ITO/Poly-3-Methylaniline/Au Electrode for Electrochemical Water Splitting and Dye Removal

Cr2S3-Cr2O3/Poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol as a Highly Photocatalytic Material for Green Hydrogen Generation from Sewage Water

This study highlights the utilization of the Cr2S3-Cr2O3/P2ABT nanocomposite photoelectrode for efficient and highly sensitive photon absorption, enabling the generation of green hydrogen through the production of hot electrons upon illumination. The nanocomposite is synthesized via a one-pot reaction using K2Cr2O7 and 2-aminobenzene-1-thiol monomer, and the presence of Cr2S3-Cr2O3 is confirmed by XRD and XPS analysis within the composite. The optical properties of the Cr2S3-Cr2O3/poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol composite exhibit wide spectral coverage from UV to IR, with a bandgap of 1.6 eV. The diverse morphological behavior observed in the composite correlates with its optical properties, with the cleft spherical particles of the pure polymer transforming into rod-like structures embedded within the polymer matrix. The generated hydrogen gas demonstrates an impressive efficiency of 40.5 mole/10.cm2.h through electrochemical testing. The current density (Jph) values are evaluated under different light frequencies using optical filters ranging from 730 to 340 nm, resulting in Jph values of 0.012 and 0.014 mA.cm-2, respectively. These findings present a promising avenue as green hydrogen for industrial applications, leveraging the potential of the Cr2S3-Cr2O3/P2ABT nanocomposite photoelectrode.

Ag2S-Ag2O-Ag/poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol Nanocomposite as a Promising Two-Electrode Symmetric Supercapacitor: Tested in Acidic and Basic Mediums

A Ag₂S-Ag₂O-Ag/poly-2-aminobenzene-1-thiol (P2ABT) nanocomposite was prepared using the photopolymerization reaction using AgNO₃ as an oxidant. The size of the nanocomposite was about 40 nm, in which the morphology was confirmed using TEM and SEM analyses. The functional groups of Ag₂S-Ag₂O-Ag/P2ABT were confirmed using FTIR; also, XRD confirmed the inorganic Ag₂S, Ag, and Ag₂O formation. This nanocomposite has great performance in supercapacitor applications, with it tested in acidic (1.0 M HCl) and basic mediums (1.0 M NaOH). This pseudo-capacitor has great performance that appeared through the charge time in an acid medium in comparison to the basic medium with values of 118 s and 103 s, correspondingly. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis further confirmed the excellent performance of the supercapacitor material, as indicated by the large area under the cyclic curve. The specific capacitance (C_S) and energy density (E) values (at 0.3 A/g) were 92.5 and 44.4 F/g and 5.0 and 2.52 W·h·Kg^-1 in the acidic and basic mediums, correspondingly. The charge transfer was studied through a Nyquist plot, and the produced R_s values were 4.9 and 6.2 Ω, respectively. Building on these findings, our objective is to make a significant contribution to the progress of supercapacitor technology through a prototype design soon.

Bunch of Grape-Like Shape PANI/Ag2O/Ag Nanocomposite Photocatalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Wastewater

Polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/Ag2O/Ag composites I and II were prepared under different AgNO3 oxidant concentrations using the oxidative photopolymerization method. The chemical structure and optical, electrical, and morphological properties were determined for the prepared nanocomposite. The PANI/Ag2O/Ag composite II has the optimum optical properties, in which the bandgaps of PANI, composite I, and composite II are 3.02, 1.71, and 1.68 eV, respectively, with the morphology of a bunch of grape-like shapes with average particles sizes of 25 nm. Under the optimum optical properties, glass/PANI/Ag2O/Ag composite II electrode is used for hydrogen generation from sewage water. The measurements are carried out from a three-electrode cell under a xenon lamp. The effects of light wavelengths and temperature on the produced current density ( $J_{\text{ph}}$ ) are mentioned. Under the applied voltage (at 30°C), the current density values ( $J_{\text{ph}}$ ) increase from 0.003 to 0.012 mA.cm-2 in dark and light, respectively. While increasing the temperature, $J_{\text{ph}}$ values increase to 0.032 mAcm-2 at 60°C. The thermodynamic parameters are calculated, in which the activation energy ( $E_{\text{a}}$ ), enthalpy ( $\Delta H\ast$ ), and entropy ( $\Delta S\ast$ ) values are 27.1 kJ·mol-1, 24.5 J mol-1, and 140.5 J K-1 mol-1, respectively. Finally, a simple mechanism for the produced hydrogen generation rate is mentioned. The prepared electrode is a very cheap (1$ for $12\ast 12\text{c}{\text{m}}^2$ ) electrode.

Conversion of Sewage Water into H2 Gas Fuel Using Hexagonal Nanosheets of the Polyaniline-Assisted Deposition of PbI2 as a Nanocomposite Photocathode with the Theoretical Qualitative Ab-Initio Calculation of the H2O Splitting

This study is very promising for providing a renewable enrgy (H₂ gas fuel) under the elctrochemical splitting of the wastwater (sewage water). This study has double benefits: hydrogen generation and contaminations removel. This study is carried out on sewage water, third stage treated, from Beni-Suef city, Egypt. Antimony tin oxide (ATO)/polyaniline (PANI)/PbI₂ photoelectrode is prepared through the in situ oxidative polymerization of PANI on ATO, then PANI is used as an assistant for PbI₂ deposition using the ionic adsorption deposition method. The chemical structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of the composite are confirmed using different analytical tools such as X-ray diffreaction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmision electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The prepared PbI₂ inside the composite has a crystal size of 33 nm (according to the peak at 12.8°) through the XRD analyses device. SEM and TEM confirm the hexagonal PbI₂ sheets embedded on the PANI nanopores surface. Moreover, the bandgap values are enhanced very much after the composite formation, in which the bandgap values for PANI and PANI/PbI₂ are 3 and 2.51 eV, respectively. The application of ATO/PANI/PbI₂ nanocomposite electrode for sewage splitting and H₂ generation is carried out through a three-electrode cell. The measurements carreid out using the electrocehical worksattion under th Xenon lamp (100 mW.cm⁻²). The produced current density (J_ph) is 0.095 mA.cm⁻² at 100 mW.cm⁻² light illumination. The photoelectrode has high reproducibility and stability, in which and the number of H₂ moles is 6 µmole.h⁻¹.cm⁻¹. The photoelectrode response to different monochromatic light, in which the produced J_ph decreases from 0.077 to 0.072 mA.cm⁻² with decreasing of the wavelengths from 390 to 636 nm, respectively. These values confirms the high response of the ATO/PANI/PbI₂ nanocomposite electrode for the light illuminaton and hydrogen genration under broad light region. The thermodynamic parameters: activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH*), and entropy (ΔS*) values are 7.33 kJ/mol, −4.7 kJ/mol, and 203.3 J/mol.K, respectively. The small values of ΔS* relted to the high sesnivity of the prepared elctrode for the water splitting and then the hydrogen gneration. Finally, a theoretical study was mentioned for calculation geometry, electrochemical, and thermochemistry properties of the polyaniline/PbI₂ nanocomposite as compared with that for the polyaniline.

Converting Sewage Water into H2 Fuel Gas Using Cu/CuO Nanoporous Photocatalytic Electrodes

This work reports on H2 fuel generation from sewage water using Cu/CuO nanoporous (NP) electrodes. This is a novel concept for converting contaminated water into H2 fuel. The preparation of Cu/CuO NP was achieved using a simple thermal combustion process of Cu metallic foil at 550 °C for 1 h. The Cu/CuO surface consists of island-like structures, with an inter-distance of 100 nm. Each island has a highly porous surface with a pore diameter of about 250 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of monoclinic Cu/CuO NP material with a crystallite size of 89 nm. The prepared Cu/CuO photoelectrode was applied for H2 generation from sewage water achieving an incident to photon conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 14.6%. Further, the effects of light intensity and wavelength on the photoelectrode performance were assessed. The current density (Jph) value increased from 2.17 to 4.7 mA·cm-2 upon raising the light power density from 50 to 100 mW·cm-2. Moreover, the enthalpy (ΔH*) and entropy (ΔS*) values of Cu/CuO electrode were determined as 9.519 KJ mol-1 and 180.4 JK-1·mol-1, respectively. The results obtained in the present study are very promising for solving the problem of energy in far regions by converting sewage water to H2 fuel.