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Bird JK, Feskens EJM, Melse-Boonstra A. A Systematized Review of the Relationship Between Obesity and Vitamin C Requirements. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102152. [PMID: 38666038 PMCID: PMC11039309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates have increased globally in recent decades. Body weight is used as a modifiable factor in determining vitamin requirements. Accordingly, vitamin C requirements are volumetrically scaled from data for healthy weight males to other age- and sex-based categories. Likewise, it is possible that increases in body weight due to obesity may affect vitamin C needs. A systematized literature review was performed to summarize evidence on whether obesity affects vitamin C intake or status. The literature was also scanned for potential mechanisms for the relationship. Many observational studies showed that vitamin C status is lower in overweight and obese children and adults; this may be explained by lower vitamin C intakes. Nevertheless, a reanalysis of carefully conducted intervention studies has demonstrated a lower vitamin C status in participants who were overweight or obese when given the same dose of vitamin C as subjects of normal weight. Several mechanisms have been proposed to potentially explain why vitamin C status is lower in people with obesity: changes in vitamin C partitioning between lean and adipose tissue, volumetric dilution, metabolic alterations due to obesity, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Depletion-repletion or pharmacokinetic studies that include individuals of diverse body weights and ages would be helpful to further investigate whether obesity increases requirements for vitamin C. The current evidence base supports a lower vitamin C status in people who are overweight or obese; however, the association may be attenuated by lower vitamin C intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Bird
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edith JM Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Ichinose M, Nakabayashi M, Ono Y. Rapid vasodilation within contracted skeletal muscle in humans: new insight from concurrent use of diffuse correlation spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H654-H667. [PMID: 33337963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00761.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that conduit artery blood flow rapidly increases after even a brief contraction of muscles within the dependent limb. Whether this rapid hyperemia occurs within contracted skeletal muscle in humans has yet to be confirmed, however. We therefore used diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to characterize the rapid hyperemia and vasodilatory responses within the muscle microvasculature induced by single muscle contractions in humans. Twenty-five healthy male volunteers performed single 1-s isometric handgrips at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximum voluntary contraction. DCS probes were placed on the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and a skeletal muscle blood flow index (SMBFI) was derived continuously. At the same time, brachial artery blood flow (BABF) responses were measured using Doppler ultrasound. Single muscle contractions evoked rapid, monophasic increases in both SMBFI and BABF that occurred within 3 s after release of contraction. The initial and peak responses increased with increases in contraction intensity and were greater for BABF than for SMBFI at all intensities. BABF reached its peak within 5 to 8 s after the end of contraction. The SMBFI continued to increase after the BABF passed its peak and was decreasing toward the resting level and peaked about 10 to 15 s after completion of the contraction. We conclude that single muscle contractions induce rapid, intensity-dependent hyperemia within the contracted skeletal muscle microvasculature. Moreover, the characteristics of the rapid hyperemia and vasodilatory responses of skeletal muscle microvessels differ from those simultaneously evaluated in the upstream conduit artery.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Through the concurrent use of diffuse correlation spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound, we provide the first evidence in humans that a single brief muscle contraction evokes rapid, intensity-dependent hyperemia within the contracted skeletal muscle microvasculature and the upstream conduit artery. We also show that the magnitude and time course of the contraction-induced rapid hyperemia and vasodilatory responses within skeletal muscle microvessels significantly differ from those in the conduit artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ichinose
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikie Nakabayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Scarano A, Sbarbati A, Amore R, Iorio EL, Ferraro G, Amuso D. A New Treatment for Local Adiposity with Ascorbic Acid and Ascorbyl-Palmitate Solution: Clinical and Histological Study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:1604-1612. [PMID: 32803279 PMCID: PMC7508743 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Localized adiposity (AL) is the accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue, placed in definite anatomic areas, building up an alteration of the body silhouette. The aim of the present clinical and histological study is to assess the effectiveness of an injectable solution containing sodium salt of ascorbic acid 0.24% and surfactant agent at 0.020% ascorbyl-palmitate (SAP) for treating local adiposity. Methods Eighty healthy female adult patients were selected, suffering from local adiposity in the abdominal region. The patients underwent a cycle of 6 sessions, with biweekly treatments, without the addition of any active ingredient. Direct infiltration of pharmacologically active SAP solutions into the adipose tissue with a long needle, very similar to the needles used for spinal anesthesia, was performed. This procedure is quick and painless (does not require any anesthesia) with moderate infiltration speed. Results All the patients treated showed good results with good satisfaction of the circumferential reductions. Before treatment: Waist (cm) 78.8 ± 10.6 and hip 93.6 ± 9.0 with WHR 0.84 ± 0.07. After treatment: Waist (cm) 70.8 ± 9.6 and hip 92.6 ± 8.0 with WHR 0.76 ± 0.06. Indeed, signs of adipocyte apoptosis were observed in subcutaneous skin after injection of SAP. Conclusion The results showed in the present study suggest that the SAP utilized induces apoptosis of adipocytes and could be of use as a safe and effective method with which to eliminate subcutaneous abdominal fat. Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Mason SA, Trewin AJ, Parker L, Wadley GD. Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101471. [PMID: 32127289 PMCID: PMC7284926 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed by endurance athletes to minimize exercise-induced oxidative stress, with the intention of enhancing recovery and improving performance. There are numerous commercially available nutritional supplements that are targeted to athletes and health enthusiasts that allegedly possess antioxidant properties. However, most of these compounds are poorly investigated with respect to their in vivo redox activity and efficacy in humans. Therefore, this review will firstly provide a background to endurance exercise-related redox signalling and the subsequent adaptations in skeletal muscle and vascular function. The review will then discuss commonly available compounds with purported antioxidant effects for use by athletes. N-acetyl cysteine may be of benefit over the days prior to an endurance event; while chronic intake of combined 1000 mg vitamin C + vitamin E is not recommended during periods of heavy training associated with adaptations in skeletal muscle. Melatonin, vitamin E and α-lipoic acid appear effective at decreasing markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, evidence on their effects on endurance performance are either lacking or not supportive. Catechins, anthocyanins, coenzyme Q10 and vitamin C may improve vascular function, however, evidence is either limited to specific sub-populations and/or does not translate to improved performance. Finally, additional research should clarify the potential benefits of curcumin in improving muscle recovery post intensive exercise; and the potential hampering effects of astaxanthin, selenium and vitamin A on skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training. Overall, we highlight the lack of supportive evidence for most antioxidant compounds to recommend to athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Trewin
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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Sasya M, Devi KSS, Babu JK, Balaguru Rayappan JB, Krishnan UM. Metabolic Syndrome-An Emerging Constellation of Risk Factors: Electrochemical Detection Strategies. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 20:E103. [PMID: 31878023 PMCID: PMC6982738 DOI: 10.3390/s20010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a condition that results from dysfunction of different metabolic pathways leading to increased risk of disorders such as hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders etc. As this condition cannot be diagnosed based on a single marker, multiple markers need to be detected and quantified to assess the risk facing an individual of metabolic syndrome. In this context, chemical- and bio-sensors capable of detecting multiple analytes may provide an appropriate diagnostic strategy. Research in this field has resulted in the evolution of sensors from the first generation to a fourth generation of 'smart' sensors. A shift in the sensing paradigm involving the sensing element and transduction strategy has also resulted in remarkable advancements in biomedical diagnostics particularly in terms of higher sensitivity and selectivity towards analyte molecule and rapid response time. This review encapsulates the significant advancements reported so far in the field of sensors developed for biomarkers of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurantakam Sasya
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata-9518510, Japan;
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India; (K.S.S.D.); (J.K.B.); (J.B.B.R.)
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - K. S. Shalini Devi
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India; (K.S.S.D.); (J.K.B.); (J.B.B.R.)
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Jayanth K. Babu
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India; (K.S.S.D.); (J.K.B.); (J.B.B.R.)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India; (K.S.S.D.); (J.K.B.); (J.B.B.R.)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata-9518510, Japan;
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
- School of Arts, Science & Humanities, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur 613401, India
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Limberg JK, Morgan BJ, Schrage WG. Peripheral Blood Flow Regulation in Human Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 44:116-22. [PMID: 27223271 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Limberg
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and Departments of 2Kinesiology and 3Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Kellawan JM, Limberg JK, Scruggs ZM, Nicholson WT, Schrage WG, Joyner MJ, Curry TB. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition preserves exercise-onset vasodilator kinetics when NOS activity is reduced. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:276-282. [PMID: 28982942 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00483.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation contributes to the rapid rise in muscle blood flow at exercise onset. This occurs via increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is catabolized by phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5). Whether PDE-5 limits exercise vasodilation onset kinetics is unknown. We hypothesized the time course of exercise vasodilation would be 1) accelerated during PDE-5 inhibition (sildenafil citrate, SDF) and 2) decelerated during NO synthase inhibition ( NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, l-NMMA), and 3) the effect of SDF on vasodilation onset kinetics would be attenuated with concurrent l-NMMA. Data from 29 healthy adults were analyzed. Individuals completed 5 min of moderate-intensity forearm exercise under control conditions and during 1) oral SDF ( n = 8), 2) intra-arterial l-NMMA ( n = 15), or 3) combined SDF + l-NMMA ( n = 6). Forearm blood flow (FBF; Doppler ultrasound of the brachial artery) and mean brachial artery blood pressure (MAP) were measured continuously. Forearm vascular conductance (FVC, FBF ÷ MAP) was curve-fit with a monoexponential model, and vasodilation onset kinetics were assessed by mean response time (MRT, time to achieve 63% of steady state). SDF had no effect on MRT ( P = 0.90). NOS inhibition increased MRT ( P = 0.01). MRT during SDF+l-NMMA was not different from control exercise ( P = 0.76). PDE-5 inhibition alone has no effect on rapid-onset vasodilation. Whereas NOS inhibition decelerates vasodilator kinetics, when combined with SDF, vasodilator kinetics do not differ from control. These data suggest NO-independent activation of cGMP occurs at exercise onset; thus PDE-5 inhibition may improve vasodilation in pathologies where NO bioavailability is impaired. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that when NO bioavailability is reduced, PDE-5 inhibition can restore vasodilation onset kinetics of exercise-mediated vasodilation via NO-independent cGMP pathways. These data suggest PDE-5 inhibition may improve exercise vasodilation onset kinetics in pathologies where NO bioavailability is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikhail Kellawan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zachariah M Scruggs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wayne T Nicholson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William G Schrage
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Timothy B Curry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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Sorop O, Olver TD, van de Wouw J, Heinonen I, van Duin RW, Duncker DJ, Merkus D. The microcirculation: a key player in obesity-associated cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1035-1045. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Abdominal obesity and elevated blood pressure commonly occur in the same patient and are key components of the metabolic syndrome. However, the association between obesity and increased blood pressure is variable. We review mechanisms linking cardiovascular and metabolic disease in such patients including altered systemic and regional hemodynamic control, neurohumoral activation, and relative natriuretic peptide deficiency. Moreover, we discuss recent results using omics techniques providing insight in molecular pathways linking adiposity, metabolic disease, and arterial hypertension. Recognition of the mechanisms orchestrating the crosstalk between cardiovascular and metabolic regulation in individual patients may lead to better and more precise treatments. It is reassuring that recently developed cardiovascular and metabolic medications may in fact ameliorate, both, cardiovascular and metabolic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Jordan
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Dresden University School of Medicine, Dresden, TU, Germany
- Center for Clinical Studies, GWT-TUD GmbH, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), A Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Dresden, Germany
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Rozenberg R, Mankowski RT, van Loon LJC, Langendonk JG, Sijbrands EJG, van den Meiracker AH, Stam HJ, Praet SFE. Hyperoxia increases arterial oxygen pressure during exercise in type 2 diabetes patients: a feasibility study. Eur J Med Res 2016; 21:1. [PMID: 26744210 PMCID: PMC4705628 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-015-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study investigated the feasibility and potential outcome measures during acute hyperoxia in type 2 diabetes patients (DM2). Methods Eleven DM2 patients (7 men and 4 women) were included in the study. The patients cycled (30 min at 20 % Wmax) whilst breathing three different supplemental oxygen flows (SOF, 5, 10, 15 L min−1). During hyperoxic exercise, arterial blood gases and intra-arterial blood pressure measurements were obtained. Results Arterial pO2 levels increased significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05) with SOF: 13.9 ± 1.2 (0 L min−1); 18.5 ± 1.5 (5 L min−1); 21.7 ± 1.7 (10 L min−1); 24.0 ± 2.3 (15 L min−1). Heart rate (HR) and pH increased significantly after terminating administration of hyperoxic air. Conclusions An SOF of 15 L min−1 appears to be more effective than 5 or 10 L min−1. Moreover, HR, blood pressure, blood lactate and pH are not recommended as primary outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rozenberg
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert T Mankowski
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Janneke G Langendonk
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton H van den Meiracker
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk J Stam
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephan F E Praet
- Subdivision MOVEFIT-Sports Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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