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Sun H, Hirata T, Koga K, Arakawa T, Nagashima N, Neriishi K, Elsherbini M, Maki E, Izumi G, Harada M, Hirota Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Osuga Y. Elevated phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α at serine-118 in ovarian endometrioma. F&S SCIENCE 2022; 3:401-409. [PMID: 35654737 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the phosphorylation of estrogen receptor α at serine-118 (phospho-ERα S118) in the endometrium, ovarian endometrioma, and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING University-affiliated hospital and academic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Twenty-five patients underwent a hysterectomy, 18 patients underwent surgical removal of ovarian endometrioma, and 6 patients underwent DIE. INTERVENTION(S) Tissue samples were obtained from patients who underwent surgical procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunostaining for phospho-ERα S118, ERα, or phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (phospho-p44/42 MAPK) was performed to evaluate the endometrium with or without endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, and DIE. For in vitro analysis, endometrial epithelial cells (Ishikawa cells) were stimulated with estradiol (E2) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and the expression levels of phospho-ERα S118 and phospho-p44/42 MAPK were evaluated via Western blotting. RESULT(S) First, phospho-ERα S118 level was significantly higher in the glands and stroma of ovarian endometriosis samples than in those of endometrial and DIE samples. Second, colocalization of phospho-p44/42 MAPK and phospho-ERα S118 was observed in the glands of ovarian endometrioma. The proportions of cells strongly expressing phospho-p44/42 and phospho-ERα were 87% in phosphor-p44/42 MAPK-positive cells and 79% in phosphor-ERα-positive cells. Third, E2 stimulation significantly enhanced phospho-ERα S118 after 15 and 30 minutes in in vitro analysis using endometrial epithelial cells. Fourth, TNFα stimulation modestly but significantly enhanced phospho-ERα S118 after 15 and 30 minutes. Fifth, in Ishikawa cells, treatment with a p44/42 inhibitor (PD98059) significantly reduced phospho-ERα S118 by TNFα but not by E2. CONCLUSION(S) ERα-S118 phosphorylation was increased in ovarian endometriosis. Our findings may provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of increased ERα action in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Doai Kinen Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Arakawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Nagashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Neriishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohammed Elsherbini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Maki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gentaro Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Harada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsai HW, Lin VY, Shupnik MA. Forskolin Stimulates Estrogen Receptor (ER) α Transcriptional Activity and Protects ER from Degradation by Distinct Mechanisms. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:7690166. [PMID: 35586275 PMCID: PMC9110234 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7690166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol action is mediated by estrogen receptors (ERs), a and ß. Estradiol binding initiates ER-mediated transcription and ER degradation, the latter of which occurs via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Inhibition of proteasome activity prevents estradiol-induced ERα degradation and transactivation. In ER-positive GH3 cells (a rat pituitary prolactinoma cell line), forskolin, acting via protein kinase A (PKA), stimulates ERα transcriptional activity without causing degradation, and proteasome inhibition does not block forskolin-stimulated transcription. Forskolin also protects liganded ERα from degradation. In the current study, we first examined ERα and ERβ transcriptional activity in ER-negative HT22 cells and found that forskolin stimulated ERα-, but not ERβ-dependent transcription, through the ligand-binding domain (LBD). We also identified four mutations (L396R, D431Y, Y542F, and K534E/M548V) on the ERα LBD that selectively obliterated the response to forskolin. In GH3 cells, transfected ERα mutants and ERβ were protected from degradation by forskolin. Ubiquitination of ERα and ERβ was increased by forskolin or estradiol. ERα ubiquitination was diminished by a mutated ubiquitin (K48R) that prevents elongation of polyubiquitin chains for targeting the proteasome. Increased ERα ubiquitination was not affected by the deletion of the A/B domain but significantly diminished in the F domain deletion mutant. Our results indicate distinct and novel mechanisms for forskolin stimulation of ERα transcriptional activity and protection from ligand-induced degradation. It also suggests a unique mechanism by which forskolin increases unliganded and liganded ERα and ERβ ubiquitination but uncouples them from proteasome-mediated degradation regardless of their transcriptional responses to forskolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houng-Wei Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vicky Y. Lin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Margaret A. Shupnik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Lu L, Wan X, Xu Y, Chen J, Shu K, Lei T. Prognostic Factors for Recurrence in Pituitary Adenomas: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040977. [PMID: 35454025 PMCID: PMC9024548 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are benign lesions; nonetheless, some PAs exhibit aggressive behaviors, which lead to recurrence. The impact of pituitary dysfunction, invasion-related risks, and other complications considerably affect the quality of life of patients with recurrent PAs. Reliable prognostic factors are needed for recurrent PAs but require confirmation. This review summarizes research progress on two aspects—namely, the clinical and biological factors (biomarkers) for recurrent PAs. Postoperative residue, age, immunohistological subtypes, invasion, tumor size, hormone levels, and postoperative radiotherapy can predict the risk of recurrence in patients with PAs. Additionally, biomarkers such as Ki-67, p53, cadherin, pituitary tumor transforming gene, matrix metalloproteinase-9, epidermal growth factor receptor, fascin actin-bundling protein 1, cyclooxygenase-2, and some miRNAs and lncRNAs may be utilized as valuable tools for predicting PA recurrence. As no single marker can independently predict PA recurrence, we introduce an array of comprehensive models and grading methods, including multiple prognostic factors, to predict the prognosis of PAs, which have shown good effectiveness and would be beneficial for predicting PA recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ting Lei
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-8366-5202
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Voellger B, Zhang Z, Benzel J, Wang J, Lei T, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW. Targeting Aggressive Pituitary Adenomas at the Molecular Level-A Review. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010124. [PMID: 35011868 PMCID: PMC8745122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are mostly benign endocrine tumors that can be treated by resection or medication. However, up to 10% of PAs show an aggressive behavior with invasion of adjacent tissue, rapid proliferation, or recurrence. Here, we provide an overview of target structures in aggressive PAs and summarize current clinical trials including, but not limited to, PAs. Mainly, drug targets in PAs are based on general features of tumor cells such as immune checkpoints, so that programmed cell death 1 (ligand 1) (PD-1/PD-L1) targeting may bear potential to cure aggressive PAs. In addition, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and their downstream pathways are triggered in PAs, thereby modulating tumor cell proliferation, migration and/or tumor angiogenesis. Temozolomide (TMZ) can be an effective treatment of aggressive PAs. Combination of TMZ with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or with radiotherapy could strengthen the therapeutic effects as compared to TMZ alone. Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the first line treatment for prolactinomas. Dopamine receptors are also expressed in other subtypes of PAs which renders DAs potentially suitable to treat other subtypes of PAs. Furthermore, targeting the invasive behavior of PAs could improve therapy. In this regard, human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family members and estrogens receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in aggressive PAs, and numerous studies demonstrated the role of these proteins to modulate invasiveness of PAs. This leaves a number of treatment options for aggressive PAs as reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Voellger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Z.Z.); (J.B.); (J.W.); (C.N.); (J.-W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-58-66447
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Z.Z.); (J.B.); (J.W.); (C.N.); (J.-W.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Julia Benzel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Z.Z.); (J.B.); (J.W.); (C.N.); (J.-W.B.)
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Z.Z.); (J.B.); (J.W.); (C.N.); (J.-W.B.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China;
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Z.Z.); (J.B.); (J.W.); (C.N.); (J.-W.B.)
| | - Jörg-Walter Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany; (Z.Z.); (J.B.); (J.W.); (C.N.); (J.-W.B.)
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Cooper O, Bonert VS, Rudnick J, Pressman BD, Lo J, Salvatori R, Yuen KCJ, Fleseriu M, Melmed S. EGFR/ErbB2-Targeting Lapatinib Therapy for Aggressive Prolactinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e917-e925. [PMID: 33150390 PMCID: PMC7823257 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 10% to 20% of prolactinomas are resistant to dopamine agonist therapy. The ErbB signaling pathway may drive aggressive prolactinoma behavior. OBJECTIVE We evaluated lapatinib, an ErbB1-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB2 or human EGFR2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), in aggressive prolactinomas. DESIGN A prospective, phase 2a multicenter trial was conducted. SETTING This study took place at a tertiary referral pituitary center. PATIENTS Study participants included adults with aggressive prolactinomas showing continued tumor growth despite maximally tolerated dopamine agonist therapy. INTERVENTION Intervention included oral lapatinib 1250 mg/day for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end point was 40% reduction in any tumor dimension assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at study end; tumor response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. Secondary end points included prolactin (PRL) reduction, correlation of response with EGFR/HER2 expression, and safety. RESULTS Owing to rigorous inclusion criteria, of 24 planned participants, only 7 consented and 4 were treated. None achieved the primary end point but 3 showed stable disease, including 2 with a 6% increase and 1 with a 16.8% decrease in tumor diameter. PRL response was not always concordant with tumor response, as 2 showed 28% and 59% increases in PRL. The fourth participant had a PRL-secreting carcinoma and withdrew after 3 months of lapatinib because of imaging and PRL progression. EGFR/HER2 expression did not correlate with treatment response. Lapatinib was well tolerated overall, with reversible grade 1 transaminitis in 2 patients, grade 2 rash in 2 patients, and grade 1 asymptomatic bradycardia in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS An oral TKI such as lapatinib may be an effective option for a difficult-to-treat patient with an aggressive prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Cooper
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Odelia Cooper, MD, Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S San Vicente Blvd, A6600, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. E-mail:
| | - Vivien S Bonert
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremy Rudnick
- Departments of Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Barry D Pressman
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janet Lo
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Pituitary Center, Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Niu K, Luo X, Da Y, Liu S, Wang K, Wang W, Qin L, Jia J. Effect of estradiol and Remifemin on the dorsal lingual epithelium of ovariectomized rats. Exp Gerontol 2020; 143:111142. [PMID: 33130112 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the ovariectomized rat model was used to explore the impact of menopause on rats' dorsal lingual epithelium; at the same time, the curative effects of Remifemin and estradiol were also observed. METHODS 28 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups randomly, including sham-operated group (SHAM), an ovariectomized group (OVX), an ovariectomized treated with estradiol (OVX + E), an ovariectomized treated with Remifemin (OVX + iCR). Variation and possible mechanisms were studied via morphology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscope. RESULTS The results showed that the dorsal lingual epithelium became thinner significantly in the apex part in OVX group, as well as the levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) were lower than that in other three groups. However, they could reverse close to normal after estradiol and Remifemin treatment respectively. CONCLUSION The thinning in the apex of dorsal lingual epithelium might be due to the reduced proliferation in the germinal layer led by the abating of estrogen level, instead of apoptosis. This might play an important role in the pathogenesis of the menopause female tongue burning sensation. Remifemin had certain curative effect on the dorsal lingual mucosa, but a little more inferior than estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Niu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yunmeng Da
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; Department of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054001, China
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Duran P, Sandoval A, González-Ramírez R, Zarco N, Felix R. Regulation of the Ca 2+ channel α 2δ-1 subunit expression by epidermal growth factor via the ERK/ELK-1 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E232-E244. [PMID: 32369417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00007.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels are expressed in endocrine cells where they contribute to hormone secretion. Diverse chemical messengers, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), are known to affect the expression of CaV channels. Previous studies have shown that EGF increases Ca2+ currents in GH3 pituitary cells by increasing the number of high voltage-activated (HVA) CaV channels at the cell membrane, which results in enhanced prolactin (PRL) secretion. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this regulation. Here, we show that EGF actually increases the expression of the CaVα2δ-1 subunit, a key molecular component of HVA channels. The analysis of the gene promoter encoding CaVα2δ-1 (CACNA2D1) revealed binding sites for transcription factors activated by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and site-directed mutagenesis showed that ELK-1 is crucial for the transcriptional regulation of CACNA2D1 in response to EGF. Furthermore, we found that EGF increases the membrane expression of CaVα2δ-1 and that ELK-1 overexpression increases HVA current density, whereas ELK-1 knockdown decreases the functional expression of the channels. Hormone release assays revealed that CaVα2δ-1 overexpression increases PRL secretion. These results suggest a mechanism for how EGF, by activating the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/ELK-1 pathway, may influence the expression of HVA channels and the secretory behavior of pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Duran
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sandoval
- School of Medicine FES Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Ricardo González-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Histocompatibility, "Dr. Manuel Gea González" General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ricardo Felix
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Estrogen and EGFR Pathways Regulate Notch Signaling in Opposing Directions for Multi-Ciliogenesis in the Fallopian Tube. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080933. [PMID: 31430961 PMCID: PMC6721734 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumen of the fallopian tube (FT) is lined with columnar epithelium composed of secretory and ciliated cells, both of which are important for reproduction. However, the molecular mechanism regulating cell fate remains controversial. In this study, we established a primary culture system using porcine fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTECs) to study the differentiation mechanism. We found that estrogen promoted the differentiation of multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) through estrogen receptor β, following the reduction of DLL1, a ligand of Notch. Meanwhile, epidermal growth factor (EGF), a regulator of epithelial homeostasis and differentiation, suppressed ciliogenesis by the activation of Notch signaling. However, the estrogen pathway did not affect the activation of the EGF pathway. Taken together, the differentiation of MMCs in FT depends on the balance of EGF and estrogen signaling, either of which inhibits or stimulates the Notch signaling pathway respectively.
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Nogami H, Koshida R, Omori H, Shibata M, Harigaya T, Takei Y. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor stimulates prolactin expression in primary culture of the mouse pituitary gland. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12764. [PMID: 31251840 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the regulation of prolactin (PRL) gene expression in the normal pituitary gland remain poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of EGF and an inhibitor of the EGF receptor, erlotinib, on PRL gene expression were examined both in the pituitary tumour cell line GH3 and in a primary culture of the mouse pituitary gland under similar experimental conditions. The results showed that EGF stimulated PRL expression in GH3 cells, but not in normal cells. Erlotinib was found to counteract EGF in GH3 cells inhibiting the PRL expression enhanced by EGF. By contrast, erlotinib induced an elevation in the PRL mRNA levels in the primary culture of the adult pituitary gland and the initiation of PRL production in the culture of the foetal pituitary gland in which PRL production had not yet occurred. Western blot analyses showed that EGF induced and erlotinib inhibited the activation of extracellular regulated protein kinase equally in GH3 and normal cells. These results suggest that the consequences of EGF receptor activation in normal PRL cells contradict those in adenomatous PRL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Nogami
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Japan University of Health Sciences, Satte, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Koshida
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Omori
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Japan University of Health Sciences, Satte, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Japan University of Health Sciences, Satte, Japan
| | - Toshio Harigaya
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takei
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Ristic N, Ajdzanovic V, Manojlovic-Stojanoski M, Maliković J, Uscebrka G, Markovic Z, Milosevic V. Effects of Estradiol on Histological Parameters and Secretory Ability of Pituitary Mammotrophs in Ovariectomized Female Rats. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:461-468. [PMID: 28836408 PMCID: PMC5570411 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Estrogen replacement therapy remains current as a therapeutic approach to
treat menopausal symptoms and may significantly affect hormone-producing cells in the
female pituitaries. The aim of this study was to examine the histological parameters of
pituitary mammotrophs and prolactin secretion after chronic estradiol treatment in ovariectomized adult female rats, reflecting premature menopause. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, adult female Wistar rats were divided into non-ovariectomized (C),
ovariectomized (OVX) and estradiol-treated ovariectomized (OVX+E) groups. Estradiol dipropionate [0.625 mg/kg body mass per
day] was administered for four weeks, while the C and OVX groups received vehicle
alone. Mammotrophs were identified by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical procedure, while prolactin concentrations were measured by the
non-isotopic two-step assay (Delfia) method. Comparison of the differences between
groups was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukay (honest significant difference) HSD test.
Results Ovariectomy caused significant (P<0.05) decreases in mammotroph optical
density (OD), volume density (VV) and number per mm2 by 29, 27 and 34%, respectively, in comparison with the C females. In the OVX+E group, significant (P<0.05)
increases in OD, cell volume, VVand number of mammotrophs per mm2 by 181, 15%,
5.8-fold and 5.2-fold, respectively, were observed when compared to OVX animals.
The serum prolactin concentration in OVX females was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 14% in comparison to the C group, while in OVX+E females, prolactin
levels were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 53% compared to the OVX controls. Conclusion Estradiol supplementation in ovariectomized females is followed by
stimulatory histological and secretory changes of the mammotrophs. These results
could serve as indicators of possible prolactinome development upon estradiol application in premature menopausal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Ristic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Ajdzanovic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milica Manojlovic-Stojanoski
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Maliković
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Uscebrka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Verica Milosevic
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Dumasia K, Kumar A, Kadam L, Balasinor NH. Effect of estrogen receptor-subtype-specific ligands on fertility in adult male rats. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:169-80. [PMID: 25869617 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of normal male fertility relies on the process of spermatogenesis which is under complex endocrine control by mechanisms involving gonadotropin and steroid hormones. Although testosterone is the primary sex steroid in males, estrogen is locally produced in the testis and plays a very crucial role in male fertility. This is evident from presence of both the estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) in the testis and their absence, as in the case of knockout mice models, leads to sterility. The present study was undertaken to understand individual roles of the two ERs in spermatogenesis and their direct contribution towards the maintenance of male fertility using receptor-subtype-specific ligands. Administration of ERα and β agonists to adult male rats for 60 days results in a significant decrease in fertility, mainly due to an increase in pre- and post-implantation loss and a concomitant decrease in litter size and sperm counts. Our results indicate that ERα is mainly involved in negative feedback regulation of gonadotropin hormones, whereas both ERs are involved in regulation of prolactin and testosterone production. Histological examinations of the testis reveal that ERβ could be involved in the process of spermiation since many failed spermatids were observed in stages IX-XI following ERβ agonist treatment. Our results indicate that overactivation of estrogen signaling through either of its receptors can have detrimental effects on the fertility parameters and that the two ERs have both overlapping and distinct roles in maintenance of male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushaan Dumasia
- Department of Neuroendocrinology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Anita Kumar
- Department of Neuroendocrinology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Leena Kadam
- Department of Neuroendocrinology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - N H Balasinor
- Department of Neuroendocrinology National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (Indian Council of Medical Research), Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
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12
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Liang Y, Besch-Williford C, Aebi JD, Mafuvadze B, Cook MT, Zou X, Hyder SM. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors as potent novel anti-cancer agents: suppression of hormone-dependent breast cancer by the oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor RO 48-8071. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 146:51-62. [PMID: 24878988 PMCID: PMC11121502 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In most human breast cancers, tumor cell proliferation is estrogen dependent. Although hormone-responsive tumors initially respond to anti-estrogen therapies, most of them eventually develop resistance. Our goal was to identify alternative targets that might be regulated to control breast cancer progression. Sulforhodamine B assay was used to measure the viability of cultured human breast cancer cell lines exposed to various inhibitors. Protein expression in whole-cell extracts was determined by Western blotting. BT-474 tumor xenografts in nude mice were used for in vivo studies of tumor progression. RO 48-8071 ([4'-[6-(Allylmethylamino)hexyloxy]-4-bromo-2'-fluorobenzophenone fumarate]; RO), a small-molecule inhibitor of oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis), potently reduced breast cancer cell viability. In vitro exposure of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive human breast cancer cells to pharmacological levels of RO or a dose close to the IC50 for OSC (nM) reduced cell viability. Administration of RO to mice with BT-474 tumor xenografts prevented tumor growth, with no apparent toxicity. RO degraded ERα while concomitantly inducing the anti-proliferative protein ERβ. Two other cholesterol-lowering drugs, Fluvastatin and Simvastatin, were less effective in reducing breast cancer cell viability and were found not to induce ERβ. ERβ inhibition or knockdown prevented RO-dependent loss of cell viability. Importantly, RO had no effect on the viability of normal human mammary cells. RO is a potent inhibitor of hormone-dependent human breast cancer cell proliferation. The anti-tumor properties of RO appear to be in part due to an off-target effect that increases the ratio of ERβ/ERα in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Liang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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13
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Sosa LDV, Gutiérrez S, Petiti JP, Vaca AM, De Paul AL, Torres AI. Cooperative effect of E₂ and FGF2 on lactotroph proliferation triggered by signaling initiated at the plasma membrane. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E41-9. [PMID: 23651845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol (E₂) and basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on the lactotroph cell-proliferative response and the related membrane-initiated signaling pathway. Anterior pituitary mixed-cell cultures of random, cycling 3-mo-old female rats were treated with 10 nM E₂, E₂ membrane-impermeable conjugated BSA (E₂-BSA), PPT (ERα agonist), and DPN (ERβ agonist) alone or combined with FGF2 (10 ng/ml) for 30 min or 4 h. Although our results showed that the uptake of BrdU into the nucleus of lactotrophs was not modified by E₂ or FGF2 alone, a significant increase in the lactotroph uptake of BrdU was observed after E₂/FGF2 coincubation, with this effect being mimicked by PPT/FGF2. These proliferative effects were blocked by ICI 182,780 or PD-98059. The involvement of membrane ER in the proliferative response of prolactin cells induced by the steroid and FGF2 coincubation was confirmed using E₂-BSA, and the association between ERα and FGF receptor was observed after E₂/FGF2 treatment by immunoprecipitation. A significant increase in the ERK1/2 expression was noted after E₂, E₂-BSA, PPT, and FGF2 alone, which was more noticeable after E₂-BSA/FGF2, E₂/FGF2, or PPT/FGF2 treatments. This study provides evidence that E₂ and FGF2 exert a cooperative effect on the lactotroph proliferation principally by signaling initiated at the plasma membrane triggering a genomic effect mediated by MEK/ERK1/2, a common signaling pathway, that finally regulates the lactotroph population, thus contributing to pituitary plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana del V Sosa
- Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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14
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Petrocchi Passeri P, Biondini L, Mongiardi MP, Mordini N, Quaresima S, Frank C, Baratta M, Bartolomucci A, Levi A, Severini C, Possenti R. Neuropeptide TLQP-21, a VGF internal fragment, modulates hormonal gene expression and secretion in GH3 cell line. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:212-24. [PMID: 22699300 DOI: 10.1159/000339855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we demonstrated that TLQP-21, a biologically active peptide derived from the processing of the larger pro-VGF granin, plays a role in mammotrophic cell differentiation. We used an established in vitro model, the GH3 cell line, which upon treatment with epidermal growth factor develops a mammotrophic phenotype consisting of induction of prolactin expression and secretion, and inhibition of growth hormone. Here we determined for the first time that during mammotrophic differentiation, epidermal growth factor also induces Vgf gene expression and increases VGF protein precursor processing and peptide secretion. After this initial observation we set out to determine the specific role of the VGF encoded TLQP-21 peptide on this model. TLQP-21 induced a trophic effect on GH3 cells and increased prolactin expression and its own gene transcription without affecting growth hormone expression. TLQP-21 was also able to induce a significant rise of cytoplasmic calcium, as measured by Fura2AM, due to the release from a thapsigargin-sensitive store. TLQP-21-dependent rise in cytoplasmic calcium was, at least in part, dependent on the activation of phospholipase followed by phosphorylation of PKC and ERK. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that TLQP-21 contributes to differentiation of the GH3 cell line toward a mammotrophic phenotype and suggest that it may exert a neuroendocrine role in vivo on lactotroph cells in the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Petrocchi Passeri
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology and Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR Rome, Rome, Italy
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Cooper O, Vlotides G, Fukuoka H, Greene MI, Melmed S. Expression and function of ErbB receptors and ligands in the pituitary. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:R197-211. [PMID: 21917845 PMCID: PMC3758362 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of ErbB family in discreet pituitary functions is reviewed. Several ErbB receptor ligands, EGF, TGFα, and heregulin are differentially expressed in normal gonadotroph and lacto-somatotroph lineages, and other elements of the anterior pituitary. ErbB receptors, i.e. EGFR and ErbB2, are also localized to the anterior pituitary with preferential EGFR lactosomatotroph expression. EGF regulates CRH and ACTH secretion and corticotroph proliferation as well as exhibiting autocrine and paracrine effects on gonadotrophs and on lactosomatotroph proliferation, gene and protein expression, and hormonal secretion. EGF and EGFR are expressed in both functioning and non-functioning pituitary adenomas, with higher expression in more aggressive tumor subtypes. ErbB2 receptor is detected in all tumor subtypes, particularly in invasive tumors. ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors regulate hormonal secretion, cell morphology, and proliferation in lacto-somatotroph tumors, reflecting the emerging application of targeted pituitary therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelia Cooper
- Department of Medicine, Pituitary Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Academic Affairs, Room 2015, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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De Paul AL, Gutiérrez S, Sabatino ME, Mukdsi JH, Palmeri CM, Soaje M, Petiti JP, Torres AI. Epidermal growth factor induces a sexually dimorphic proliferative response of lactotroph cells through protein kinase C-ERK1/2-Pit-1 in vitro. Exp Physiol 2010; 96:226-39. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2010.054502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fukuoka H, Cooper O, Mizutani J, Tong Y, Ren SG, Bannykh S, Melmed S. HER2/ErbB2 receptor signaling in rat and human prolactinoma cells: strategy for targeted prolactinoma therapy. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 25:92-103. [PMID: 21106881 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine agonist resistance or intolerance is encountered in approximately 20% of prolactinoma patients. Because human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/ErbB2 is overexpressed in prolactinomas and ErbB receptor ligands regulate prolactin (PRL) gene expression, we tested the role of HER2/ErbB2 in prolactinoma hormone regulation and adenoma cell proliferation to assess the rationale for targeting this receptor for prolactinoma therapy. As we showed prolactinoma HER2 overexpression, we generated constitutively active HER2-stable GH3 cell transfectants (HER2CA). PRL mRNA levels were induced approximately 250-fold and PRL secretion was enhanced 100-fold in HER2CA cells, which also exhibited increased proliferation. Lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB1 and HER2, blocked receptor signaling, and suppressed PRL expression more than gefitinib, a TKI of EGFR/ErbB1. Lapatinib also suppressed colony formation in soft agar more than gefitinib. Oral lapatinib treatment caused tumor shrinkage and serum PRL suppression both in HER2CA transfectant-inoculated Wistar-Furth rats and in estrogen-induced Fischer344 rat prolactinomas. In cultured human cells derived from resected prolactinoma tissue, lapatinib suppressed both PRL mRNA expression and secretion. These results demonstrate that prolactinoma HER2 potently induces PRL and regulates experimental prolactinoma cell proliferation. Because pituitary HER2 signaling is abrogated by TKIs, this receptor could be an effective target for prolactinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Fukuoka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Academic Affairs, 8700 Beverly Boulevard Plaza North, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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