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Erro E, Bundy J, Massie I, Chalmers SA, Gautier A, Gerontas S, Hoare M, Sharratt P, Choudhury S, Lubowiecki M, Llewellyn I, Legallais C, Fuller B, Hodgson H, Selden C. Bioengineering the liver: scale-up and cool chain delivery of the liver cell biomass for clinical targeting in a bioartificial liver support system. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:1-11. [PMID: 23514704 PMCID: PMC3569957 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure has a high mortality unless patients receive a liver transplant; however, there are insufficient donor organs to meet the clinical need. The liver may rapidly recover from acute injury by hepatic cell regeneration given time. A bioartificial liver machine can provide temporary liver support to enable such regeneration to occur. We developed a bioartificial liver machine using human-derived liver cells encapsulated in alginate, cultured in a fluidized bed bioreactor to a level of function suitable for clinical use (performance competence). HepG2 cells were encapsulated in alginate using a JetCutter to produce ∼500 μm spherical beads containing cells at ∼1.75 million cells/mL beads. Within the beads, encapsulated cells proliferated to form compact cell spheroids (AELS) with good cell-to-cell contact and cell function, that were analyzed functionally and by gene expression at mRNA and protein levels. We established a methodology to enable a ∼34-fold increase in cell density within the AELS over 11-13 days, maintaining cell viability. Optimized nutrient and oxygen provision were numerically modeled and tested experimentally, achieving a cell density at harvest of >45 million cells/mL beads; >5×10(10) cells were produced in 1100 mL of beads. This process is scalable to human size ([0.7-1]×10(11)). A short-term storage protocol at ambient temperature was established, enabling transport from laboratory to bedside over 48 h, appropriate for clinical translation of a manufactured bioartificial liver machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Erro
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Bundy
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel Massie
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sherri-Ann Chalmers
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aude Gautier
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Spyridon Gerontas
- The Advanced Center for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Hoare
- The Advanced Center for Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sharratt
- PNAC Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Choudhury
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Lubowiecki
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Llewellyn
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Legallais
- CNRS UMR 6600 Biomechanics and Bioengineering, University of Technology of Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - Barry Fuller
- Cell, Tissue & Organ Preservation Unit, University Department of Surgery, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Humphrey Hodgson
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Selden
- Liver Group, UCL Institute of Liver & Digestive Health, London, United Kingdom
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Clore JN, Stillman JS, Helm ST, Blackard WG. Evidence for dissociation of gluconeogenesis stimulated by non-esterified fatty acids and changes in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 1992; 288 ( Pt 1):145-8. [PMID: 1445259 PMCID: PMC1132091 DOI: 10.1042/bj2880145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) in non-esterified-fatty-acid-stimulated gluconeogenesis, Fru-2,6-P2 levels were measured in cultured rat hepatocytes under conditions mimicking the fasted state. After addition of either 1.5 mM-palmitate or 10 nM-glucagon, [U-14C]lactate incorporation into glucose increased 2-fold, but only glucagon suppressed Fru-2,6-P2. Prevention of palmitate oxidation with a carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I inhibitor (2-bromopalmitate) diminished glucose production and Fru-2,6-P2 levels. Addition of exogenous glucose to the media increased Fru-2,6-P2 in a dose-related manner, which was further augmented by addition of palmitate. When Fru-2,6-P2 levels were examined in cells cultured under conditions mimicking the fed state (significantly higher basal Fru-2,6-P2 levels and lower glucose production), palmitate oxidation was associated with a significant fall in Fru-2,6-P2. In conclusion, the present studies have demonstrated a dissociation between fatty-acid-stimulated gluconeogenesis and changes in Fru-2,6-P2 in cultured rat hepatocytes. Further experiments suggest that the accumulation of intracellular hexose 6-phosphate as a result of fatty-acid-stimulated gluconeogenesis masks a putative inhibitory effect of fatty acids on Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Clore
- Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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