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Stojic J, Kukla M, Grgurevic I. The Intestinal Microbiota in the Development of Chronic Liver Disease: Current Status. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2960. [PMID: 37761327 PMCID: PMC10528663 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a significant global health burden, leading to millions of deaths annually. The gut-liver axis plays a pivotal role in this context, allowing the transport of gut-derived products directly to the liver, as well as biological compounds from the liver to the intestine. The gut microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining the health of the digestive system. A change in gut microbiome composition as seen in dysbiosis is associated with immune dysregulation, altered energy and gut hormone regulation, and increased intestinal permeability, contributing to inflammatory mechanisms and damage to the liver, irrespective of the underlying etiology of CLD. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge about the composition of the intestinal microbiome in healthy individuals and those with CLD, including the factors that affect this composition, the impact of the altered microbiome on the liver, and the mechanisms by which it occurs. Furthermore, this review analyzes the effects of gut microbiome modulation on the course of CLD, by using pharmacotherapy, nutrition, fecal microbiota transplantation, supplements, and probiotics. This review opens avenues for the translation of knowledge about gut-liver interplay into clinical practice as an additional tool to fight CLD and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Stojic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Michał Kukla
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagellonian University Medical College, 31-688 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Endoscopy, University Hospital, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ivica Grgurevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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McKenna S, Gossling M, Bugarini A, Hill E, Anderson AL, Rancourt RC, Balasubramaniyan N, El Kasmi KC, Wright CJ. Endotoxemia Induces IκBβ/NF-κB-Dependent Endothelin-1 Expression in Hepatic Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3866-79. [PMID: 26342031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated serum concentrations of the vasoactive protein endothelin-1 (ET-1) occur in the setting of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and contribute to distal organ hypoperfusion and pulmonary hypertension. Thus, understanding the cellular source and transcriptional regulation of systemic inflammatory stress-induced ET-1 expression may reveal therapeutic targets. Using a murine model of LPS-induced septic shock, we demonstrate that the hepatic macrophage is the primary source of elevated circulating ET-1, rather than the endothelium as previously proposed. Using pharmacologic inhibitors, ET-1 promoter luciferase assays, and by silencing and overexpressing NF-κB inhibitory protein IκB expression, we demonstrate that LPS-induced ET-1 expression occurs via an NF-κB-dependent pathway. Finally, the specific role of the cRel/p65 inhibitory protein IκBβ was evaluated. Although cytoplasmic IκBβ inhibits activity of cRel-containing NF-κB dimers, nuclear IκBβ stabilizes NF-κB/DNA binding and enhances gene expression. Using targeted pharmacologic therapies to specifically prevent IκBβ/NF-κB signaling, as well as mice genetically modified to overexpress IκBβ, we show that nuclear IκBβ is both necessary and sufficient to drive LPS-induced ET-1 expression. Together, these results mechanistically link the innate immune response mediated by IκBβ/NF-κB to ET-1 expression and potentially reveal therapeutic targets for patients with Gram-negative septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Megan Gossling
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alejandro Bugarini
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Aimee L Anderson
- Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Raymond C Rancourt
- Pediatric Airway Research Center, Section of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Natarajan Balasubramaniyan
- Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045;
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Yamaguchi S, Hussein MH, Daoud GAH, Goto T, Kato S, Kakita H, Mizuno H, Ito T, Fukuda S, Kato I, Suzuki S, Hashimoto T, Togari H. Edaravone, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, ameliorates the severity of pulmonary hypertension in a porcine model of neonatal sepsis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 223:235-41. [PMID: 21415574 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.223.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infection in the newborn (neonatal sepsis) is the most common cause of neonatal mortality. Neonatal sepsis is complicated by pulmonary hypertension. In this study, we analyzed the effect of edaravone, a free radical scavenger that is known to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), on pulmonary hypertension. Experimental and sham groups were drawn from 19 three-day-old piglets; 5 underwent a modified procedure of cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) (CLP group), 8 underwent CLP followed 30 min later by edaravone intravenous administration (edaravone group), and 6 did not undergo CLP and did not receive edaravone (sham group). To evaluate the pulmonary blood pressure despite the sepsis-induced low cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure (mABP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), and comparative pulmonary hypertension ratio (mPAP/mABP) were determined. Serum TNFα levels were measured before the procedure and at 1, 3, and 6 h after. The mPAP levels were higher in the CLP group at 9 h compared to the edaravone group. The mPAP/mABP ratio was lower in the edaravone and sham groups compared to the CLP group at 6 and 9 h. TNFα in the edaravone and sham groups were lower at 1 and 3 h compared to that in the CLP group. In all animals, mPAP/mABP at 6 h correlated with serum levels of TNFα at 1, 3, and 6 h. These findings suggest that edaravone ameliorates the severity of pulmonary hypertension in a neonatal sepsis model by reducing serum TNFα levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Xu H, Korneszczuk K, Karaa A, Lin T, Clemens MG, Zhang JX. Thromboxane A2 from Kupffer cells contributes to the hyperresponsiveness of hepatic portal circulation to endothelin-1 in endotoxemic rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G277-83. [PMID: 15647606 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in LPS-induced hyperresponsiveness of hepatic portal circulation to endothelins (ETs) and whether Kupffer cells are the primary source of TXA2 release in response to ET-1 in endotoxemia. After 6 h of LPS (1 mg/kg body wt ip) or saline (control), liver was isolated and perfused with recirculating Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer at a constant flow rate (100 ml.min(-1).kg body wt(-1)). ET-1 (10 pmol/min) was infused for 10 min. Portal pressure (PP) was continuously monitored during perfusion. Perfusate was sampled for enzyme immunoassay of thromboxane B2 (TXB2; the stable metabolite of TXA2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. ET-1 infusion resulted in a significantly greater increase of PP in the LPS group than in controls. Both TXA2 synthase inhibitor furegrelate (Fureg) and TXA2 receptor antagonist SQ-29548 (SQ) substantially blocked enhanced increase of PP in the LPS group (4.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.6 mmHg for LPS alone, LPS + Fureg, and LPS + SQ, respectively; P < 0.05) while having no significant effect on controls. GdCl3 for inhibition of Kupffer cells had similar effects (4.9 +/- 0.4 mmHg vs. 2.9 +/- 0.4 mmHg for LPS alone and GdCl3 + LPS, respectively; P < 0.05). In addition, the attenuated PP after ET-1 was found concomitantly with significantly decreased releases of TXB2 and LDH in LPS rats treated with Fureg, SQ, and GdCl3 (886.6 +/- 73.4 vs. 110.8 +/- 0.8 vs. 114.8 +/- 54.7 vs. 135.2 +/- 45.2 pg/ml, respectively; P < 0.05). After 6 h of LPS, Kupffer cells in isolated cell preparations released a significant amount of TXA2 in response to ET-1. These results clearly indicate that hyperresponsiveness of hepatic portal circulation to ET-1 in endotoxemia is mediated at least in part by TXA2-induced receptor activation, and Kupffer cells are likely the primary source of increased TXA2 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 Univ. City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Filep JG. Role for endogenous endothelin in the regulation of plasma volume and albumin escape during endotoxin shock in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:975-83. [PMID: 10696098 PMCID: PMC1571901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the role of endogenous endothelin (ET) in the regulation of vascular functions, we studied the effects endothelin receptor blockade on blood pressure, plasma volume and albumin escape during endotoxin shock in conscious, chronically catheterized rats. Red blood cell volume and plasma volume were determined by using chromium-51-tagged erythrocytes and iodine-125-labelled albumin, respectively. Intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg kg(-1)) resulted in hypotension, haemoconcentration, and increased total-body albumin escape, which is reflected by a 30% reduction in plasma volume. Plasma ET-1 concentrations increased 2.1 fold and 5.4 fold at 30 and 120 min post-LPS, respectively. LPS-induced losses in plasma volume and albumin escape were significantly attenuated by pretreatment of animals with the dual ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonist bosentan (17.4 micromol kg(-1), i.v. 15 min prior to LPS) or the ET(A) receptor antagonist FR 139317 (3.8 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) during both the immediate and delayed phases of endotoxin shock. The inhibitory actions of bosentan and FR 139317 were similar. Both antagonists augmented the hypotensive action of LPS. Administration of bosentan or FR 139317 70 min after injection of LPS also attenuated further losses in plasma volume and increases in total body and organ albumin escape rates with the exception of the lung and kidney. These results indicate a role for endogenous endothelin in mediating losses in plasma volume and albumin escape elicited by LPS predominantly through activation of ET(A) receptors, and suggest that by attenuating these events, ET(A) or dual ET(A)/ET(B) receptor blockers may be useful agents in the therapy of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Filep
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montréal, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Québec, HIT 2M4, Canada
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