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Wohlgemuth R. Horizons of Systems Biocatalysis and Renaissance of Metabolite Synthesis. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700620. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- European Federation of Biotechnology; Section on Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB); Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25,Frankfurt am Main 60486 Germany
- Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Industriestrasse 25,Buchs 9470 Switzerland
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Sheng J, Huang L, Zhu X, Cai J, Xu Z. Reconstitution of the peptidoglycan cytoplasmic precursor biosynthetic pathway in cell-free system and rapid screening of antisense oligonucleotides for Mur enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:1785-94. [PMID: 24389752 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan is the cell wall component responsible for various biological activities. Its cytoplasmic precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide is biosynthesized by the first six enzymes of peptidoglycan synthetic pathways (Mur enzymes), which are all proved to be important targets for antibiotic screening. In our present work, the genes encoding Mur enzymes from Escherichia coli were co-expressed in the cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system, and the activities of Mur enzymes derived from CFPS system were validated by the synthesis of the final product UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide. Then this in vitro reconstituted Mur biosynthetic pathway was used to screen a panel of specific antisense oligonucleotides for MurA and MurB. The selected oligonucleotides were proved to eliminate the expression of Mur enzymes, and thus inhibit the Mur biosynthetic pathway. The present work not only developed a rapid method to reconstruct and regulate a biosynthetic pathway in vitro, but also may provide insight into the development of novel antibiotics targeting on peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Sheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Karl Guterl
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
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Xue R, Woodley JM. Process technology for multi-enzymatic reaction systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 115:183-195. [PMID: 22531164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biocatalysis has started to provide an important green tool in synthetic organic chemistry. Currently, the idea of using multi-enzymatic systems for industrial production of chemical compounds becomes increasingly attractive. Recent examples demonstrate the potential of enzymatic synthesis and fermentation as an alternative to chemical-catalysis for the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In particular, the use of multiple enzymes is of special interest. However, many challenges remain in the scale-up of a multi-enzymatic system. This review summarizes and discusses the technology options and strategies that are available for the development of multi-enzymatic processes. Some engineering tools, including kinetic models and operating windows, for developing and evaluating such processes are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue
- Center for Process Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Pahari P, Kharel MK, Shepherd MD, van Lanen SG, Rohr J. Enzymatic Total Synthesis of Defucogilvocarcin M and Its Implications for Gilvocarcin Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pahari P, Kharel MK, Shepherd MD, van Lanen SG, Rohr J. Enzymatic total synthesis of defucogilvocarcin M and its implications for gilvocarcin biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 51:1216-20. [PMID: 22223167 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Pahari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
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Hodgman CE, Jewett MC. Cell-free synthetic biology: thinking outside the cell. Metab Eng 2011; 14:261-9. [PMID: 21946161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free synthetic biology is emerging as a powerful approach aimed to understand, harness, and expand the capabilities of natural biological systems without using intact cells. Cell-free systems bypass cell walls and remove genetic regulation to enable direct access to the inner workings of the cell. The unprecedented level of control and freedom of design, relative to in vivo systems, has inspired the rapid development of engineering foundations for cell-free systems in recent years. These efforts have led to programmed circuits, spatially organized pathways, co-activated catalytic ensembles, rational optimization of synthetic multi-enzyme pathways, and linear scalability from the micro-liter to the 100-liter scale. It is now clear that cell-free systems offer a versatile test-bed for understanding why nature's designs work the way they do and also for enabling biosynthetic routes to novel chemicals, sustainable fuels, and new classes of tunable materials. While challenges remain, the emergence of cell-free systems is poised to open the way to novel products that until now have been impractical, if not impossible, to produce by other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eric Hodgman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Abstract
For over 40 years, natural products have served us well in combating cancer. The main sources of these successful compounds are microbes and plants from the terrestrial and marine environments. The microbes serve as a major source of natural products with anti‐tumour activity. A number of these products were first discovered as antibiotics. Another major contribution comes from plant alkaloids, taxoids and podophyllotoxins. A vast array of biological metabolites can be obtained from the marine world, which can be used for effective cancer treatment. The search for novel drugs is still a priority goal for cancer therapy, due to the rapid development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, the high toxicity usually associated with some cancer chemotherapy drugs and their undesirable side‐effects increase the demand for novel anti‐tumour drugs active against untreatable tumours, with fewer side‐effects and/or with greater therapeutic efficiency. This review points out those technologies needed to produce the anti‐tumour compounds of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Charles A Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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Gao H, Zhou X, Gou Z, Zhuo Y, Fu C, Liu M, Song F, Ashforth E, Zhang L. Rational design for over-production of desirable microbial metabolites by precision engineering. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 98:151-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
For more than 50 years, natural products have served us well in combating infectious bacteria and fungi. Microbial and plant secondary metabolites helped to double our life span during the 20th century, reduced pain and suffering, and revolutionized medicine. Most antibiotics are either (i) natural products of microorganisms, (ii) semi-synthetically produced from natural products, or (iii) chemically synthesized based on the structure of the natural products. Production of antibiotics began with penicillin in the late 1940s and proceeded with great success until the 1970-1980s when it became harder and harder to discover new and useful products. Furthermore, resistance development in pathogens became a major problem, which is still with us today. In addition, new pathogens are continually emerging and there are still bacteria that are not eliminated by any antibiotic, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition to these problems, many of the major pharmaceutical companies have abandoned the antibiotic field, leaving much of the discovery efforts to small companies, new companies, and the biotechnology industries. Despite these problems, development of new antibiotics has continued, albeit at a much lower pace than in the last century. We have seen the (i) appearance of newly discovered antibiotics (e.g., candins), (ii) development of old but unutilized antibiotics (e.g., daptomycin), (iii) production of new semi-synthetic versions of old antibiotics (e.g., glycylcyclines, streptogrammins), as well as the (iv) very useful application of old but underutilized antibiotics (e.g., teicoplanin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti (RISE), Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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Wu Q, Xu JM, Xia L, Wang JL, Lin XF. Promiscuous Zinc-Dependent Acylase-Mediated One-Pot Synthesis of Monosaccharide-Containing Pyrimidine Derivatives in Organic Medium. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yadav V, Mandhan R, Pasha Q, Pasha S, Katyal A, Chhillar AK, Gupta J, Dabur R, Sharma GL. An antifungal protein from Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:637-644. [PMID: 17446286 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytosolic protein was purified fromEscherichia coliBL21 that demonstrated potent antifungal activity against pathogenic strains ofAspergillus fumigatus,Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus nigerandCandida albicans. The MIC of purified protein fromE. coliBL21 (PPEBL21) againstAspergillusspecies andC. albicanswas 1.95–3.98 and 15.62 μg ml−1, respectively.In vitrotoxicity tests demonstrated no cytotoxicity of PPEBL21 to human erythrocytes up to the tested concentrations of 1250 μg ml−1. Amphotericin B was lethal to 100 % of human erythrocytes at a concentration of 37.5 μg ml−1. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of PPEBL21 was found to be DLAEVASR, which showed 75 % sequence similarity with alcohol dehydrogenase of yeast. Mass fingerprinting by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry also substantiated these observations. The results suggested thatE. coliBL21 might be an important bioresource of lead molecules for developing new peptide-based therapies for treating fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yadav
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - R Mandhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Q Pasha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - S Pasha
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - A Katyal
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, Delhi, India
| | - A K Chhillar
- Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
| | - J Gupta
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - R Dabur
- Regional Research Institute (Ay), Kothrud, Pune, India
| | - G L Sharma
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, University Campus, Delhi, India
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Bruggink A, Schoevaart R, Kieboom T. Concepts of Nature in Organic Synthesis: Cascade Catalysis and Multistep Conversions in Concert. Org Process Res Dev 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/op0340311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alle Bruggink
- Organic Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, DSM Research, Geleen, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, and DSM Food Specialties R&D, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Schoevaart
- Organic Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, DSM Research, Geleen, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, and DSM Food Specialties R&D, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Kieboom
- Organic Chemistry, University of Nijmegen, DSM Research, Geleen, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, and DSM Food Specialties R&D, Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Natural products are the most consistently successful source of drug leads. Despite this, their use in drug discovery has fallen out of favour. Natural products continue to provide greater structural diversity than standard combinatorial chemistry and so they offer major opportunities for finding novel low molecular weight lead structures that are active against a wide range of assay targets. As less than 10% of the world's biodiversity has been tested for biological activity, many more useful natural lead compounds are awaiting discovery. The challenge is how to access this natural chemical diversity.
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Kolaczkowski M, Goffeau A. Active efflux by multidrug transporters as one of the strategies to evade chemotherapy and novel practical implications of yeast pleiotropic drug resistance. Pharmacol Ther 1997; 76:219-42. [PMID: 9535181 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mankind is faced by the increasing emergence of resistant pathogens, including cancer cells. An overview of the different strategies adopted by a variety of cells to evade chemotherapy is presented, with a focus on the mechanisms of multidrug transport. In particular, we analyze the yeast network for pleiotropic drug resistance and assess the potentiality of this system for further understanding of the mechanism of broad specificity and for development of novel practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kolaczkowski
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain La Neuve, Belgium
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