of sectors including government, AV manufacturing/servicing companies, transport policy consortiums, technology firms, insurers (public and private), trade unions, consumer representation organizations, and academia. Two potential scenarios were evident in interviewees' discussions of the ways AVs are likely to be introduced and the implications for walking behaviors. The most beneficial scenario, but the least likely to eventuate, was considered to be the situation where people relinquish private vehicle ownership and rely on a combination of walking, public transport, and on-demand transport. The alternative scenario involved greater private AV ownership, traffic congestion, and urban sprawl, resulting in less walking activity. The convergence of the stakeholders' views around the opposing identified scenarios highlights the need for proactive policy development to ensure the emerging transport transformation does not result in substantial increases in sedentarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su122410504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, shared mobility services have had a growing presence in cities all over the world. Developing methodologies to measure and evaluate the impacts of shared mobility has therefore become of critical importance for city authorities. This paper conducts a thorough review of the different types of methods that can be used for this evaluation and suggests a classification of them. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed. The added value of the paper is twofold; first, we provide a systematic recording of the state of the art and the state of the practice regarding the evaluation of the impacts of shared mobility, from the perspective of city authorities, reflecting on their role, needs, and expectations. Second, by identifying the existing gaps in the literature, we highlight the specific needs for research and practice in this field that can help society figure out the role of urban shared mobility.
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Giles-Corti B, Zapata-Diomedi B, Jafari A, Both A, Gunn L. Could smart research ensure healthy people in disrupted cities? JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2020; 19:100931. [PMID: 32953454 PMCID: PMC7486283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2020.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the late 19th century, city planners have struggled to cope with new types of urban transport and mobility that threatened the existing system, or even rendered it obsolete. PURPOSE As city planners confront the range of disruptive urban mobilities currently on the horizon, this paper explores how we can draw on a vast body of evidence to anticipate and avoid unintended consequences to people's health and wellbeing. METHODS This commentary involved a rapid review of the literature on transport disruption. RESULTS We found that to avoid the unintended consequences of disruption, research, policy and practice must think beyond single issues (such as the risk of chronic disease, injury, or traffic management) and consider the broader consequences of interventions. For example, although autonomous vehicles will probably reduce road trauma, what will be the negative consequences for physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, chronic disease, land use, traffic congestion and commuting patterns? Research is needed that considers and informs how to mitigate the range of potential harms caused by disruptive mobilities. CONCLUSION In the face of new disruptive mobilities, we must: (a) draw on existing evidence to shape new regulations that address the 'who, when and where' rules of introducing new mobilities (such as electric assisted bicycles (e-bikes) and scooters (e-scooters)) of which the health repercussions can be easily anticipated; (b) monitor and evaluate the implementation of any interventions through natural experiment studies; and (c) use innovative research methods (such as agent-based simulation and health-impact-assessment modelling) to assess the likely effects of emerging disruptive mobilities (e.g., autonomous vehicles) on health and wellbeing and on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Giles-Corti
- Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Belen Zapata-Diomedi
- Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Afshin Jafari
- Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan Both
- Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy Gunn
- Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Rossi IA, Vienneau D, Ragettli MS, Flückiger B, Röösli M. Estimating the health benefits associated with a speed limit reduction to thirty kilometres per hour: A health impact assessment of noise and road traffic crashes for the Swiss city of Lausanne. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106126. [PMID: 32971416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reductions of speed limits for road traffic are effective in reducing casualties, and are also increasingly promoted as an effective way to reduce noise exposure. The aim of this study was to estimate the health benefits of the implementation of 30 km/h speed limits in the city of Lausanne (136'077 inhabitants) under different scenarios addressing exposure to noise and road crashes. The study followed a standard methodology for quantitative health impact assessments to derive the number of attributable cases in relation to relevant outcomes. We compared a reference scenario (without any 30 km/h speed limits) to the current situation with partial speed limits and additional scenarios with further implementation of 30 km/h speed limits, including a whole city scenario. Compared to the reference scenario, noise reduction due to the current speed limit situation was estimated to annually prevent 1 cardiovascular death, 72 hospital admissions from cardiovascular disease, 17 incident diabetes cases, 1'127 individuals being highly annoyed and 918 individuals reporting sleep disturbances from noise. Health benefits from a reduction in road traffic crashes were less pronounced (1 severe injury and 4 minor injuries). The whole city speed reduction scenario more than doubled the annual benefits, and was the only scenario that contributed to a reduction in mortality from road traffic crashes (one death per two years). Implementing 30 km/h speed limits in a city yields health benefits due to reduction in road traffic crashes and noise exposure. We found that the benefit from noise reduction was more relevant than safety benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle A Rossi
- Département de la santé et de l'action sociale, Etat de Vaud, av. des Casernes 12, CH-1014 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martina S Ragettli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin Flückiger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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How Can Smart Mobility Innovations Alleviate Transportation Disadvantage? Assembling a Conceptual Framework through a Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transportation disadvantage is about the difficulty accessing mobility services required to complete activities associated with employment, shopping, business, essential needs, and recreation. Technological innovations in the field of smart mobility have been identified as a potential solution to help individuals overcome issues associated with transportation disadvantage. This paper aims to provide a consolidated understanding on how smart mobility innovations can contribute to alleviate transportation disadvantage. A systematic literature review is completed, and a conceptual framework is developed to provide the required information to address transportation disadvantage. The results are categorized under the physical, economic, spatial, temporal, psychological, information, and institutional dimensions of transportation disadvantage. The study findings reveal that: (a) Primary smart mobility innovations identified in the literature are demand responsive transportation, shared transportation, intelligent transportation systems, electric mobility, autonomous vehicles, and Mobility-as-a-Services. (b) Smart mobility innovations could benefit urban areas by improving accessibility, efficiency, coverage, flexibility, safety, and the overall integration of the transportation system. (c) Smart mobility innovations have the potential to contribute to the alleviation of transportation disadvantage. (d) Mobility-as-a-Service has high potential to alleviate transportation disadvantage primarily due to its ability to integrate a wide-range of services.
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17
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Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 140:105661. [PMID: 32307209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Half the world population lives in cities and this is likely to increase to 70% over the next 20 years. Suboptimal urban and transport planning has led to e.g. high levels of air pollution and noise, heat island effects and lack of green space and physical activity and thereby an increase in morbidity and premature mortality. How can better urban and transport planning improve public health? METHODS A narrative meta-review around a number of cutting edge and visionary studies and practices on how to improve public health through better urban and transport planning reported in the literature and from meetings over the past few years. RESULTS We describe the latest quantitative evidence of how cities can become healthier through better urban and transport planning. It focuses and provides evidence for important interventions, policies and actions that can improve public health, including the need for land use changes, reduce car dependency and move towards public and active transportation, greening of cities, visioning, citizen involvement, collaboration, leadership and investment and systemic approaches. Health impact assessment studies have recently provided new powerful quantitative evidence on how to make cities healthier and will be used as examples. At the same time these measures make also our cities more sustainable (i.e. carbon neutral) and liveable creating multiple benefits. CONCLUSION Better urban and transport planning can lead to carbon neutral, more liveable and healthier cities, particularly through land use changes, a move from private motorised transportation to public and active transportation and greening of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, Australia.
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