1
|
Guidez EB, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. Why is Si 2H 2 Not Linear? An Intrinsic Quasi-Atomic Bonding Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13729-13742. [PMID: 32662651 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular energy of Si2H2 geometric structures increases in the order dibridged < trans-bent < linear, in contrast to acetylene, C2H2, for which the linear structure is the global minimum. In this study, the intra-atomic (antibonding) and bonding contributions to the total molecular energy of these valence isoelectronic molecules are computed by expressing the density matrices of the full valence space multiconfiguration self-consistent field wave function in terms of quasi-atomic orbitals. The analysis shows that the intra-atomic contributions to the molecular energy become less favorable in the order dibridged → trans-bent → linear for both C2H2 and Si2H2. By contrast, the inter-atomic bonding contributions become energetically more favorable in that order for both C2H2 and Si2H2. The two systems differ as follows. For Si2H2, the antibonding intra-atomic energy changes that occur when the dibridged molecule reconstructs into the trans-bent and linear structures prevail over the interatomic interactions that induce bond formation. In contrast, for C2H2, the interatomic interactions that create bonds prevail over the intra-atomic energy changes that occur when the dibridged molecule reconstructs into the trans-bent and linear structures. The intra-atomic energy changes that occur in these systems are related to the hybridization of the heavy atoms in an analogous manner to the hybridization of C in CH4 from (2s)2(2p)2 to sp3 hybrid orbitals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie B Guidez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Mosquera MA, Skinner K, Becerra AE, Shamamian V, Schatz GC, Ratner MA, Marks TJ. Electronic Structure and Potential Reactivity of Silaaromatic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9476-9488. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Martín A. Mosquera
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kwan Skinner
- Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan 48686, United States
| | | | | | - George C. Schatz
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark A. Ratner
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department
of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berg M, Paulus B, Bredtmann T. Electronic quantum fluxes in vibrating symmetric and polar single, double and triple bonds. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1122843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Berg
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seal P, Truhlar DG. Large entropic effects on the thermochemistry of silicon nanodusty plasma constituents. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2786-99. [PMID: 24432718 DOI: 10.1021/ja410498d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the thermodynamic properties of reactor constituents is the first step in designing control strategies for plasma-mediated deposition processes and is also a key fundamental issue in physical chemistry. In this work, a recently proposed multistructural statistical thermodynamic method is used to show the importance of multiple structures and torsional anharmonicity in determining the thermodynamic properties of silicon hydride clusters, which are important both in plasmas and in thermally driven systems. It includes five different categories of silicon hydride clusters and radicals, including silanes, silyl radicals, and silenes. We employed a statistical mechanical approach, namely the recently developed multistructural (MS) anharmonicity method, in combination with density functional theory to calculate the partition functions, which in turn are used to estimate thermodynamic quantities, namely Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity, for all of the systems considered. The calculations are performed using all of the conformational structures of each molecule or radical by employing the multistructural quasiharmonic approximation (MS-QH) and also by including torsional potential anharmonicity (MS-T). For those cases where group additivity (GA) results are available, the thermodynamic quantities obtained from our MS-T calculations differ considerably due to the fact that the GA method is based on single-structure data for isomers of each stoichiometry, and hence lack multistructural effects; whereas we find that multistructural effects are very important in silicon hydride systems. Our results also indicate that the entropic effect on the thermochemistry is huge and is dominated by multistructural effects. The entropic effect of multiple structures is also expected to be important for other kinds of chain molecules, and its effect on nucleation kinetics is expected to be large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Seal
- Department of Chemistry, Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu T, Hao Q, Wilke JJ, Yamaguchi Y, Fang DC, Schaefer HF. Silylidene (SiCH2) and its isomers: Anharmonic rovibrational analyses for silylidene, silaacetylene, and silavinylidene. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
6
|
Momeni MR, Shakib FA. Theoretical Description of Triplet Silylenes Evolved from H2Si═Si. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr_e Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37515-374, Iran
| | - Farnaz A. Shakib
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr_e Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 37515-374, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Becerra R, Walsh R. Kinetic studies of reactions of organosilylenes: what have they taught us? Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9217-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
8
|
Mark S. Gordon. Theor Chem Acc 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-007-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Structure and bonding differences in C3N4 and Si3N4 isomers – A comparative study of [Si3,N4] and [C3,N4] potential energy surfaces using DFT and MP2 methodologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Cundari TR, Benson MT, Lutz ML, Sommerer SO. Effective Core Potential Approaches to the Chemistry of the Heavier Elements. REVIEWS IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470125854.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
|
11
|
Glezakou VA, Boatz JA, Gordon MS. Structure and thermodynamics of carbon and carbon/silicon precursors to nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:6144-52. [PMID: 12022849 DOI: 10.1021/ja012301u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures at the Hartree-Fock level, as well as the energetics, are reported for the unsaturated system C(36)H(16), its Si-doped analogue C(32)Si(4)H(16), and several smaller, unsaturated fragments. Structural effects on the electronic distribution are discussed in terms of a localized orbital energy decomposition. The standard heats of formation are calculated based on homodesmic and isodesmic reactions and the G2(MP2,SVP) method with a valence double-zeta plus polarization basis. The origin of the observed explosion of the all-carbon system (C(36)H(16)) to form carbon nanotubes was investigated by exploring a possible initial reactive channel (dimerization), which could lead to the formation of the observed onion-type nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou
- San Diego Supercomputer Centre, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0505, La Jolla, California 92093-0505, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su MD, Chu SY. Density Functional and MP2 Studies of Germylene Insertion into C−H, Si−H, N−H, P−H, O−H, S−H, F−H, and Cl−H Bonds. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9916440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Taraban M, Volkova O, Kruppa A, Plyusnin V, Grivin V, Ivanov Y, Leshina T, Egorov M, Nefedov O. Paramagnetic intermediates in the photolysis of 7-silanorbornadiene studied by means of spin chemistry method. J Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(98)00605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Uzan O, Gozin Y, Martin JM. Modeling stabilization of SiO bonds by Pd/Pt complexes using density functional theory. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Nicolaides A, Radom L. Classical and Nonclassical Isomers of Tropylium, Silatropylium, and Germatropylium Cations. Descending the Periodic Table Increases the Preference for Nonclassical Structures. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9703281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Nicolaides
- Contribution from the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- Contribution from the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu J, Choyke WJ, Yates JT. Role of the −SiH3 Functional Group in Silane Adsorption and Dissociation on Si(100). J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970832s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhan Xu
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - W. J. Choyke
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - John T. Yates
- Surface Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nicolaides A, Radom L. Relative Stabilities and Hydride Affinities of Silatropylium and Silabenzyl Cations and Their Isomers. Comparison with the Carbon Analogues Tropylium and Benzyl Cations. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9609664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Nicolaides
- Contribution from the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- Contribution from the Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ornellas FR, Iwata S. Structures and Energetics of New Nitrogen and Silicon Molecules: An Ab Initio Study of Si2N2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961432s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando R. Ornellas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo CP 26077, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05599−970, Brasil, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan
| | - Suehiro Iwata
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Kira M, Maruyama T, Sakurai H. Matrix-isolation and electronic structure of vinyl-substituted silylenes and their complexes with bases [1]. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.520050316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Koseki S, Ishitani A. Theoretical Investigation on the Reactions of Dichlorosilane with Ammonia. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1992. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.65.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
25
|
Auner N, Ziche W, West R. The wonderful world of organosilicon chemistry. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.520020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
26
|
Elhanine M, Farrenq R, Guelachvili G. HNSi; ν1emission band by high resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.459878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
27
|
Grev RS. Structure and Bonding in the Parent Hydrides and Multiply Bonded Silicon and Germanium Compounds: From Mhn to R2M = M′R2 and RM ≡ M′R. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3055(08)60695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
28
|
Steinfeld JI. Reactions of laser-generated free radicals in silicon deposition processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(90)80175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Mandich ML, Reents WD. Sequential reactions of bare silicon clusters with SiD4: Constrained heterogeneous nucleation of deuterated silicon particles. J Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1063/1.456667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
31
|
Dunning TH, Harding LB, Wagner AF, Schatz GC, Bowman JM. Theoretical Studies of the Energetics and Dynamics of Chemical Reactions. Science 1988; 240:453-9. [PMID: 17784067 DOI: 10.1126/science.240.4851.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies of basic chemical processes not only provide numbers for comparison with experiment or for use in modeling complex chemical phenomena such as combustion, but also provide insight into the fundamental factors that govern molecular structure and change which cannot be obtained from experiment alone. We summarize the results of three case studies, on HCO, OH + H(2), and O + C(2)H(2), which illustrate the range of problems that can be addressed by using modern theoretical techniques. In all cases, the potential energy surfaces were characterized by using ab initio electronic structure methods. Collisions between molecules leading to reaction or energy transer were described with quantum dynamical methods (HCO), classical trajectory techniques (HCO and OH + H(2)), and statistical methods (HCO, OH + H(2), and O + C(2)H(2)). We can anticipate dramatic increases in the scope of this work as new generations of computers are introduced and as new chemistry software is developed to exploit these computers.
Collapse
|