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Grodzovski I, Lichtenstein M, Galski H, Lorberboum-Galski H. IL-2-granzyme A chimeric protein overcomes multidrug resistance (MDR) through a caspase 3-independent apoptotic pathway. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1966-80. [PMID: 20568105 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the main problems of conventional anticancer therapy is multidrug resistance (MDR), whereby cells acquire resistance to structurally and functionally unrelated drugs following chemotherapeutic treatment. One of the main causes of MDR is overexpression of the P-glycoprotein transporter. In addition to extruding the chemotherapeutic drugs, it also inhibits apoptosis through the inhibition of caspases. To overcome MDR, we constructed a novel chimeric protein, interleukin (IL)-2 granzyme A (IGA), using IL-2 as a targeting moiety and granzyme A as a killing moiety, fused at the cDNA level. IL-2 binds to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor that is expressed in an array of abnormal cells, including malignant cells. Granzyme A is known to cause caspase 3-independent cell death. We show here that the IGA chimeric protein enters the target sensitive and MDR cancer cells overexpressing IL-2 receptor and induces caspase 3-independent cell death. Specifically, after its entry, IGA causes a decrease in the mitochondrial potential, triggers translocation of nm23-H1, a granzyme A-dependent DNase, from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it causes single-strand DNA nicks, thus causing cell death. Moreover, IGA is able to overcome MDR and kill cells resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. We believe that overcoming MDR with targeted molecules such as IGA chimeric protein that causes caspase-independent apoptotic cell death could be applied to many other resistant types of tumors using the appropriate targeting moiety. Thus, this novel class of targeted molecules could open up new vistas in the fight against human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Grodzovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Yamamoto M, Tsuji-Takayama K, Suzuki M, Harashima A, Sugimoto A, Motoda R, Yamasaki F, Nakamura S, Kibata M. Comprehensive analysis of FOXP3 mRNA expression in leukemia and transformed cell lines. Leuk Res 2007; 32:651-8. [PMID: 17920118 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of FOXP3 expression have thus far focused on T cells, including both normal and malignant T cells. In particular, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cells have been studied intensively because their phenotype resembles that of normal CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, a comprehensive study of FOXP3 expression covering all hematopoietic cell lineages has not yet been performed. In this study, FOXP3 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative PCR using a large collection of human hematopoietic cell lines derived from leukemia/lymphoma or virus-transformation, including cells lines with T, B, plasmacytoid, myeloid, monocytic, megakaryocytic, erythroid, and NK lineages. Unexpectedly, we found FOXP3 mRNA expression in a number of cell lines belonging to all of the cell lineages investigated. In sharp contrast, FOXP3 protein expression was found in only three cell lines, all of which were HTLV-I-infected. Several non-T cell lines expressed higher levels of mRNA but were still negative for protein expression. The broad mRNA expression contrasts with the restricted protein expression of FOXP3 in human hematopoietic cell lines, suggesting that post-transcriptional control mechanisms may control FOXP3 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Yamamoto
- Cell Biology Institute, Research Center, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., 675-1 Fujisaki, Okayama 702-8006, Japan.
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Vereb G, Szöllősi J, Matkó J, Nagy P, Farkas T, Vígh L, Mátyus L, Waldmann TA, Damjanovich S. Dynamic, yet structured: The cell membrane three decades after the Singer-Nicolson model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8053-8. [PMID: 12832616 PMCID: PMC166180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1332550100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The fluid mosaic membrane model proved to be a very useful hypothesis in explaining many, but certainly not all, phenomena taking place in biological membranes. New experimental data show that the compartmentalization of membrane components can be as important for effective signal transduction as is the fluidity of the membrane. In this work, we pay tribute to the Singer-Nicolson model, which is near its 30th anniversary, honoring its basic features, "mosaicism" and "diffusion," which predict the interspersion of proteins and lipids and their ability to undergo dynamic rearrangement via Brownian motion. At the same time, modifications based on quantitative data are proposed, highlighting the often genetically predestined, yet flexible, multilevel structure implementing a vast complexity of cellular functions. This new "dynamically structured mosaic model" bears the following characteristics: emphasis is shifted from fluidity to mosaicism, which, in our interpretation, means nonrandom codistribution patterns of specific kinds of membrane proteins forming small-scale clusters at the molecular level and large-scale clusters (groups of clusters, islands) at the submicrometer level. The cohesive forces, which maintain these assemblies as principal elements of the membranes, originate from within a microdomain structure, where lipid-lipid, protein-protein, and protein-lipid interactions, as well as sub- and supramembrane (cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix, other cell) effectors, many of them genetically predestined, play equally important roles. The concept of fluidity in the original model now is interpreted as permissiveness of the architecture to continuous, dynamic restructuring of the molecular- and higher-level clusters according to the needs of the cell and as evoked by the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - J. Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - J. Matkó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - P. Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - T. Farkas
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - L. Vígh
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - L. Mátyus
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - T. A. Waldmann
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
| | - S. Damjanovich
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology and
Cell Biophysical Research Group of the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical
and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary;
Department of Immunology, Loránd
Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary;
Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research
Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701, Szeged, Hungary; and
Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374
- To whom correspondence should be sent at the * address. E-mail:
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