Estrogen receptor antagonism exacerbates cardiac structural and functional remodeling in female rats

Risk factors for postoperative pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with cervical cancer: evidences for management strategies

Background

It’s necessary to evaluate the potential risk factors for postoperative pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in patients with cervical cancer, to provide insights into the treatment and nursing care of cervical cancer.

Methods

Our study was a case-control study design. Patients who underwent radical cervical cancer surgery in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were included. We selected the patients with benign uterine lesions after hysterectomy at the same time as the control group. The patient characteristics of two groups were retrospectively compared and analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the potential risk factors.

Results

A total of 247 patients were included. The duration of surgery, estimated blood loss, duration of urinary catheter, and length of hospital stay in cervical cancer group were significantly more than that of control group (all P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative PFD was 63.93%. There were significant differences in the age, postoperative constipation, number of deliveries, duration of urinary catheter between PFD and no PFD patients (all P<0.05). Age ≥45y (OR 4.39, 1.05–9.83), duration of urinary catheter ≥7d (OR 4.31, 1.22–8.05), postoperative constipation (OR 3.17, 1.07–5.89) and number of deliveries ≥2 (OR 2.75, 1.22–5.43) were the risk factors for postoperative PFD in patients with cervical cancer.

Conclusions

Early measures targeted on those risk factors should be implemented for the prophylaxis of PFD.

Predominance of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Postmenopausal Women: Intra- and Extra-Cardiomyocyte Maladaptive Alterations Scaffolded by Estrogen Deficiency

Heart failure (HF) remains a public health concern as it is associated with high morbidity and death rates. In particular, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents the dominant (>50%) form of HF and mostly occurring among postmenopausal women. Hence, the initiation and progression of the left ventricular diastolic dysfunctions (LVDD) (a typically clinical manifestation of HFpEF) in postmenopausal women have been attributed to estrogen deficiency and the loss of its residue cardioprotective effects. In this review, from a pathophysiological and immunological standpoint, we discuss the probable multiple pathomechanisms resulting in HFpEF, which are facilitated by estrogen deficiency. The initial discussions recap estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs) and β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) signaling under physiological/pathological states to facilitate cardiac function/dysfunction, respectively. By reconciling these prior discussions, attempts were made to explain how the loss of estrogen facilitates the disruptions both ERs and βARs-mediated signaling responsible for; the modulation of intra-cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis, maintenance of cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix, the adaptive regulation of coronary microvascular endothelial functions and myocardial inflammatory responses. By scaffolding the disruption of these crucial intra- and extra-cardiomyocyte physiological functions, estrogen deficiency has been demonstrated to cause LVDD and increase the incidence of HFpEF in postmenopausal women. Finally, updates on the advancements in treatment interventions for the prevention of HFpEF were highlighted.

Developing a biomechanical model-based elasticity imaging method for assessing hormone receptor positive breast cancer treatment-related myocardial stiffness changes

Purpose: Assessing cardiotoxicity as a result of breast cancer therapeutics is increasingly important as breast cancer diagnoses are trending younger and overall survival is increasing. With evidence showing that prevention of cardiotoxicity plays a significant role in increasing overall survival, there is an unmet need for accurate non-invasive methods to assess cardiac injury due to cancer therapies. Current clinical methods are too coarse and emerging research methods have not yet achieved clinical implementation. Approach: As a proof of concept, we examine myocardial elasticity imaging in the setting of premenopausal women diagnosed with hormone receptor positive (HR-positive) breast cancer undergoing severe estrogen depletion, as cardiovascular injury from early estrogen depletion is well-established. We evaluate the ability of our model-based cardiac elasticity imaging analysis method to indicate subclinical cancer therapy-related cardiac decline by examining differences in the change in cardiac elasticity over time in two cohorts of premenopausal women either undergoing severe estrogen depletion for HR-positive breast cancer or triple negative breast cancer patients as comparators. Results: Our method was capable of producing functional mechanical elasticity maps of the left ventricle (LV). Using these elasticity maps, we show significant differences in cardiac mechanical elasticity in the HR-positive breast cancer cohort compared to the comparator cohort. Conclusions: We present our methodology to assess the mechanical stiffness of the LV by interrogating cardiac magnetic resonance images within a computational biomechanical model. Our preliminary study suggests the potential of this method for examining cardiac tissue mechanical stiffness properties as an early indicator of cardiac decline.

Arteriovenous Fistula-induced Cardiac Remodeling Shows Cardioprotective Features in Mice

Objective

Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) placed for hemodialysis have high flow rates that can stimulate left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. LV hypertrophy generally portends poor cardiac outcomes, yet clinical studies point to superior cardiac-specific outcomes for patients with AVF when compared with other dialysis modalities. We hypothesize that AVF induce physiologic cardiac hypertrophy with cardioprotective features.

Methods

We treated 9- to 11-week-old C57Bl/6 male and female mice with sham laparotomy or an aortocaval fistula via a 25G needle. Cardiac chamber size and function were assessed with serial echocardiography, and cardiac computed tomography angiography. Hearts were harvested at 5 weeks postoperatively, and the collagen content was assessed with Masson's trichrome. Bulk messenger RNA sequencing was performed from LV of sham and AVF mice at 10 days. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (Qiagen) to identify affected pathways and predict downstream biological effects.

Results

Mice with AVF had similar body weight and wet lung mass, but increased cardiac mass compared with sham-operated mice. AVF increased cardiac output while preserving LV systolic and diastolic function, as well as indices of right heart function; all four cardiac chambers were enlarged, with a slight decrement in the relative LV wall thickness. Histology showed preserved collagen density within each of the four chambers without areas of fibrosis. RNA sequencing captured 19 384 genes, of which 857 were significantly differentially expressed, including transcripts from extracellular matrix-related genes, ion channels, metabolism, and cardiac fetal genes. The top upstream regulatory molecules predicted include activation of angiogenic (Vegf, Akt1), procardiomyocyte survival (Hgf, Foxm1, Erbb2, Lin9, Areg), and inflammation-related (CSF2, Tgfb1, TNF, Ifng, Ccr2, IL6) genes, as well as the inactivation of cardiomyocyte antiproliferative factors (Cdkn1a, FoxO3, α-catenin). The predicted downstream effects include a decrease in heart damage, and increased arrhythmia, angiogenesis, and cardiogenesis. There were no significant sex-dependent differences in the AVF-stimulated cardiac adaptation.

Conclusions

AVF stimulate adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in wild-type mice without heart failure or pathologic fibrosis. Transcriptional correlates suggest AVF-induced cardiac remodeling has some cardioprotective, although also arrhythmogenic features. (JVS–Vascular Science 2021;2:110-28.)

Clinical Relevance

Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are commonly used as access for hemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease. AVF induce a high-output state that is associated with long-term structural cardiac remodeling, including left ventricle hypertrophy, but this element has uncertain clinical significance. Although left ventricle hypertrophy has traditionally been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, clinical studies have suggested that cardiac-specific outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease were better with AVF compared with other dialysis modalities. This study uses a mouse model of AVF to study the structural, functional, and molecular correlates of AVF-induced cardiac remodeling. It finds that AVF causes an adaptive cardiac hypertrophy without functional decline or fibrosis. Transcriptional correlates suggest an electrical remodeling and the upregulation of proangiogenic, procardiogenic, and prosurvival factors, implying that AVF-induced cardiac hypertrophy is potentially cardioprotective, but also arrhythmogenic.

Right versus left ventricular remodeling in heart failure due to chronic volume overload

Mechanisms of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in heart failure (HF) are poorly understood. RV response to volume overload (VO), a common contributing factor to HF, is rarely studied. The goal was to identify interventricular differences in response to chronic VO. Rats underwent aorto-caval fistula (ACF)/sham operation to induce VO. After 24 weeks, RV and left ventricular (LV) functions, gene expression and proteomics were studied. ACF led to biventricular dilatation, systolic dysfunction and hypertrophy affecting relatively more RV. Increased RV afterload contributed to larger RV stroke work increment compared to LV. Both ACF ventricles displayed upregulation of genes of myocardial stress and metabolism. Most proteins reacted to VO in a similar direction in both ventricles, yet the expression changes were more pronounced in RV (p_slope: < 0.001). The most upregulated were extracellular matrix (POSTN, NRAP, TGM2, CKAP4), cell adhesion (NCAM, NRAP, XIRP2) and cytoskeletal proteins (FHL1, CSRP3) and enzymes of carbohydrate (PKM) or norepinephrine (MAOA) metabolism. Downregulated were MYH6 and FAO enzymes. Therefore, when exposed to identical VO, both ventricles display similar upregulation of stress and metabolic markers. Relatively larger response of ACF RV compared to the LV may be caused by concomitant pulmonary hypertension. No evidence supports RV chamber-specific regulation of protein expression in response to VO.

The Short-Term Effects of Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury on the Heart in Experimental Healthy Rats

BACKGROUND

To date, cardiac dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been consistent. In this study, we hypothesized that TBI may play a role in the development of new-onset cardiac dysfunction in healthy experimental rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anesthetized healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: a sham-operated control group and a TBI group. The brain was injured with 2.4 atm percussion via a fluid percussion injury model. During the 120 min after TBI, we continuously measured brain parameters, including intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cardiac parameters, such as heart rate (HR), inter-ventricular septum dimension (IVSD), left ventricular internal dimension diastole (LVIDd), end-diastolic volume (EDV), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), and LV mass diastole (LVd mass) by cardiac echo. On days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after TBI, the brain damage volume was evaluated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride; the physiological parameters of the heart, including HR, IVSd, LVIDd, EDV, EF, FS, and LVd mass, were evaluated with cardiac echo; the morphology of cardiomyocytes was examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson trichrome staining; and the biomarkers of cardiac injury troponin I and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were also examined.

RESULTS

Compared to sham-operated controls, the TBI groups had higher ICP, lower CPP, and higher brain neuronal apoptosis and infarction contusion volume. The impact of TBI on heart function showed hyperdynamic response trends in IVSd, LVIDd, EDV, EF, FS, and LVd mass within 30 min after TBI; however, EF and FS exhibited eventual decreasing trends. Simultaneously, the values of the biomarkers troponin I and BNP were within normal limits, and HE and Mass trichrome staining revealed no significant differences between the sham-operated control group and the TBI group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that TBI due to 2.4 atm fluid percussion injury in healthy experimental rats may cause significant damage to the brain and affect the heart function as investigated by cardiac echo but not as investigated by HE and Masson trichrome stainings or troponin I and BNP evaluation.

Statistical considerations in reporting cardiovascular research

The problem of inadequate statistical reporting is long standing and widespread in the biomedical literature, including in cardiovascular physiology. Although guidelines for reporting statistics have been available in clinical medicine for some time, there are currently no guidelines specific to cardiovascular physiology. To assess the need for guidelines, we determined the type and frequency of statistical tests and procedures currently used in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. A PubMed search for articles published in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology between January 1, 2017, and October 6, 2017, provided a final sample of 146 articles evaluated for methods used and 38 articles for indepth analysis. The t-test and ANOVA accounted for 71% (212 of 300 articles) of the statistical tests performed. Of six categories of post hoc tests, Bonferroni and Tukey tests were used in 63% (62 of 98 articles). There was an overall lack in details provided by authors publishing in the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, and we compiled a list of recommended minimum reporting guidelines to aid authors in preparing manuscripts. Following these guidelines could substantially improve the quality of statistical reports and enhance data rigor and reproducibility.

Neonatal Handling Produces Sex Hormone-Dependent Resilience to Stress-Induced Muscle Hyperalgesia in Rats

Neonatal handling (NH) of male rat pups strongly attenuates stress response and stress-induced persistent muscle hyperalgesia in adults. Because female sex is a well established risk factor for stress-induced chronic muscle pain, we explored whether NH provides resilience to stress-induced hyperalgesia in adult female rats. Rat pups underwent NH, or standard (control) care. Muscle mechanical nociceptive threshold was assessed before and after water avoidance (WA) stress, when they were adults. In contrast to male rats, NH produced only a modest protection against WA stress-induced muscle hyperalgesia in female rats. Gonadectomy completely abolished NH-induced resilience in male rats but produced only a small increase in this protective effect in female rats. The administration of the antiestrogen drug fulvestrant, in addition to gonadectomy, did not enhance the protective effect of NH in female rats. Finally, knockdown of the androgen receptor by intrathecal antisense treatment attenuated the protective effect of NH in intact male rats. Together, these data indicate that androgens play a key role in NH-induced resilience to WA stress-induced muscle hyperalgesia.

PERSPECTIVE

NH induces androgen-dependent resilience to stress-induced muscle pain. Therefore, androgens may contribute to sex differences observed in chronic musculoskeletal pain and its enhancement by stress.