1
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Santos DJAD, Oliveira TRD, Araújo GMD, Pott-Junior H, Melendez ME, Sabino EC, Leite OD, Faria RC. An electrochemical genomagnetic assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A viruses in saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116210. [PMID: 38537427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections represent a major threat to the population's health globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 disease and in some cases the symptoms can be confused with Influenza disease caused by the Influenza A viruses. A simple, fast, and selective assay capable of identifying the etiological agent and differentiating the diseases is essential to provide the correct clinical management to the patient. Herein, we described the development of a genomagnetic assay for the selective capture of viral RNA from SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A viruses in saliva samples and employing a simple disposable electrochemical device for gene detection and quantification. The proposed method showed excellent performance detecting RNA of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A viruses, with a limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) of 5.0 fmol L-1 and 8.6 fmol L-1 for SARS-CoV-2, and 1.0 fmol L-1 and 108.9 fmol L-1 for Influenza, respectively. The genomagnetic assay was employed to evaluate the presence of the viruses in 36 saliva samples and the results presented similar responses to those obtained by the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), demonstrating the reliability and capability of a method as an alternative for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and Influenza with point-of-care capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henrique Pott-Junior
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Oldair Donizeti Leite
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil; Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Medianeira, Medianeira, PR, 85884-000, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo Censi Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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2
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Braz Gomes K, Zhang YN, Lee YZ, Eldad M, Lim A, Ward G, Auclair S, He L, Zhu J. Single-Component Multilayered Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles Displaying Extracellular Domains of Matrix Protein 2 as a Pan-influenza A Vaccine. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23545-23567. [PMID: 37988765 PMCID: PMC10722606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of a cross-protective pan-influenza A vaccine remains a significant challenge. In this study, we designed and evaluated single-component self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SApNPs) presenting the conserved extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) as vaccine candidates against influenza A viruses. The SApNP-based vaccine strategy was first validated for human M2e (hM2e) and then applied to tandem repeats of M2e from human, avian, and swine hosts (M2ex3). Vaccination with M2ex3 displayed on SApNPs demonstrated higher survival rates and less weight loss compared to the soluble M2ex3 antigen against the lethal challenges of H1N1 and H3N2 in mice. M2ex3 I3-01v9a SApNPs formulated with a squalene-based adjuvant were retained in the lymph node follicles over 8 weeks and induced long-lived germinal center reactions. Notably, a single low dose of M2ex3 I3-01v9a SApNP formulated with a potent adjuvant, either a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist or a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, conferred 90% protection against a lethal H1N1 challenge in mice. With the ability to induce robust and durable M2e-specific functional antibody and T cell responses, the M2ex3-presenting I3-01v9a SApNP provides a promising pan-influenza A vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Braz Gomes
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mor Eldad
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander Lim
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Garrett Ward
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sarah Auclair
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Linling He
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps
Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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3
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Hu X, Sun X, Zhao Y, Iv C, Sun X, Jin M, Zhang Q. GlcNac produced by the gut microbiome enhances host influenza resistance by modulating NK cells. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2271620. [PMID: 37953509 PMCID: PMC10730189 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2271620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota are known to modulate the host response to influenza infection, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Gut metabolites are the key mediators through which gut microbes play anti-influenza effect. Transferring fecal metabolites from mice with high influenza resistance into antibiotic-treated recipient mice conferred resistance to influenza infections. By comparing the metabolites of different individuals with high or low influenza resistance, we identified and validated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and adenosine showed strong positive correlations with influenza resistance and exerted anti-influenza effects in vivo or in vitro, respectively. Especially, GlcNAc mediated the anti-influenza effect by increasing the proportion and activity of NK cells. Several gut microbes, including Clostridium sp., Phocaeicola sartorii, and Akkermansia muciniphila, were positively correlated with influenza resistance, and can upregulate the level of GlcNAc in the mouse gut by exogenous supplementation. Subsequent studies confirmed that administering a combination of the three bacteria to mice via gavage resulted in similar modulation of NK cell responses as observed with GlcNAc. This study demonstrates that gut microbe-produced GlcNAc protects the host against influenza by regulating NK cells, facilitating the elucidation of the action mechanism of gut microbes mediating host influenza resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Changjie Iv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Emerging Disease Research Center, Keqian Institute of Biology, Keqian Biological Co. Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University and Hubei jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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4
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Bjorgen JC, Dick JK, Cromarty R, Hart GT, Rhein J. NK cell subsets and dysfunction during viral infection: a new avenue for therapeutics? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267774. [PMID: 37928543 PMCID: PMC10620977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of viral challenge, natural killer (NK) cells play an important role as an early immune responder against infection. During this response, significant changes in the NK cell population occur, particularly in terms of their frequency, location, and subtype prevalence. In this review, changes in the NK cell repertoire associated with several pathogenic viral infections are summarized, with a particular focus placed on changes that contribute to NK cell dysregulation in these settings. This dysregulation, in turn, can contribute to host pathology either by causing NK cells to be hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive. Hyperresponsive NK cells mediate significant host cell death and contribute to generating a hyperinflammatory environment. Hyporesponsive NK cell populations shift toward exhaustion and often fail to limit viral pathogenesis, possibly enabling viral persistence. Several emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing NK cell dysregulation have arisen in the last three decades in the setting of cancer and may prove to hold promise in treating viral diseases. However, the application of such therapeutics to treat viral infections remains critically underexplored. This review briefly explores several therapeutic approaches, including the administration of TGF-β inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive NK cell therapies, CAR NK cells, and NK cell engagers among other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Bjorgen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jenna K. Dick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ross Cromarty
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Geoffrey T. Hart
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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5
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Zhu Z, You R, Li H, Feng S, Ma H, Tuo C, Meng X, Feng S, Peng Y. Multi-omics data integration reveals the complexity and diversity of host factors associated with influenza virus infection. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16194. [PMID: 37842064 PMCID: PMC10569165 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses pose a significant and ongoing threat to human health. Many host factors have been identified to be associated with influenza virus infection. However, there is currently a lack of an integrated resource for these host factors. This study integrated human genes and proteins associated with influenza virus infections for 14 subtypes of influenza A viruses, as well as influenza B and C viruses, and built a database named H2Flu to store and organize these genes or proteins. The database includes 28,639 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 1,850 differentially expressed proteins, and 442 proteins with differential posttranslational modifications after influenza virus infection, as well as 3,040 human proteins that interact with influenza virus proteins and 57 human susceptibility genes. Further analysis showed that the dynamic response of human cells to virus infection, cell type and strain specificity contribute significantly to the diversity of DEGs. Additionally, large heterogeneity was also observed in protein-protein interactions between humans and different types or subtypes of influenza viruses. Overall, the study deepens our understanding of the diversity and complexity of interactions between influenza viruses and humans, and provides a valuable resource for further studies on such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ruina You
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiru Li
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuidong Feng
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Huan Ma
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaohao Tuo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Song Feng
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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6
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Braz Gomes K, Vijayanand S, Bagwe P, Menon I, Kale A, Patil S, Kang SM, Uddin MN, D’Souza MJ. Vaccine-Induced Immunity Elicited by Microneedle Delivery of Influenza Ectodomain Matrix Protein 2 Virus-like Particle (M2e VLP)-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10612. [PMID: 37445784 PMCID: PMC10341628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on developing an influenza vaccine delivered in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) using dissolving microneedles. We first formulated an influenza extracellular matrix protein 2 virus-like particle (M2e VLP)-loaded with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles, yielding M2e5x VLP PLGA NPs. The vaccine particles were characterized for their physical properties and in vitro immunogenicity. Next, the M2e5x VLP PLGA NPs, along with the adjuvant Alhydrogel® and monophosphoryl lipid A® (MPL-A®) PLGA NPs, were loaded into fast-dissolving microneedles. The vaccine microneedle patches were then evaluated in vivo in a murine model. The results from this study demonstrated that the vaccine nanoparticles effectively stimulated antigen-presenting cells in vitro resulting in enhanced autophagy, nitric oxide, and antigen presentation. In mice, the vaccine elicited M2e-specific antibodies in both serum and lung supernatants (post-challenge) and induced significant expression of CD4+ and CD8+ populations in the lymph nodes and spleens of immunized mice. Hence, this study demonstrated that polymeric particulates for antigen and adjuvant encapsulation, delivered using fast-dissolving microneedles, significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of a conserved influenza antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Braz Gomes
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Sharon Vijayanand
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Priyal Bagwe
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ipshita Menon
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Akanksha Kale
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Smital Patil
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Mohammad N. Uddin
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Martin J. D’Souza
- Center for Drug Delivery and Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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7
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Chaiyawong S, Charoenkul K, Udom K, Chamsai E, Jairak W, Boonyapisitsopa S, Bunpapong N, Amonsin A. Genetic characterization of influenza A virus subtypes H11N6, H11N7, and H11N9 isolated from free-grazing ducks, Thailand. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:726-739. [PMID: 35001520 PMCID: PMC9178063 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect avian species and several mammalian species including humans. Anseriformes water birds are an important reservoir of IAVs. In this study, we identified and characterized IAV subtypes H11N6 (n = 5), H11N7 (n = 3), and H11N9 (n = 3) isolated during the influenza surveillance program in free-grazing ducks from 2012 to 2015 in Thailand. Eleven IAV-H11 viruses were characterized by either whole genome sequencing (n = 5) or HA and NA gene sequencing (n = 6) for phylogenetic and amino acid analyses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Thai IAV-H11 were grouped into Avian Eurasian lineage. Amino acid analysis showed that all Thai IAV-H11 viruses have low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) characteristics and sensitive to Oseltamivir and Amantadine. Novel reassortant viruses (IAV-H11N7 and IAV-H11N9) have been observed. The reassortant viruses contained NP, M, and NS gene segments which originate from intercontinental sources which never been reported in Thai IAVs. In summary, this study demonstrated high genetic diversity of IAV-H11 circulating in free-grazing ducks. Free-grazing ducks infected with IAVs generated novel reassortant IAV-H11. Thus, surveillance of IAVs in free-grazing ducks should be routinely conducted to monitor novel reassortant viruses and subsequently potential virulence viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supassama Chaiyawong
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kitikhun Udom
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekkapat Chamsai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waleemas Jairak
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Boonyapisitsopa
- Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napawan Bunpapong
- Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Center of Excellence, and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Hu X, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Gong W, Sun X, Yang L, Zhang Q, Jin M. Akkermansia muciniphila Improves Host Defense Against Influenza Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:586476. [PMID: 33603716 PMCID: PMC7884316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection can alter the composition of the gut microbiota, while its pathogenicity can, in turn, be highly influenced by the gut microbiota. However, the details underlying these associations remain to be determined. The H7N9 influenza virus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen which has caused the death of 616 humans and has incurred huge losses in the poultry industry. Here, we investigated the effects of infection with highly pathogenic H7N9 on gut microbiota and determined potential anti-influenza microbes. 16S rRNA sequencing results show that H7N9 infection alters the mouse gut microbiota by promoting the growth of Akkermansia, Ruminococcus 1, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, and reducing the abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Lachnoclostridium. Although the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila is positively related to H7N9 infection, the oral administration of cultures, especially of pasteurized A. muciniphila, can significantly reduce weight loss and mortality caused by H7N9 infection in mice. Furthermore, oral administration of live or pasteurized A. muciniphila significantly reduces pulmonary viral titers and the levels IL-1β and IL-6 but enhances the levels of IFN-β, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in H7N9-infected mice, suggesting that the anti-influenza role of A. muciniphila is due to its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. Taken together, we showed that the changes in the gut microbiota are associated with H7N9 infection and demonstrated the anti-influenza role of A. muciniphila, which enriches current knowledge about how specific gut bacterial strains protect against influenza infection and suggests a potential anti-influenza probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Hu
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiao Gong
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- Unit of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
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9
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Chen X, Guo F, Pan J, Shen X, Li Y, Irwin DM, Shen Y. Rare homologous recombination in H3N2 avian influenza A viruses. J Infect 2019; 80:350-371. [PMID: 31758955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fucheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junbin Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuejuan Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhaoqing Institute of Biotechnology, Zhaoqing 526238, China.
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10
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Ryt-Hansen P, Larsen I, Kristensen CS, Krog JS, Larsen LE. Limited impact of influenza A virus vaccination of piglets in an enzootic infected sow herd. Res Vet Sci 2019; 127:47-56. [PMID: 31677416 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have questioned the effect of maternal derived antibodies (MDAs) to protect piglets against infection with influenza A virus (IAV). The lack of protection against IAV infections provided by MDAs has encouraged alternative vaccination strategies targeting young piglets in an attempt to stimulate an early antibody response. There is a lack of studies documenting the efficacy of piglet vaccination. In the present study, we monitored a group of vaccinated and non-vaccinated piglets in a Danish sow herd that initiated piglet vaccination with ¼ dose of an inactivated swine influenza vaccine at the time of castration (day 3-4). A total of 160 piglets from 11 sows were included and either vaccinated with 0.5 mL inactivated swine influenza vaccine or sham-vaccinated. From week 0 until week 6, all included piglets were clinically examined and nasal swapped once per week and weighed at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Blood samples were collected from sows at week 0 and from piglets at week 3. Vaccination of piglets had limited effect on clinical signs, body weight, antibody development and viral shedding, within the first 6 weeks of life. At least 50% of all pigs of each treatment group tested positive for IAV at week 2, and very early onset of IAV shedding was observed. In total, 18 pigs were IAV positive in nasal swabs for more than one consecutive sampling time indicating prolonged shedding and 14 pigs were IAV positive with negative samplings in between indicating re-infection with the same IAV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Inge Larsen
- Dpt. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Grønnegårdsvej 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | | - Jesper Schak Krog
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; Dpt. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Grønnegårdsvej 2, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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11
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Toth E, Dawson ED, Taylor AW, Stoughton RS, Blair RH, Johnson JE, Slinskey A, Fessler R, Smith CB, Talbot S, Rowlen K. FluChip-8G Insight: HA and NA subtyping of potentially pandemic influenza A viruses in a single assay. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 14:55-60. [PMID: 31608599 PMCID: PMC6928037 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global influenza surveillance in humans and animals is a critical component of pandemic preparedness. The FluChip-8G Insight assay was developed to subtype both seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza viruses in a single assay with a same day result. FluChip-8G Insight uses whole gene segment RT-PCR-based amplification to provide robustness against genetic drift and subsequent microarray detection with artificial neural network-based data interpretation. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to verify and validate the performance of the FluChip-8G Insight assay for the detection and positive identification of human and animal origin non-seasonal influenza A specimens. METHODS We evaluated the ability of the FluChip-8G Insight technology to type and HA and NA subtype a sample set consisting of 297 results from 180 unique non-seasonal influenza A strains (49 unique subtypes). RESULTS FluChip-8G Insight demonstrated a positive percent agreement ≥93% for 5 targeted HA and 5 targeted NA subtypes except for H9 (88%), and negative percent agreement exceeding 95% for all targeted subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The FluChip-8G Insight neural network-based algorithm used for virus identification performed well over a data set of 297 naïve sample results, and can be easily updated to improve performance on emerging strains without changing the underlying assay chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Catherine B Smith
- Influenza Division, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Talbot
- Influenza Division, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Liu JH, Chang CC, Chen CW, Wong LT, Chu YW. Conservation region finding for influenza A viruses by machine learning methods of N-linked glycosylation sites and B-cell epitopes. Math Biosci 2019; 315:108217. [PMID: 31220511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2019.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza type A, a serious infectious disease of the human respiratory tract, poses an enormous threat to human health worldwide. It leads to high mortality rates in poultry, pigs, and humans. The primary target identity regions for the human immune system are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), two surface proteins of the influenza A virus. Research and development of vaccines is highly complex because the influenza A virus evolves rapidly. This study focused on three genetic features of viral surface proteins: ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence conservation, linear B-cell epitopes, and N-linked glycosylation. On the basis of these three properties, we analyzed 12,832 HA and 9487 NA protein sequences, which we retrieved from the influenza virus database. We classified the viral surface protein sequences into the 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes that have been identified thus far. Using available analytic tools, we searched for the representative strain of each virus subtype. Furthermore, using machine learning methods, we looked for conservation regions with sequences showing linear B-cell epitopes and N-linked glycosylation. Compared to the prediction of the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) antibody neutralization response (i.e., screening of antibody sequence regions), in this study, the virus sequence coverage was large and accurate and contained N-linked glycosylation sites. The results of this study proved that we can use the machine learning-based prediction method to solve the problem of vaccine invalidation that occurred during the rapid evolution of the influenza A virus and also as a prevaccine assessment. In addition, the screening fragments can be used as a universal influenza vaccine design reference in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone-Han Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chang Chang
- School of Medical Informatics, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; IT Office, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ting Wong
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Wei Chu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; Biotechnology Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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13
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Höfer CT, Di Lella S, Dahmani I, Jungnick N, Bordag N, Bobone S, Huang Q, Keller S, Herrmann A, Chiantia S. Structural determinants of the interaction between influenza A virus matrix protein M1 and lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1123-1134. [PMID: 30902626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a pathogen responsible for severe seasonal epidemics threatening human and animal populations every year. One of the ten major proteins encoded by the viral genome, the matrix protein M1, is abundantly produced in infected cells and plays a structural role in determining the morphology of the virus. During assembly of new viral particles, M1 is recruited to the host cell membrane where it associates with lipids and other viral proteins. The structure of M1 is only partially known. In particular, structural details of M1 interactions with the cellular plasma membrane as well as M1-protein interactions and multimerization have not been clarified, yet. In this work, we employed a set of complementary experimental and theoretical tools to tackle these issues. Using raster image correlation, surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopies, we quantified membrane association and oligomerization of full-length M1 and of different genetically engineered M1 constructs (i.e., N- and C-terminally truncated constructs and a mutant of the polybasic region, residues 95-105). Furthermore, we report novel information on structural changes in M1 occurring upon binding to membranes. Our experimental results are corroborated by an all-atom model of the full-length M1 protein bound to a negatively charged lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Höfer
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Di Lella
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Dahmani
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - N Jungnick
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Bordag
- Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Biophysics of Membrane Proteins, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bobone
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Q Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd, WuJiaoChang, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai Shi 200433, China
| | - S Keller
- Molecular Biophysics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 13, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - A Herrmann
- Institute for Biology, IRI Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Chiantia
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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14
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Khan A, AlBalwi MA, AlAbdulkareem I, AlMasoud A, AlAsiri A, AlHarbi W, AlSehile F, El-Saed A, Balkhy HH. Atypical influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strains caused an influenza virus outbreak in Saudi Arabia during the 2009-2011 pandemic season. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:557-567. [PMID: 30799182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triple assortment influenza A(H1N1) virus emerged in spring 2009 and disseminated worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. This study was carried out to characterize Saudi influenza isolates in relation to the global strains and to evaluate the potential role of mutated residues in transmission, adaptation, and the pathogenicity of the virus. METHODS Nasopharyngeal samples (n = 6492) collected between September 2009 to March 2011 from patients with influenza-like illness were screened by PCR for influenza A(H1N1). Phylogenetic and Molecular evolutionary analysis were carried out to place the Saudi strains in relation to the global strains followed by Mutation analysis of surface and internal proteins. RESULTS Concatenated whole-genome phylogenetic analysis along with hemagglutinin (HA) signature changes, that is, Aspartic Acid (D) at position 187, P83S, S203T, and R223Q confirmed that the Saudi strains belong to the antigenic category of A/California/07/2009. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed unusual strains of A(H1N1) circulating in Saudi Arabia, not belonging to any of known clades, appearing in five distinct groups well supported by group-specific mutations and novel mutation complexes. These cases had characteristic inter- and intragroup substitution patterns while few of their closest matches showed up as sporadic cases the world over. Specific mutation patterns were detected within the functional domains of internal proteins PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NS1, and M2 having a putative role in viral fitness and virulence. Bayesian coalescent MCMC analysis revealed that Saudi strains belonged to cluster 2 of A(H1N1)pdm09 and spread a month later as compared to other strains of this cluster. CONCLUSION Influenza outbreak in Saudi Arabia during 2009-2011 was caused by atypical strains of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, probably introduced in this community on multiple occasions. To understand the antigenic significance of these novel point mutations and mutation complexes require functional studies, which will be crucial for risk assessment of emergent strains and defining infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Khan
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A AlBalwi
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibraheem AlAbdulkareem
- Intramural health sciences research, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman AlMasoud
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman AlAsiri
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wardah AlHarbi
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal AlSehile
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman El-Saed
- Department of Infection Prevention & Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan H Balkhy
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infection Prevention & Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Guo Z, Wilson JR, York IA, Stevens J. Biosensor-based epitope mapping of antibodies targeting the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza A virus. J Immunol Methods 2018; 461:23-29. [PMID: 30053389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the epitopes on antigen recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is useful for the development of therapeutic antibodies, diagnostic tools, and vaccines. Epitope mapping also provides functional information for sequence-based repertoire analysis of antibody response to pathogen infection and/or vaccination. However, development of mapping strategies has lagged behind mAb discovery. We have developed a site-directed mutagenesis approach that can be used in conjunction with bio-layer interferometry (BLI) biosensors to map mAb epitopes. By generating a panel of single point mutants in the recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of influenza A viruses, we have characterized the epitopes of hundreds of mAbs targeting the H1 and H3 subtypes of HA and the N9 subtype of NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason R Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; CNI Advantage, LLC, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Liu YF, Lai HZ, Li L, Liu YP, Zhang WY, Gao R, Huang WK, Luo QF, Gao Y, Luo Q, Xie XY, Xu JH, Chen RA. Endemic Variation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in China. Avian Dis 2017; 60:817-825. [PMID: 27902899 DOI: 10.1637/11452-061616-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two H9N2 subtype AIV strains were isolated from vaccinated commercial chickens in China from 2012 to 2015. Their HA genes had nucleotide sequence homology from 86.7% to 99.7%, and similarity to the classic vaccine strain was 88.6%-92.6%. A comparison was carried out with published HA genes (410 H9 strains) and whole genomes (306 strains) isolated in China during 2012-2015. Interestingly, 99.1% (448/452) of Chinese H9N2 AIV belonged to lineage h9.4.2, and 98.5% (445/452) of the viruses belonged to h9.4.2.5. Meanwhile, 99.6% (443/445) of lineage 9.4.2.5 viruses had PSRSSR↓GLF instead of PARSSR↓GLF motifs in the HA cleavage sites; 98.2% (444/452) of HA genes showed human receptor binding associated mutation Q226L. A total of 96.8% (337/348) of the viruses had three amino-acid deletions at 63-65 in the NA stalk, associated with enhanced virulence in chickens and mice; 97.1% (338/348) of M2 proteins had the S31N mutation associated with adamantane resistance in humans. Two H9 viruses isolated in this study were highly homologous to the human-origin H9N2 virus reported in 2013. The isolates were divided into four different genotypes (U, S, V, and W). Genotype S was the major one, accounting for 94.8% (330/348). Genotypes V and W were new reassortment genotypes, with genotype W recombined with the PB2 gene originating from the new wild waterfowl-like lineage. According to the cross-HI antibody titer data, HA gene evolution, and isolation history, the isolates were divided into A, B, and C antigenic groups successively. All the antigenic group viruses were found to circulate throughout China. This study emphasizes the importance of updated vaccine and strengthened veterinary biosecurity on poultry farms and trade markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Liu
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Han-Zhang Lai
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Lin Li
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Ren Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Wen-Ke Huang
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qin-Fang Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Yan Gao
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xie
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China
| | - Jia-Hua Xu
- B Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Development for Animal Epidemic Prevention, Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Guangdong Wens Dahuanong Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 6 Dongdi North Road, Xincheng Town, Xinxing County, Yunfu City, 527400, China.,C Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Biotechnology R&D of Veterinary Biological Products, Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biological Medicine Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing High-Tech Development Zone, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province 526238, China
| | - Rui-Ai Chen
- A College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
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17
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Fadel HM, Afifi R. Investigation of avian influenza infection in wild birds in Ismailia and Damietta cities, Egypt. Vet World 2017; 10:695-701. [PMID: 28717324 PMCID: PMC5499089 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.695-701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was carried out to monitor avian influenza (AI) infection in wild birds in Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 135 wild birds were examined for the presence of H5, H7, and H9 hemagglutination inhibition antibodies. Organs and swab samples of 75 birds were screened by multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) to detect AI subtypes H5, H7, and H9 matrix genes. Results: The highest seropositive result was recorded in cattle egrets (90.9%) followed by crows (88.6%), semi-captive pigeons (44.8%), and moorhens (39.1%). In cattle egrets, semi-captive pigeons and moorhens, H5 antibodies predominated. In crows, H9 antibodies predominated. Multiple infections with two or three virus subtypes were highest in crows (6/39, 15.4%) followed by cattle egrets (3/30, 10%) and moorhens’ (1/9, 11.1%) positive samples. Multiplex RRT-PCR results revealed two positive samples in cattle egrets and moorhens. Conclusion: The results indicated high seropositive rates against AI virus subtypes H5 and H9 in the examined wild birds. Multiple infections with more than one AI virus (AIV) subtypes were detected in some birds. This requires a collaboration of efforts to monitor AIV infection in wild birds and implement suitable early intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Mohamed Fadel
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rabab Afifi
- Department of Wildlife and Zoo Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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18
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Zhang S, Wang R, Su H, Wang B, Sizhu S, Lei Z, Jin M, Chen H, Cao J, Zhou H. Sus scrofa miR-204 and miR-4331 Negatively Regulate Swine H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting Viral HA and NS, Respectively. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040749. [PMID: 28368362 PMCID: PMC5412334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of swine pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus (SIV-H1N1/2009) in pigs has the potential to generate novel reassortant viruses, posing a great threat to human health. Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven as promising small molecules for regulating influenza A virus replication by directly targeting viral genomic RNA. In this study, we predicted potential Sus scrofa (ssc-, swine) miRNAs targeting the genomic RNA of SIV-H1N1/2009 by RegRNA 2.0, and identified ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 to target viral HA and NS respectively through dual-luciferase reporter assays. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of viral HA and NS were significantly suppressed when newborn pig trachea (NPTr) cells respectively overexpressed ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 and were infected with SIV-H1N1/2009, whereas the suppression effect could be restored when respectively decreasing endogenous ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 with inhibitors. Because of the importance of viral HA and NS in the life cycle of influenza A virus, ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 exhibited an inhibition effect on SIV-H1N1/2009 replication. The antiviral effect was sequence-specific of SIV-H1N1/2009, for the target sites in HA and NS of H5N1 or H9N2 influenza A virus were not conserved. Furthermore, SIV-H1N1/2009 infection reversely downregulated the expression of ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331, which might facilitate the virus replication in the host. In summary, this work will provide us some important clues for controlling the prevalence of SIV-H1N1/2009 in pig populations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sus scrofa
- Trachea/cytology
- Trachea/metabolism
- Trachea/virology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ruifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huijuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Biaoxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Suolang Sizhu
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiyue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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19
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Sequeira DP, Correia R, Carrondo MJT, Roldão A, Teixeira AP, Alves PM. Combining stable insect cell lines with baculovirus-mediated expression for multi-HA influenza VLP production. Vaccine 2017; 36:3112-3123. [PMID: 28291648 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Safer and broadly protective vaccines are needed to cope with the continuous evolution of circulating influenza virus strains and promising approaches based on the expression of multiple hemagglutinins (HA) in a virus-like particle (VLP) have been proposed. However, expression of multiple genes in the same vector can lead to its instability due to tandem repetition of similar sequences. By combining stable with transient expression systems we can rationally distribute the number of genes to be expressed per platform and thus mitigate this risk. In this work, we developed a modular system comprising stable and baculovirus-mediated expression in insect cells for production of multi-HA influenza enveloped VLPs. First, a stable insect High Five cell population expressing two different HA proteins from subtype H3 was established. Infection of this cell population with a baculovirus vector encoding three other HA proteins from H3 subtype proved to be as competitive as traditional co-infection approaches in producing a pentavalent H3 VLP. Aiming at increasing HA expression, the stable insect cell population was infected at increasingly higher cell concentrations (CCI). However, cultures infected at CCI of 3×106cells/mL showed lower HA titers per cell in comparison to standard CCI of 2×106cells/mL, a phenomenon named "cell density effect". To lessen the negative impact of this phenomenon, a tailor-made refeed strategy was designed based on the exhaustion of key nutrients during cell growth. Noteworthy, cultures supplemented and infected at a CCI of 4×106cells/mL showed comparable HA titers per cell to those of CCI of 2×106cells/mL, thus leading to an increase of up to 4-fold in HA titers per mL. Scalability of the modular strategy herein proposed was successfully demonstrated in 2L stirred tank bioreactors with comparable HA protein levels observed between bioreactor and shake flasks cultures. Overall, this work demonstrates the suitability of combining stable with baculovirus-mediated expression in insect cells as an efficient platform for production of multi-HA influenza VLPs, surpassing the drawbacks of traditional co-infection strategies and/or the use of larger, unstable vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Sequeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Roldão
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Unique safety issues associated with virus-vectored vaccines: Potential for and theoretical consequences of recombination with wild type virus strains. Vaccine 2016; 34:6610-6616. [PMID: 27346303 PMCID: PMC5204448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2003 and 2013, the World Health Organization convened informal consultations on characterization and quality aspects of vaccines based on live virus vectors. In the resulting reports, one of several issues raised for future study was the potential for recombination of virus-vectored vaccines with wild type pathogenic virus strains. This paper presents an assessment of this issue formulated by the Brighton Collaboration. To provide an appropriate context for understanding the potential for recombination of virus-vectored vaccines, we review briefly the current status of virus-vectored vaccines, mechanisms of recombination between viruses, experience with recombination involving live attenuated vaccines in the field, and concerns raised previously in the literature regarding recombination of virus-vectored vaccines with wild type virus strains. We then present a discussion of the major variables that could influence recombination between a virus-vectored vaccine and circulating wild type virus and the consequences of such recombination, including intrinsic recombination properties of the parent virus used as a vector; sequence relatedness of vector and wild virus; virus host range, pathogenesis and transmission; replication competency of vector in target host; mechanism of vector attenuation; additional factors potentially affecting virulence; and circulation of multiple recombinant vectors in the same target population. Finally, we present some guiding principles for vector design and testing intended to anticipate and mitigate the potential for and consequences of recombination of virus-vectored vaccines with wild type pathogenic virus strains.
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21
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In vitro responses of chicken macrophage-like monocytes following exposure to pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli ghosts loaded with a rational design of conserved genetic materials of influenza and Newcastle disease viruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 176:5-17. [PMID: 27288852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two important viral diseases in the poultry industry. Therefore, new disease-fighting strategies, especially effective genetic vaccination, are in high demand. Bacterial Ghost (BG) is a promising platform for delivering genetic materials to macrophages, cells that are among the first to encounter these viruses. However, there is no investigation on the immune response of these macrophage-targeted treatments. Here, we investigated the effect of genetic materials of AIV and NDV on the gene expression profile of important pro-inflammatory cytokines, a chemokine, a transcription factor, major histocompatibility complexes, and the viability of the chicken macrophage-like monocyte cells (CMM). Our genetic construct contained the external domain of matrix protein 2 and nucleoprotein gene of AIV, and immunodominant epitopes of fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins of NDV (hereinafter referred to as pAIV-Vax), delivered via the pathogenic and non-pathogenic BGs (Escherichia coli O78K80 and E. coli TOP10 respectively). The results demonstrated that both types of BGs were able to efficiently deliver the construct to the CMM, although the pathogenic strain derived BG was a significantly better stimulant and delivery vehicle. Both BGs were safe regarding LPS toxicity and did not induce any cell death. Furthermore, the loaded BGs were more powerful in modulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines' responses and antigen presentation systems in comparison to the unloaded BGs. Nitric oxide production of the BG-stimulated cells was also comparable to those challenged by the live bacteria. According to the results, the combination of pAIV-Vax construct and E. coli O78K80 BG is promising in inducing a considerable innate and adaptive immune response against AIV-NDV and perhaps the pathogenic E. coli, provided that the current combination be a potential candidate for in vivo testing regarding the development of an effective trivalent DNA vaccine against avian influenza and Newcastle disease, as well as a bacterial ghost vaccine against avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC).
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22
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Douam F, Gaska JM, Winer BY, Ding Q, von Schaewen M, Ploss A. Genetic Dissection of the Host Tropism of Human-Tropic Pathogens. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 49:21-45. [PMID: 26407032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although the host multitropism of some pathogens has rendered their manipulation possible in animal models, the human-restricted tropism of numerous viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites has seriously hampered our understanding of these pathogens. Hence, uncovering the genetic basis underlying the narrow tropism of such pathogens is critical for understanding their mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. Moreover, such genetic dissection is essential for the generation of permissive animal models that can serve as critical tools for the development of therapeutics or vaccines against challenging human pathogens. In this review, we describe different experimental approaches utilized to uncover the genetic foundation regulating pathogen host tropism as well as their relevance for studying the tropism of several important human pathogens. Finally, we discuss the current and future uses of this knowledge for generating genetically modified animal models permissive for these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Jenna M Gaska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Benjamin Y Winer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; , , , , ,
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23
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Majid L, Zagorodnyaya T, Plant EP, Petrovskaya S, Bidzhieva B, Ye Z, Simonyan V, Chumakov K. Deep Sequencing for Evaluation of Genetic Stability of Influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) Vaccine Viruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138650. [PMID: 26407068 PMCID: PMC4583247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus growth during influenza vaccine manufacture can lead to mutations that alter antigenic properties of the virus, and thus may affect protective potency of the vaccine. Different reassortants of pandemic "swine" H1N1 influenza A vaccine (121XP, X-179A and X-181) viruses as well as wild type A/California/07/2009(H1N1) and A/PR/8/34 strains were propagated in embryonated eggs and used for DNA/RNA Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq sequencing. The RNA sequences of these viruses published in NCBI were used as references for alignment of the sequencing reads generated in this study. Consensus sequences of these viruses differed from the NCBI-deposited sequences at several nucleotides. 121XP stock derived by reverse genetics was more heterogeneous than X-179A and X-181 stocks prepared by conventional reassortant technology. Passaged 121XP virus contained four non-synonymous mutations in the HA gene. One of these mutations (Lys226Glu) was located in the Ca antigenic site of HA (present in 18% of the population). Two non-synonymous mutations were present in HA of viruses derived from X-179A: Pro314Gln (18%) and Asn146Asp (78%). The latter mutation located in the Sa antigenic site was also detected at a low level (11%) in the wild-type A/California/07/2009(H1N1) virus, and was present as a complete substitution in X-181 viruses derived from X-179A virus. In the passaged X-181 viruses, two mutations emerged in HA: a silent mutation A1398G (31%) in one batch and G756T (Glu252Asp, 47%) in another batch. The latter mutation was located in the conservative region of the antigenic site Ca. The protocol for RNA sequencing was found to be robust, reproducible, and suitable for monitoring genetic consistency of influenza vaccine seed stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laassri Majid
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatiana Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Ewan P. Plant
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Petrovskaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Bella Bidzhieva
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Vahan Simonyan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, United States of America
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24
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Koçer ZA, Carter R, Wu G, Zhang J, Webster RG. The Genomic Contributions of Avian H1N1 Influenza A Viruses to the Evolution of Mammalian Strains. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208281 PMCID: PMC4514870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the influenza A viruses (IAVs) in wild aquatic birds, only H1, H2, and H3 subtypes have caused epidemics in humans. H1N1 viruses of avian origin have also caused 3 of 5 pandemics. To understand the reappearance of H1N1 in the context of pandemic emergence, we investigated whether avian H1N1 IAVs have contributed to the evolution of human, swine, and 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAVs. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, we concluded that the polymerase gene segments (especially PB2 and PA) circulating in North American avian H1N1 IAVs have been reintroduced to swine multiple times, resulting in different lineages that led to the emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAVs. Moreover, the similar topologies of hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein and neuraminidase and matrix gene segments suggest that each surface glycoprotein coevolved with an internal gene segment within the H1N1 subtype. The genotype of avian H1N1 IAVs of Charadriiformes origin isolated in 2009 differs from that of avian H1N1 IAVs of Anseriformes origin. When the antigenic sites in the hemagglutinin of all 31 North American avian H1N1 IAVs were considered, 60%-80% of the amino acids at the antigenic sites were identical to those in 1918 and/or 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. Thus, although the pathogenicity of avian H1N1 IAVs could not be inferred from the phylogeny due to the small dataset, the evolutionary process within the H1N1 IAV subtype suggests that the circulation of H1N1 IAVs in wild birds poses a continuous threat for future influenza pandemics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep A. Koçer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert Carter
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Synergistic Effect of S224P and N383D Substitutions in the PA of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Contributes to Mammalian Adaptation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10510. [PMID: 26000865 PMCID: PMC4441148 DOI: 10.1038/srep10510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of H5N1 avian influenza viruses to human poses a great threat to public health. Previous studies indicate the adaptive mutations in viral polymerase of avian influenza viruses are major contributors in overcoming the host species barrier, with the majority of mammalian adaptive mutations occurring in the PB2 protein. However, the adaptive mutations in the PA protein of the H5N1 avian influenza virus are less defined and poorly understood. In this study, we identified the synergistic effect of the PA/224P + 383D of H5N1 avian influenza viruses and its ability to enhance the pathogenicity and viral replication in a mammalian mouse model. Interestingly, the signature of PA/224P + 383D mainly exists in mammalian isolates of the H5N1 influenza virus and pdmH1N1 influenza virus, providing a potential pathway for the natural adaptation to mammals which imply the effects of natural adaptation to mammals. Notably, the mutation of PA/383D, which is highly conserved in avian influenza viruses, increases the polymerase activity in both avian and human cells, and may have roles in maintaining the avian influenza virus in their avian reservoirs, and jumping species to infect humans.
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26
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Carrillo-Vazquez JP, Correa-Basurto J, García-Machorro J, Campos-Rodríguez R, Moreau V, Rosas-Trigueros JL, Reyes-López CA, Rojas-López M, Zamorano-Carrillo A. A continuous peptide epitope reacting with pandemic influenza AH1N1 predicted by bioinformatic approaches. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:553-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos; Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Jazmin García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación; Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge L. Rosas-Trigueros
- Laboratorio Transdisciplinario de Investigación en Sistemas Evolutivos SEPI-ESCOM-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Cesar A. Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional; Doctorado en Biotecnología ENMH-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | | | - Absalom Zamorano-Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biofísica Computacional; Doctorado en Biotecnología ENMH-IPN; Mexico, D.F. Mexico
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27
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Prospects of HA-based universal influenza vaccine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:414637. [PMID: 25785268 PMCID: PMC4345066 DOI: 10.1155/2015/414637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines afford substantial protection in humans by inducing strain-specific neutralizing antibodies (Abs). Most of these Abs target highly variable immunodominant epitopes in the globular domain of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Therefore, current vaccines may not be able to induce heterosubtypic immunity against the divergent influenza subtypes. The identification of broadly neutralizing Abs (BnAbs) against influenza HA using recent technological advancements in antibody libraries, hybridoma, and isolation of single Ab-secreting plasma cells has increased the interest in developing a universal influenza vaccine as it could provide life-long protection. While these BnAbs can serve as a source for passive immunotherapy, their identification represents an important step towards the design of such a universal vaccine. This review describes the recent advances and approaches used in the development of universal influenza vaccine based on highly conserved HA regions identified by BnAbs.
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28
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Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) stem region mutations that stabilize or destabilize the structure of multiple HA subtypes. J Virol 2015; 89:4504-16. [PMID: 25653452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00057-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza A viruses enter host cells through endosomes, where acidification induces irreversible conformational changes of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) that drive the membrane fusion process. The prefusion conformation of the HA is metastable, and the pH of fusion can vary significantly among HA strains and subtypes. Furthermore, an accumulating body of evidence implicates HA stability properties as partial determinants of influenza host range, transmission phenotype, and pathogenic potential. Although previous studies have identified HA mutations that can affect HA stability, these have been limited to a small selection of HA strains and subtypes. Here we report a mutational analysis of HA stability utilizing a panel of expressed HAs representing a broad range of HA subtypes and strains, including avian representatives across the phylogenetic spectrum and several human strains. We focused on two highly conserved residues in the HA stem region: HA2 position 58, located at the membrane distal tip of the short helix of the hairpin loop structure, and HA2 position 112, located in the long helix in proximity to the fusion peptide. We demonstrate that a K58I mutation confers an acid-stable phenotype for nearly all HAs examined, whereas a D112G mutation consistently leads to elevated fusion pH. The results enhance our understanding of HA stability across multiple subtypes and provide an additional tool for risk assessment for circulating strains that may have other hallmarks of human adaptation. Furthermore, the K58I mutants, in particular, may be of interest for potential use in the development of vaccines with improved stability profiles. IMPORTANCE The influenza A hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) mediates the receptor binding and membrane fusion functions that are essential for virus entry into host cells. While receptor binding has long been recognized for its role in host species specificity and transmission, membrane fusion and associated properties of HA stability have only recently been appreciated as potential determinants. We show here that mutations can be introduced at highly conserved positions to stabilize or destabilize the HA structure of multiple HA subtypes, expanding our knowledge base for this important phenotype. The practical implications of these findings extend to the field of vaccine design, since the HA mutations characterized here could potentially be utilized across a broad spectrum of influenza virus subtypes to improve the stability of vaccine strains or components.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Lethal mutagenesis is a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy that exploits the high mutation rate and low mutational tolerance of many RNA viruses. This approach uses mutagenic drugs to increase viral mutation rates and burden viral populations with mutations that reduce the number of infectious progeny. We investigated the effectiveness of lethal mutagenesis as a strategy against influenza virus using three nucleoside analogs, ribavirin, 5-azacytidine, and 5-fluorouracil. All three drugs were active against a panel of seasonal H3N2 and laboratory-adapted H1N1 strains. We found that each drug increased the frequency of mutations in influenza virus populations and decreased the virus' specific infectivity, indicating a mutagenic mode of action. We were able to drive viral populations to extinction by passaging influenza virus in the presence of each drug, indicating that complete lethal mutagenesis of influenza virus populations can be achieved when a sufficient mutational burden is applied. Population-wide resistance to these mutagenic agents did not arise after serial passage of influenza virus populations in sublethal concentrations of drug. Sequencing of these drug-passaged viral populations revealed genome-wide accumulation of mutations at low frequency. The replicative capacity of drug-passaged populations was reduced at higher multiplicities of infection, suggesting the presence of defective interfering particles and a possible barrier to the evolution of resistance. Together, our data suggest that lethal mutagenesis may be a particularly effective therapeutic approach with a high genetic barrier to resistance for influenza virus. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is an RNA virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality during annual epidemics. Novel therapies for RNA viruses are needed due to the ease with which these viruses evolve resistance to existing therapeutics. Lethal mutagenesis is a broad-spectrum strategy that exploits the high mutation rate and the low mutational tolerance of most RNA viruses. It is thought to possess a higher barrier to resistance than conventional antiviral strategies. We investigated the effectiveness of lethal mutagenesis against influenza virus using three different drugs. We showed that influenza virus was sensitive to lethal mutagenesis by demonstrating that all three drugs induced mutations and led to an increase in the generation of defective viral particles. We also found that it may be difficult for resistance to these drugs to arise at a population-wide level. Our data suggest that lethal mutagenesis may be an attractive anti-influenza strategy that warrants further investigation.
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30
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Koçer ZA, Fan Y, Huether R, Obenauer J, Webby RJ, Zhang J, Webster RG, Wu G. Survival analysis of infected mice reveals pathogenic variations in the genome of avian H1N1 viruses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7455. [PMID: 25503687 PMCID: PMC4264002 DOI: 10.1038/srep07455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most influenza pandemics have been caused by H1N1 viruses of purely or partially avian origin. Here, using Cox proportional hazard model, we attempt to identify the genetic variations in the whole genome of wild-type North American avian H1N1 influenza A viruses that are associated with their virulence in mice by residue variations, host origins of virus (Anseriformes-ducks or Charadriiformes-shorebirds), and host-residue interactions. In addition, through structural modeling, we predicted that several polymorphic sites associated with pathogenicity were located in structurally important sites, especially in the polymerase complex and NS genes. Our study introduces a new approach to identify pathogenic variations in wild-type viruses circulating in the natural reservoirs and ultimately to understand their infectious risks to humans as part of risk assessment efforts towards the emergence of future pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep A Koçer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - Robert Huether
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - John Obenauer
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Virology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States
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31
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Cao S, Jiang J, Li J, Li Y, Yang L, Wang S, Yan J, Gao GF, Liu W. Characterization of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle of the matrix protein of influenza B virus. J Virol 2014; 88:7464-73. [PMID: 24741102 PMCID: PMC4054458 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00794-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza B virus is an enveloped negative-strand RNA virus that contributes considerably to annual influenza illnesses in human. The matrix protein of influenza B virus (BM1) acts as a cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling protein during the early and late stages of infection. The mechanism of this intracellular transport of BM1 was revealed through the identification of two leucine-rich CRM1-dependent nuclear export signals (NESs) (3 to 14 amino acids [aa] and 124 to 133 aa), one bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) (76 to 94 aa), and two phosphorylation sites (80T and 84S) in BM1. The biological function of the NLS and NES regions were determined through the observation of the intracellular distribution of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged signal peptides, and wild-type, NES-mutant, and NLS-mutant EGFP-BM1. Furthermore, the NLS phosphorylation sites 80T and 84S, were found to be required for the nuclear accumulation of EGFP-NLS and for the efficient binding of EGFP-BM1 to human importin-α1. Moreover, all of these regions/sites were required for the generation of viable influenza B virus in a 12-plasmid virus rescue system. IMPORTANCE This study expands our understanding of the life cycle of influenza B virus by defining the dynamic mechanism of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttle of BM1 and could provide a scientific basis for the development of antiviral medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cao
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F Gao
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Center for Molecular Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China China-Japan Joint Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Simeonova L, Galabov A. Chemotherapy of Influenza: Current and Novel Approach. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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El Zowalaty ME, Bustin SA, Husseiny MI, Ashour HM. Avian influenza: virology, diagnosis and surveillance. Future Microbiol 2014; 8:1209-27. [PMID: 24020746 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is the causative agent of a zoonotic disease that affects populations worldwide with often devastating economic and health consequences. Most AIV subtypes cause little or no disease in waterfowl, but outbreaks in poultry can be associated with high mortality. Although transmission of AIV to humans occurs rarely and is strain dependent, the virus has the ability to mutate or reassort into a form that triggers a life-threatening infection. The constant emergence of new influenza strains makes it particularly challenging to predict the behavior, spread, virulence or potential for human-to-human transmission. Because it is difficult to anticipate which viral strain or what location will initiate the next pandemic, it is difficult to prepare for that event. However, rigorous implementation of biosecurity, vaccination and education programs can minimize the threat of AIV. Global surveillance programs help record and identify newly evolving and potentially pandemic strains harbored by the reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
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35
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Stachyra A, Góra-Sochacka A, Sawicka R, Florys K, Sączyńska V, Olszewska M, Pikuła A, Śmietanka K, Minta Z, Szewczyk B, Zagórski W, Sirko A. Highly immunogenic prime–boost DNA vaccination protects chickens against challenge with homologous and heterologous H5N1 virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens that infect a variety of host species including wild aquatic birds, domestic poultry, and a limited number of mammals including humans. The error-prone nature of the virus's replication machinery and its ability to transmit among multiple hosts lead to generation of novel virus variants with altered pathogenicity and virulence. Spatial, molecular, and physiological barriers inhibit cross-species infections, particularly in the case of human infection with avian viruses. Pigs are proposed as a mixing vessel that facilitates movement of avian viruses from the wild bird reservoir into humans. However, the past decade has witnessed the emergence of highly pathogenic and virulent avian H5 and H7 viruses that have breached these barriers, bypassed the pig intermediate host, and infected humans with a high mortality rate, but have not established human-to-human transmissible lineages. Because influenza viruses pose a significant risk to both human and animal health, it is becoming increasingly important to attempt to predict their identities and pathogenic potential before their widespread emergence. Surveillance of the wild bird reservoir, molecular characterization and documentation of currently circulating viruses in humans and animals, and a comprehensive risk assessment analysis of individual isolates should remain a high priority. Such efforts are critical to the pursuit of prevention and control strategies, including vaccine development and assessment of antiviral susceptibility, that will have a direct impact on the well-being of humans and animals worldwide.
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van Riel D, Leijten LME, de Graaf M, Siegers JY, Short KR, Spronken MIJ, Schrauwen EJA, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus attaches to epithelium in both upper and lower respiratory tract of humans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1137-1143. [PMID: 24029490 PMCID: PMC3791677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses from animal reservoirs have the capacity to adapt to humans and cause influenza pandemics. The occurrence of an influenza pandemic requires efficient virus transmission among humans, which is associated with virus attachment to the upper respiratory tract. Pandemic severity depends on virus ability to cause pneumonia, which is associated with virus attachment to the lower respiratory tract. Recently, a novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza A virus with unknown pandemic potential emerged in humans. We determined the pattern of attachment of two genetically engineered viruses containing the hemagglutinin of either influenza virus A/Shanghai/1/13 or A/Anhui/1/13 to formalin-fixed human respiratory tract tissues using histochemical analysis. Our results show that the emerging H7N9 virus attached moderately or abundantly to both upper and lower respiratory tract, a pattern not seen before for avian influenza A viruses. With the caveat that virus attachment is only the first step in the virus replication cycle, these results suggest that the emerging H7N9 virus has the potential both to transmit efficiently among humans and to cause severe pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke M E Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurre Y Siegers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsty R Short
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique I J Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hemmatzadeh F, Sumarningsih S, Tarigan S, Indriani R, Dharmayanti NLPI, Ebrahimie E, Igniatovic J. Recombinant M2e protein-based ELISA: a novel and inexpensive approach for differentiating avian influenza infected chickens from vaccinated ones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56801. [PMID: 23437243 PMCID: PMC3578931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Available avian influenza (AIV) serological diagnostic tests cannot distinguish vaccinated from naturally infected birds. Differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA) is currently advocated as a means of achieving the full control of H5N1. In this study, for the first time, recombinant ectodomain of M2 protein (M2e) of avian influenza virus (H5N1 strain) was used for the DIVA serology test. M2e was cloned into pMAL-P4X vector and expressed in E. coli cells. We used Western blot to recognize the expressed M2e-MBP protein by chicken antisera produced against live H5N1 virus. Also, the specificity of M2e-MBP protein was compared to the M2e synthetic peptide via ELISA. In M2e-MBP ELISA, all sera raised against the live avian influenza viruses were positive for M2e antibodies, whereas sera from killed virus vaccination were negative. Furthermore, M2e-MBP ELISA of the field sera obtained from vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens showed negative results, while challenged vaccinated chickens demonstrated strong positive reactions. H5N1-originated recombinant M2e protein induced broad-spectrum response and successfully reacted with antibodies against other AIV strains such as H5N2, H9N2, H7N7, and H11N6. The application of the recombinant protein instead of synthetic peptide has the advantages of continues access to an inexpensive reagent for performing a large scale screening. Moreover, recombinant proteins provide the possibility of testing the DIVA results with an additional technique such a Western blotting which is not possible in the case of synthetic proteins. All together, the results of the present investigation show that recombinant M2e-MBP can be used as a robust and inexpensive solution for DIVA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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Paquette SG, Banner D, Zhao Z, Fang Y, Huang SSH, Leόn AJ, Ng DCK, Almansa R, Martin-Loeches I, Ramirez P, Socias L, Loza A, Blanco J, Sansonetti P, Rello J, Andaluz D, Shum B, Rubino S, de Lejarazu RO, Tran D, Delogu G, Fadda G, Krajden S, Rubin BB, Bermejo-Martin JF, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Interleukin-6 is a potential biomarker for severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38214. [PMID: 22679491 PMCID: PMC3367995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1 influenza A (H1N1pdm) is currently a dominant circulating influenza strain worldwide. Severe cases of H1N1pdm infection are characterized by prolonged activation of the immune response, yet the specific role of inflammatory mediators in disease is poorly understood. The inflammatory cytokine IL-6 has been implicated in both seasonal and severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A (H1N1pdm) infection. Here, we investigated the role of IL-6 in severe H1N1pdm infection. We found IL-6 to be an important feature of the host response in both humans and mice infected with H1N1pdm. Elevated levels of IL-6 were associated with severe disease in patients hospitalized with H1N1pdm infection. Notably, serum IL-6 levels associated strongly with the requirement of critical care admission and were predictive of fatal outcome. In C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and B6129SF2/J mice, infection with A/Mexico/4108/2009 (H1N1pdm) consistently triggered severe disease and increased IL-6 levels in both lung and serum. Furthermore, in our lethal C57BL/6J mouse model of H1N1pdm infection, global gene expression analysis indicated a pronounced IL-6 associated inflammatory response. Subsequently, we examined disease and outcome in IL-6 deficient mice infected with H1N1pdm. No significant differences in survival, weight loss, viral load, or pathology were observed between IL-6 deficient and wild-type mice following infection. Taken together, our findings suggest IL-6 may be a potential disease severity biomarker, but may not be a suitable therapeutic target in cases of severe H1N1pdm infection due to our mouse data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G. Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhao
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen S. H. Huang
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto J. Leόn
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Derek C. K. Ng
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raquel Almansa
- Infection and Immunity Medical Investigation Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario - Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y Leόn, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Paula Ramirez
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe - Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crìtica y Unidades Coronarias, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Socias
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Son Llatzer - Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crìtica y Unidades Coronarias, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ana Loza
- Critical Care Department, Hospital N Sra de Valme - Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crìtica y Unidades Coronarias, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesus Blanco
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega - Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León - Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crìtica y Unidades Coronarias and El Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paola Sansonetti
- Instituto di Microbiologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Jordi Rello
- Critical Care Department, area General, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, El Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias - Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crìtica y Unidades Coronarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andaluz
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario- Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León/Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crìtica y Unidades Coronarias, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Bianche Shum
- Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita’ degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Raul Ortiz de Lejarazu
- Infection and Immunity Medical Investigation Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario - Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y Leόn, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Dat Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Instituto di Microbiologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fadda
- Instituto di Microbiologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sigmund Krajden
- Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry B. Rubin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesús F. Bermejo-Martin
- Infection and Immunity Medical Investigation Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario - Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y Leόn, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita’ degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Immune Diagnostics & Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Kaneda Y. Virosome: a novel vector to enable multi-modal strategies for cancer therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:730-8. [PMID: 21443915 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advancements in treatments, cancer remains a life-threatening disease that is resistant to therapy. Single-modal cancer therapy is often insufficient to provide complete remission. A revolution in cancer therapy may someday be provided by vector-based gene and drug delivery systems. However, it remains difficult to achieve this aim because viral and non-viral vectors have their own advantages and limitations. To overcome these limitations, virosomes have been constructed by combining viral components with non-viral vectors or by using pseudovirions without viral genome replication. Viruses, such as influenza virus, HVJ (hemagglutinating virus of Japan; Sendai virus) and hepatitis B virus, have been used in the construction of virosomes. The HVJ-derived vector is particularly promising due to its highly efficient delivery of DNA, siRNA, proteins and anti-cancer drugs. Furthermore, the HVJ envelope (HVJ-E) vector has intrinsic anti-tumor activities including the activation of multiple anti-tumor immunities and the induction of cancer-selective apoptosis. HVJ-E is currently being clinically used for the treatment of melanoma. A promising multi-modal cancer therapy will be achieved when virosomes with intrinsic anti-tumor activities are utilized as vectors for the delivery of anti-tumor drugs and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
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41
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Popp MWL, Karssemeijer RA, Ploegh HL. Chemoenzymatic site-specific labeling of influenza glycoproteins as a tool to observe virus budding in real time. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002604. [PMID: 22457626 PMCID: PMC3310791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus uses the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins to interact with and infect host cells. While biochemical and microscopic methods allow examination of the early steps in flu infection, the genesis of progeny virions has been more difficult to follow, mainly because of difficulties inherent in fluorescent labeling of flu proteins in a manner compatible with live cell imaging. We here apply sortagging as a chemoenzymatic approach to label genetically modified but infectious flu and track the flu glycoproteins during the course of infection. This method cleanly distinguishes influenza glycoproteins from host glycoproteins and so can be used to assess the behavior of HA or NA biochemically and to observe the flu glycoproteins directly by live cell imaging. Enveloped viruses such as the influenza virus cause significant disease in humans. In order to cause a productive infection, the virus particle must interact with the host cell using the viral proteins encoded within its genome. For many such viruses, it is possible to directly observe the early steps in infection, yet for technical reasons it has been extremely difficult to study the genesis of daughter virions as they bud off of infected host cells. Here we devised a chemoenzymatic labeling strategy to site-specifically append probes to the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins using the bacterial sortase A enzyme. Because labeling is confined to surface exposed HA and NA in the context of live, infected cells, it is possible to study budding biochemically and microscopically in real-time. Using this system, we can observe budding of flu virions from discrete sites at the cell surface. Our work will enable detailed investigation into the birth of viruses from infected host cells and can likely be applied to viruses other than influenza that have been similarly resistant to real-time microscopic observation during budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wei-Lin Popp
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roos A. Karssemeijer
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Hashem A, Jaentschke B, Gravel C, Tocchi M, Doyle T, Rosu-Myles M, He R, Li X. Subcutaneous immunization with recombinant adenovirus expressing influenza A nucleoprotein protects mice against lethal viral challenge. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:425-30. [PMID: 22370512 DOI: 10.4161/hv.19109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines mainly induce strain-specific neutralizing antibodies and need to be updated each year, resulting in significant burdens on vaccine manufacturers and regulatory agencies. Genetic immunization strategies based on the highly conserved nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza have attracted great attention as NP could induce heterosubtypic immunity. It is unclear, however, whether different forms of vectors and/or vaccination regimens could have contributed to the previously reported discrepancies in the magnitude of protection of NP-based genetic vaccinations. Here, we evaluated a plasmid DNA vector (pNP) and a recombinant adenovirus vector (rAd-NP) containing the NP gene through various combinations of immunization regimens in mice. We found that pNP afforded only partial protection even after 4 injections, with full protection against lethal challenge achieved only with the fourth boost using rAd-NP. Alternatively, only two doses of rAd-NP delivered subcutaneously were needed to induce an enhanced immune response and completely protect the animals, a finding which, to our knowledge, has not been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Hashem
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Kao CL, Chan TC, Tsai CH, Chu KY, Chuang SF, Lee CC, Li ZRT, Wu KW, Chang LY, Shen YH, Huang LM, Lee PI, Yang C, Compans R, Rouse BT, King CC. Emerged HA and NA mutants of the pandemic influenza H1N1 viruses with increasing epidemiological significance in Taipei and Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2009-10. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31162. [PMID: 22328930 PMCID: PMC3273476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2009 influenza pandemic provided an opportunity to observe dynamic changes of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of pH1N1 strains that spread in two metropolitan areas -Taipei and Kaohsiung. We observed cumulative increases of amino acid substitutions of both HA and NA that were higher in the post–peak than in the pre-peak period of the epidemic. About 14.94% and 3.44% of 174 isolates had one and two amino acids changes, respective, in the four antigenic sites. One unique adaptive mutation of HA2 (E374K) was first detected three weeks before the epidemic peak. This mutation evolved through the epidemic, and finally emerged as the major circulated strain, with significantly higher frequency in the post-peak period than in the pre-peak (64.65% vs 9.28%, p<0.0001). E374K persisted until ten months post-nationwide vaccination without further antigenic changes (e.g. prior to the highest selective pressure). In public health measures, the epidemic peaked at seven weeks after oseltamivir treatment was initiated. The emerging E374K mutants spread before the first peak of school class suspension, extended their survival in high-density population areas before vaccination, dominated in the second wave of class suspension, and were fixed as herd immunity developed. The tempo-spatial spreading of E374K mutants was more concentrated during the post–peak (p = 0.000004) in seven districts with higher spatial clusters (p<0.001). This is the first study examining viral changes during the naïve phase of a pandemic of influenza through integrated virological/serological/clinical surveillance, tempo-spatial analysis, and intervention policies. The vaccination increased the percentage of E374K mutants (22.86% vs 72.34%, p<0.001) and significantly elevated the frequency of mutations in Sa antigenic site (2.36% vs 23.40%, p<0.001). Future pre-vaccination public health efforts should monitor amino acids of HA and NA of pandemic influenza viruses isolated at exponential and peak phases in areas with high cluster cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Liang Kao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences & Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Chu-Han Tsai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences & Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Kuan-Ying Chu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Shu-Fang Chuang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences & Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Chang-Chun Lee
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Zheng-Rong Tiger Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Ko-Wen Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Luan-Yin Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Yea-Huei Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
| | - ChingLai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC)
- * E-mail:
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A Novel Vaccine Using Nanoparticle Platform to Present Immunogenic M2e against Avian Influenza Infection. INFLUENZA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2011:126794. [PMID: 23074652 PMCID: PMC3447297 DOI: 10.1155/2011/126794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using peptide nanoparticle technology, we have designed two novel vaccine constructs representing M2e in monomeric (Mono-M2e) and tetrameric (Tetra-M2e) forms. Groups of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were immunized intramuscularly with Mono-M2e or Tetra-M2e with and without an adjuvant. Two weeks after the second boost, chickens were challenged with 107.2 EID50 of H5N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus. M2e-specific antibody responses to each of the vaccine constructs were tested by ELISA. Vaccinated chickens exhibited increased M2e-specific IgG responses for each of the constructs as compared to a non-vaccinated group. However, the vaccine construct Tetra-M2e elicited a significantly higher antibody response when it was used with an adjuvant. On the other hand, virus neutralization assays indicated that immune protection is not by way of neutralizing antibodies. The level of protection was evaluated using quantitative real time PCR at 4, 6, and 8 days post-challenge with H5N2 LPAI by measuring virus shedding from trachea and cloaca. The Tetra-M2e with adjuvant offered statistically significant (P < 0.05) protection against subtype H5N2 LPAI by reduction of the AI virus shedding. The results suggest that the self-assembling polypeptide nanoparticle shows promise as a potential platform for a development of a vaccine against AI.
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Genomes. PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR VIROLOGY 2012. [PMCID: PMC7149632 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384939-7.10003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This chapter emphasizes on the structure and complexity of virus genomes. The chapter describes the diversity of virus genomes, and explains the major genetic mechanisms that affect viruses. The chemistry and structures of virus genomes are more varied than any of those seen in the entire bacterial, plant, or animal kingdoms. Virus genome structures and nucleotide sequences have been intensively studied in the recent decades because the power of recombinant DNA technology has focused a lot of attention in this area. The techniques of molecular biology have been a major influence on the virus genome. It is possible to separate the molecular analysis of virus genomes into two types of approaches: the physical analysis of structure and nucleotide sequence, and a more biological approach to examine the structure–function relationships of intact virus genomes and individual genetic elements. The chapter discusses virus genetics and its mutants, genetic and nongenetic interactions among viruses, small and large DNA genomes, positive and negative-strand RNA viruses, and segmented and multipartite virus genomes. Sequences and structures at the ends of virus genomes are in some ways functionally more significant than the unique coding regions within them. Common patterns of genetic organization seen in virus super-families suggest that many viruses have evolved from common ancestors and that exchange of genetic information among viruses has resulted in solutions to common problems. What's in this chapter? We start by describing the diversity of virus genomes. To understand how this affects virus replication, we consider the major genetic mechanisms that affect viruses. We finish by looking at representative virus genomes to illustrate the various possibilities.
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Sublingual immunization with M2-based vaccine induces broad protective immunity against influenza. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27953. [PMID: 22140491 PMCID: PMC3227615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza A virus is a rationale target antigen candidate for the development of a universal vaccine against influenza as M2e undergoes little sequence variation amongst human influenza A strains. Vaccine-induced M2e-specific antibodies (Abs) have been shown to display significant cross-protective activity in animal models. M2e-based vaccine constructs have been shown to be more protective when administered by the intranasal (i.n.) route than after parenteral injection. However, i.n. administration of vaccines poses rare but serious safety issues associated with retrograde passage of inhaled antigens and adjuvants through the olfactory epithelium. In this study, we examined whether the sublingual (s.l.) route could serve as a safe and effective alternative mucosal delivery route for administering a prototype M2e-based vaccine. The mechanism whereby s.l. immunization with M2e vaccine candidate induces broad protection against infection with different influenza virus subtypes was explored. Methods and Results A recombinant M2 protein with three tandem copies of the M2e (3M2eC) was expressed in Escherichia coli. Parenteral immunizations of mice with 3M2eC induced high levels of M2e-specific serum Abs but failed to provide complete protection against lethal challenge with influenza virus. In contrast, s.l. immunization with 3M2eC was superior for inducing protection in mice. In the latter animals, protection was associated with specific Ab responses in the lungs. Conclusions The results demonstrate that s.l. immunization with 3M2eC vaccine induced airway mucosal immune responses along with broad cross-protective immunity to influenza. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the M2-based vaccine approach to control epidemic and pandemic influenza infections.
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Christman MC, Kedwaii A, Xu J, Donis RO, Lu G. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus revisited: an evolutionary retrospective. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:803-11. [PMID: 21382522 PMCID: PMC3141221 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus is unique in many aspects, especially in its genetics and evolution. In this paper, we examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of this novel virus through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis, and present results in the context of a review of the literature. The pandemic virus was found to arise from a reassortment of two swine viruses, each of which ultimately arose from interspecies transmission. It experienced fast evolutionary rates and strong selection pressures, diverging into two different clusters at the early pandemic stage. Cluster I became extinct at the end of 2009 whereas Cluster II continued to circulate at much lower rates in 2010. Therefore, on August 10 of 2010 the WHO declared the end of the pandemic. Important mutations associated with host specificity, virulence, and drug resistance were detected in the pandemic virus, indicating effective transmission and increased severity in humans. Much has been learned about the evolutionary dynamics of this pandemic virus; however, it is still impossible to predict when the next pandemic will occur and which virus will be responsible. Improved surveillance at different levels (both national and international) and in different hosts (especially in swine) appears to be crucial for early detection and prevention of future influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MC Christman
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - A Kedwaii
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - J Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - RO Donis
- Influenza Division, Molecular Virology and Vaccines Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - G Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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Zhang X, Liu M, Liu C, Du J, Shi W, Sun E, Li H, Li J, Zhang Y. Vaccination with different M2e epitope densities confers partial protection against H5N1 influenza A virus challenge in chickens. Intervirology 2011; 54:290-9. [PMID: 21228535 DOI: 10.1159/000319440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, research is focused on universal influenza vaccines based on various ectodomains of the influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e). Such vaccines are tested mostly using mouse-adapted influenza viruses and in mouse or ferret models. The aim of this study was to investigate in a chicken model the protective efficacy of vaccines based on avian-type M2e at different epitope densities. METHODS On the basis of the optimized avian-type M2e gene, recombinant plasmids that contained tandem copies of different M2e were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expression and immunogenicity of the proteins were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, as well as immunofluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Animals were immunized with fusion proteins emulsified with an appropriate adjuvant and then infected with highly pathogenic influenza virus of A/chicken/Guangdong/04 (H5N1). Antibody levels, survival rate and weight loss were investigated. RESULTS Multiple copies of M2e were highly expressed; higher epitope density engendered better protection but there was not a linear increase. Among the fusion proteins, the MBP-3·M2e fusion protein showed the best protective efficacy. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided evidence that the immune response to avian-type M2e-based subunit vaccines was greater in chickens than that in mice. In addition, higher M2e epitope density can yield better protection, but not in a linear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhang
- Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China
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Orozovic G, Orozovic K, Lennerstrand J, Olsen B. Detection of resistance mutations to antivirals oseltamivir and zanamivir in avian influenza A viruses isolated from wild birds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16028. [PMID: 21253602 PMCID: PMC3017088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the first-line of defense against potentially fatal variants of influenza A pandemic strains. However, if resistant virus strains start to arise easily or at a high frequency, a new anti-influenza strategy will be necessary. This study aimed to investigate if and to what extent NA inhibitor–resistant mutants exist in the wild population of influenza A viruses that inhabit wild birds. NA sequences of all NA subtypes available from 5490 avian, 379 swine and 122 environmental isolates were extracted from NCBI databases. In addition, a dataset containing 230 virus isolates from mallard collected at Ottenby Bird Observatory (Öland, Sweden) was analyzed. Isolated NA RNA fragments from Ottenby were transformed to cDNA by RT-PCR, which was followed by sequencing. The analysis of genotypic profiles for NAs from both data sets in regard to antiviral resistance mutations was performed using bioinformatics tools. All 6221 sequences were scanned for oseltamivir- (I117V, E119V, D198N, I222V, H274Y, R292K, N294S and I314V) and zanamivir-related mutations (V116A, R118K, E119G/A/D, Q136K, D151E, R152K, R224K, E276D, R292K and R371K). Of the sequences from the avian NCBI dataset, 132 (2.4%) carried at least one, or in two cases even two and three, NA inhibitor resistance mutations. Swine and environmental isolates from the same data set had 18 (4.75%) and one (0.82%) mutant, respectively, with at least one mutation. The Ottenby sequences carried at least one mutation in 15 cases (6.52%). Therefore, resistant strains were more frequently found in Ottenby samples than in NCBI data sets. However, it is still uncertain if these mutations are the result of natural variations in the viruses or if they are induced by the selective pressure of xenobiotics (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir).
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Orozovic
- Section for Zoonotic Ecology and Epidemiology, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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Runco LM, Coleman JR. Harnessing DNA Synthesis to Develop Rapid Responses to Emerging and Pandemic Pathogens. J Pathog 2011; 2011:765763. [PMID: 23533775 PMCID: PMC3595711 DOI: 10.4061/2011/765763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the interconnected nature of our world today, emerging pathogens and pandemic outbreaks are an ever-growing threat to the health and economic stability of the global community. This is evident by the recent 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, the SARS outbreak, as well as the ever-present threat of global bioterrorism. Fortunately, the biomedical community has been able to rapidly generate sequence data so these pathogens can be readily identified. To date, however, the utilization of this sequence data to rapidly produce relevant experimental results or actionable treatments is lagging in spite of obtained sequence data. Thus, a pathogenic threat that has emerged and/or developed into a pandemic can be rapidly identified; however, translating this identification into a targeted therapeutic or treatment that is rapidly available has not yet materialized. This commentary suggests that the growing technology of DNA synthesis should be fully implemented as a means to rapidly generatein vivodata and possibly actionable therapeutics soon after sequence data becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Runco
- New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), Department of Life Sciences, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA
| | - J. Robert Coleman
- VitaCode Biotechnology LLC, Research and Development, Box 145, Blauvelt, NY 10913-0145, USA
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