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Arroyo-Currás N. Beyond the Gold-Thiol Paradigm: Exploring Alternative Interfaces for Electrochemical Nucleic Acid-Based Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2228-2236. [PMID: 38661283 PMCID: PMC11129698 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors (NBEs) use oligonucleotides as affinity reagents for the detection of a variety of targets, ranging from small-molecule therapeutics to whole viruses. Because of their versatility in molecular sensing, NBEs are being developed broadly for diagnostic and biomedical research applications. Benchmark NBEs are fabricated via self-assembly of thiol-based monolayers on gold. Although robust for rapid prototyping, thiol monolayers suffer from limitations in terms of stability under voltage modulation and in the face of competitive ligands such as thiolated molecules naturally occurring in biofluids. Additionally, gold cannot be deployed as an NBE substrate for all biomedical applications, such as in cases where molecular measurements coupled to real-time, under-the-sensor tissue imaging is needed. Seeking to overcome these limitations, the field of NBEs is pursuing alternative ligands and electrode surfaces. In this perspective, I discuss new interface fabrication strategies that have successfully achieved NBE sensing, or that have the potential to allow NBE sensing on conductive surfaces other than gold. I hope this perspective will provide the reader with a fresh view of how future NBE interfaces could be constructed and will serve as inspiration for the pursuit of collaborative developments in the field of NBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Sankar K, Kuzmanović U, Schaus SE, Galagan JE, Grinstaff MW. Strategy, Design, and Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors: A Tutorial. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2254-2274. [PMID: 38636962 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Advanced healthcare requires novel technologies capable of real-time sensing to monitor acute and long-term health. The challenge relies on converting a real-time quantitative biological and chemical signal into a desired measurable output. Given the success in detecting glucose and the commercialization of glucometers, electrochemical biosensors continue to be a mainstay of academic and industrial research activities. Despite the wealth of literature on electrochemical biosensors, reports are often specific to a particular application (e.g., pathogens, cancer markers, glucose, etc.), and most fail to convey the underlying strategy and design, and if it is transferable to detection of a different analyte. Here we present a tutorial review for those entering this research area that summarizes the basic electrochemical techniques utilized as well as discusses the designs and optimization strategies employed to improve sensitivity and maximize signal output.
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Ionescu RE. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensors Using Nanobodies as Biocompatible Sniffer Tools of Agricultural Contaminants and Human Disease Biomarkers. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1486. [PMID: 37630022 PMCID: PMC10456424 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) are known as camelid single-domain fragments or variable heavy chain antibodies (VHH) that in vitro recognize the antigens (Ag) similar to full-size antibodies (Abs) and in vivo allow immunoreactions with biomolecule cavities inaccessible to conventional Abs. Currently, Nbs are widely used for clinical treatments due to their remarkably improved performance, ease of production, thermal robustness, superior physical and chemical properties. Interestingly, Nbs are also very promising bioreceptors for future rapid and portable immunoassays, compared to those using unstable full-size antibodies. For all these reasons, Nbs are excellent candidates in ecological risk assessments and advanced medicine, enabling the development of ultrasensitive biosensing platforms. In this review, immobilization strategies of Nbs on conductive supports for enhanced electrochemical immune detection of food contaminants (Fcont) and human biomarkers (Hbio) are discussed. In the case of Fcont, the direct competitive immunoassay detection using coating antigen solid surface is the most commonly used approach for efficient Nbs capture which was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) when the signal decays for increasing concentrations of free antigen prepared in aqueous solutions. In contrast, for the Hbio investigations on thiolated gold electrodes, increases in amperometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) signals were recorded, with increases in the antigen concentrations prepared in PBS or spiked real human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Elena Ionescu
- Light, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology (L2n) Laboratory, CNRS EMR 7004, University of Technology of Troyes, 12 Rue Marie Curie CS 42060, 10004 Troyes, France
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Pathania D, Sharma M, Thakur P, Chaudhary V, Kaushik A, Furukawa H, Khosla A. Exploring phytochemical composition, photocatalytic, antibacterial, and antifungal efficacies of Au NPs supported by Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14249. [PMID: 35995807 PMCID: PMC9395529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aromatic essential oils is highlighted due to its simple, economical, low toxicity, and eco-friendly nature. Essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus (CF), an economically valuable medicinal plant, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. For the first time, this research accounts for the biosynthesis, physicochemical, photocatalytic, antifungal, antibacterial properties of biogenic AuNPs, fabricated using CF essential oil collected from different altitudes (S1-Palampur, S2-Haryana, S3-Dehradun). The altitudinal disparity in the phytochemical composition of essential oils is highlighted. The average crystallite size ranged from 10 to 32 nm and was influenced by CF samples used in the synthesis. The spectroscopic outcomes revealed the involvement of bioactive reagents from CF essential oil in the fabrication and stabilization of AuNPs. The fabricated AuNPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities against all tested strains (Staphyloccucs aureus, Escherichia coli, Fusarium oxysporum), showing their efficacy as an antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases. Moreover, AuNPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficacy of around 91.8% for the degradation of methylene blue under exposure of direct sunlight for 3 h without the assistance of an external reducing agent. The outcomes highlight a potential economic and environmentally friendly strategy to fabricate biogenic AuNPs for diversified industrial applications where antimicrobial and photocatalytic efficacies are the key requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pathania
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India
| | - Mamta Sharma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India. .,Department of Botany, Sardar Patel University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175001, India.
| | - Pankaj Thakur
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell and Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110075, India.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBio Tech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805-8531, USA.,School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hidemitsu Furukawa
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ajit Khosla
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan. .,School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, People's Republic of China.
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