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Li R, Ren K, Su H, Wei Y, Su G. Target and suspect analysis of liquid crystal monomers in soil from different urban functional zones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158408. [PMID: 36057313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the occurrence of liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in sediment, indoor dust, hand wipes, and human serum samples; however, information regarding their contamination status in soil is currently unavailable. The concentrations of 39 target LCMs were determined in n = 96 surface soil samples collected from five different urban functional zones including agricultural, scenic, industrial, commercial, and residential zones. We observed that 76 of 96 surface soil samples contained at least 19, 13, 16, 19, and 14 of the 39 target LCMs that were detectable in samples from agricultural, scenic, industrial, commercial, and residential zones, respectively. The LCMs in the samples from the agricultural zone exhibited the highest mean concentrations of 12.9 ng/g dry weight (dw), followed by those from commercial (5.23 ng/g dw), residential (3.30 ng/g dw), industrial (2.48 ng/g dw), and scenic zones (0.774 ng/g dw). Furthermore, strong and statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed for several pairs of LCMs (3cH2B vs. 5bcHdFB in the agricultural zone; 5bcHdFB vs. 2bcHdFB, 5bcHdFB vs. 3cH2B in the commercial zone; 5bcHdFB vs. 2bcHdFB in the industrial zone), indicating that they might have similar commercial applications and sources. Based on a newly established database containing 1173 LCMs, suspect screening was applied to discover other LCMs in these 96 soil samples using gas chromatograph coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF/MS). We tentatively identified 51 LCM formulas with 69 chemical structures. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence for the occurrence of LCMs in soil samples, and suggests that LCMs could be widely distributed across all five urban functional zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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Su H, Ren K, Li R, Li J, Gao Z, Hu G, Fu P, Su G. Suspect Screening of Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Sediment Using an Established Database Covering 1173 LCMs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8061-8070. [PMID: 35594146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are emerging contaminants in the environment, and knowledge of this class of substances is very rare. Here, we reviewed existing LCM-related documents, i.e., publications and patents, and established a database involving 1173 LCMs. These 1173 LCMs were further calculated for their physicochemical properties, i.e., persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), long-range transport potential (LRTP), and Arctic contamination and bioaccumulation potential (ACBAP). We found that 476 out of them were P&B chemicals (99% of them were halogenated), and 320 of them could have ACBAP properties (67% of them were halogenated). This LCM database was further applied for suspect screening of LCMs in n = 33 sediment samples by use of gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF/MS). We tentatively identified 26 LCM formulas, which could have 43 chemical structures. Two out of these 43 suspect LCM candidates, 1-butoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(4-propylcyclohexyl) benzene (3cH4OdFP) and 1-ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4-(4-pentyl cyclohexyl) benzene (5cH2OdFP), were fully confirmed by a comparison of unique GC and MS characteristics with their authentic standards. Overall, our present study expanded the previous LCM database from 362 to 1173, and 1173 LCMs in this database were calculated for their physicochemical properties. Meanwhile, taking n = 33 sediment samples as an exercise, we successfully developed a suspect screening strategy tailored for LCMs, and this strategy could have promising potential to be extended to other environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, P. R. China
| | - Guanjiu Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, P. R. China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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Su H, Shi S, Zhu M, Li J, Su G. Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Sediments: Method Validation and Detection in Sediment Samples from Three Typical Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2336-2345. [PMID: 33528249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) have been proposed to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances; however, there is a dearth of information regarding their occurrence in sediment samples. Here, an analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of LCMs in sediment samples, and n = 76 sediment samples were collected and analyzed to determine accurate concentrations of LCMs. Our results indicated that the developed pretreatment procedure was applicable for the determination of LCM concentrations in sediments. We observed that LCMs were detected in 75 out of the 76 sediment samples, and 23, 18, and 14 out of the 39 target LCMs were quantified in at least one of the analyzed sediments from rivers around LCM or liquid crystal device (LCD) manufacturers, Taihu Lake, and rivers around e-waste recycling sites, respectively. The LCMs in the samples from rivers around LCM/LCD manufacturers exhibited the greatest mean concentrations of 26.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), followed by those from e-waste recycling site areas (1.15 ng/g dw) and Taihu Lake (0.076 ng/g dw). Collectively, this study provided the first analytical method that was able to quantify the concentrations of LCMs in sediment samples and provided the first evidence for the occurrence of LCMs in sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaobo Shi
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
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Tolane liquid crystals with piperidine, 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoropiperidine as end group: Synthesis and properties. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bremer M, Kirsch P, Klasen-Memmer M, Tarumi K. The TV in Your Pocket: Development of Liquid-Crystal Materials for the New Millennium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8880-96. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bremer M, Kirsch P, Klasen-Memmer M, Tarumi K. Der Fernseher in der Westentasche: Flüssigkristall- Materialentwicklung für das neue Jahrtausend. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Geelhaar T, Griesar K, Reckmann B. 125 Jahre Flüssigkristalle - die wissenschaftliche Revolution im Wohnzimmer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Geelhaar T, Griesar K, Reckmann B. 125 years of liquid crystals--a scientific revolution in the home. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8798-809. [PMID: 23740565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geelhaar
- Technology Office Chemicals, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Reimann S, Sharif M, Hein M, Villinger A, Wittler K, Ludwig R, Langer P. Site-Selective Sonogashira Reactions of 1,4-Dibromo-2-fluorobenzene - Synthesis and Properties of Fluorinated Alkynylbenzenes. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vieweg N, Koch M. Terahertz properties of liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:5764-5767. [PMID: 20962940 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present what is believed to be the first terahertz time-domain study of a set of liquid crystals (LCs) with negative dielectric anisotropy. From the measured data, refractive indices, and absorption coefficients for ordinary and extraordinary polarization are extracted. We find that the investigated materials exhibit a much smaller absorption than LCs with positive dielectric anisotropy. Thus, these materials are more useful for switchable terahertz devices. Moreover, the LC 1808 shows what is to our knowledge the largest terahertz birefringence reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Vieweg
- Faculty of Physics, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße MZG C06, 35032 Marburg, Germany. ‑marburg.de
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Development of Highly Soluble Anthraquinone Dichroic Dyes and Their Application to Three-Layer Guest-Host Liquid Crystal Displays. MATERIALS 2009. [PMCID: PMC5513388 DOI: 10.3390/ma2041636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Therelationships between molecular structures and properties of anthraquinone dichroic dyes were studied and dyes with large solubilities and dichroic ratios were developed. The yellow anthraquinone dye behaves as a quencher of the coumarin dye, and the mixture has a large absorption coefficient without fluorescence. These technologies can enlarge the color reproduction area of three-layer guest-host liquid crystal displays (GH-LCDs) 1.6-fold. The performances of the prototype reflective three-layer GH-LCDs are as follows: the white state luminous reflectance is 43% and the contrast is 5.3, indicating that they are promising candidates for portable information systems with full-color images.
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Abstract
This critical review begins with a brief, but essential, introduction to the special nature of liquid crystal materials, their peculiar properties, and their commercial applications, followed by an introductory insight into the remarkable nature of the fluoro substituent, and its fascinating influence on the properties of organic compounds. However, the main focus of the review is to discuss the enormous amount of exciting research on fluorinated liquid crystals that has been reported. The small size of the fluoro substituent enables its incorporation into all types of liquid crystal, including calamitic, discotic, banana, lyotropic, and polymers, without ruining the liquid crystalline nature of the material. However the fluoro substituent is larger than hydrogen, and hence causes a significant steric effect, which combined with the high polarity, confers many fascinating, and often remarkable, modifications to melting point, mesophase morphology and transition temperatures, and the many other very important physical properties, such as dielectric anisotropy, optical anisotropy, and visco-elastic properties. There are many different positions within a liquid crystal structure where a fluoro substituent can be located, including (i) a terminal position, (ii) within a terminal chain, as a semi-fluorinated or as a perfluorinated chain, or as one fluoro substituent at a chiral centre, (iii) as part of a linking group, and (iv) a lateral position in the core section. Such variety enables the interesting and advantageous tailoring of properties, both for the fundamental purposes of establishing structure-property relationships, and for materials targeted towards commercially-successful liquid crystal display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hird
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Hussain Z, Hopf H, Pohl L, Oeser T, Fischer AK, Jones PG. Synthesis and Stereochemical Aspects of 2,6-Disubstituted Perhydroazulenes – Core Units for a New Class of Liquid Crystalline Materials. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kelly SM, Skelton G, Jones C, Minter V, Tuffin R. Nematic Liquid Crystals with a Trifluoromethyl Group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587250108025060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Skelton
- a Hull University, Chemistry Department , Hull , HU6 7RX , UK
| | - Cliff Jones
- b DERA , St Andrews Road, Malvern, Worcs. , WR14 3PS , UK
| | - Vicki Minter
- b DERA , St Andrews Road, Malvern, Worcs. , WR14 3PS , UK
| | - Rachel Tuffin
- b DERA , St Andrews Road, Malvern, Worcs. , WR14 3PS , UK
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Hussain Z, Hopf H, Pohl L, Rantanen T. 2‐Hydroxy‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydro‐azulen‐6‐carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester—A Novel Precursor for a New Class of Liquid Crystalline Materials. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910500406393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hussain
- a Institut für Organische Chemie , Braunschweig, Germany
- b Max‐Planck‐Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie , Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Henning Hopf
- a Institut für Organische Chemie , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludwig Pohl
- a Institut für Organische Chemie , Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Toni Rantanen
- a Institut für Organische Chemie , Braunschweig, Germany
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Hussain Z, Koley D, Hopf H. Synthesis and Stereochemical Aspects of Ethyl 1,1a,2,3,4,5,6,6a-Octahydro-4-octylcyclopropa[f]indene-1-carboxylate. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matsushita T, Koseki S. Theoretical Study on Mesogenic Core Structures of Nematic Liquid Crystalline Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:13493-8. [PMID: 16852687 DOI: 10.1021/jp050959e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures and intermolecular interaction energies of 10 dimers, included in the mesogenic core structures of typical liquid crystalline (LC) compounds, are obtained at the MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory. It is proved that the dispersion energy significantly contributes to the total interaction energy of these dimers. Even when bulky substituents are introduced into the core part, the interaction energy is still large. It is also revealed that when a long intermolecular distance is provided by a high steric repulsion originating from the linkage of two phenyl groups, the dispersion energy is significantly small. However, in this range of intermolecular distances, the electrostatic energy caused by a strong quadrupole-quadrupole attractive interaction plays a dominant role, and as a result, a rather stable dimer is formed. In all 10 dimers, the dispersion, electrostatic, and exchange-repulsion energies strongly depend on the geometrical orientation of the molecules. The calculated interaction energies of these dimers are also compared with the corresponding experimentally measured viscosities. The results suggest an explicit linear relationship between the interaction energies and viscosities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Kirsch P, Bremer M, Taugerbeck A, Wallmichrath T. Difluorooxymethylene-Bridged Liquid Crystals: A Novel Synthesis Based on the Oxidative Alkoxydifluorodesulfuration of Dithianylium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1528::aid-ange1528>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kirsch P, Bremer M, Taugerbeck A, Wallmichrath T. Difluorooxymethylene-Bridged Liquid Crystals: A Novel Synthesis Based on the Oxidative Alkoxydifluorodesulfuration of Dithianylium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1480-1484. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1480::aid-anie1480>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kirsch P, Bremer M. Nematic Liquid Crystals for Active Matrix Displays: Molecular Design and Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:4216-4235. [PMID: 29711908 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20001201)39:23<4216::aid-anie4216>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/1999] [Revised: 05/04/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Substances forming calamitic mesophases have been known for more than 100 years but only the recent, rapid advance in active matrix liquid crystal display (AM-LCD) technology helped these materials to achieve the crucial position in flat panel display technology they hold today. Due to their high contrast, large viewing angle, and rapid switching times, modern AM-LCDs offer a superior picture quality even compared to conventional cathode ray tubes. Their flatness, low weight, and low energy consumption render them the technology of choice for all kinds of portable devices. Some of the future promises of AM-LCD technology are centered around the development of liquid crystalline materials for the different subtypes of active matrix applications. This development is aimed, on the one hand, towards improved electrooptical and viscoelastic properties; on the other hand, the increasing performance of LCDs leads to extremely stringent reliability demands on the liquid crystals. Responding to these high standards of performance and quality, most liquid crystals for contemporary AM-LCD applications are multiply fluorinated compounds with very high purities, as is typical for materials used in the electronics industry. The synthesis of these superfluorinated materials (SFMs) often requires specialized methods, which, in several cases, had to be introduced for the first time into the canon of industrial production. The immense market pressure, as well as the rapid advance of AM-LCD technology on the side of the display manufacturers, urges an increasing pace of the materials development. This demand for new materials can no longer be fulfilled by conventional trial-and-error approaches. As in the pharmaceutical industry, in the search for new, superior liquid crystals, the purely empirical methods are increasingly supported by a rational design based on computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Liquid Crystals Division 64271 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49) 6151-722593
| | - Matthias Bremer
- Merck KGaA, Liquid Crystals Division 64271 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: (+49) 6151-722593
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Kirsch P, Bremer M, Kirsch A, Osterodt J. Bis(4-nitrophenyl)tetrafluorosulfuranes: Synthesis, Isomerization and Structural Characterization. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9915495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peer Kirsch
- Contribution from Liquid Crystals Division, Pharma Analytical Laboratory (QC), and Central Service Analysis, Merck KGaA, D-64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Bremer
- Contribution from Liquid Crystals Division, Pharma Analytical Laboratory (QC), and Central Service Analysis, Merck KGaA, D-64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Contribution from Liquid Crystals Division, Pharma Analytical Laboratory (QC), and Central Service Analysis, Merck KGaA, D-64271 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Osterodt
- Contribution from Liquid Crystals Division, Pharma Analytical Laboratory (QC), and Central Service Analysis, Merck KGaA, D-64271 Darmstadt, Germany
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Kirsch P, Bremer M, Heckmeier M, Tarumi K. Flüssigkristalle auf der Basis hypervalenter Schwefelfluoride: Pentafluorsulfuranyl als polare Endgruppe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990712)111:13/14<2174::aid-ange2174>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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