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Insulin Receptors and Insulin Action in the Heart: The Effects of Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040578. [PMID: 35454166 PMCID: PMC9024449 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This year, 2022, marks the 100th anniversary of the isolation of human insulin and its administration to patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin exerts many effects on the human body, including the cardiac tissue. The pathways implicated include the PKB/Akt signaling pathway, the Janus kinase, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and lead to normal cardiac growth, vascular smooth muscle regulation, and cardiac contractility. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge and provide new insights on insulin pathways of cardiac tissue, along with the role of left ventricular assist devices on insulin regulation and cardiac function.
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Parolin M, Dassie F, Vettor R, Steeds RP, Maffei P. Electrophysiological features in acromegaly: re-thinking the arrhythmic risk? J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:209-221. [PMID: 32632903 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acromegaly is disease associated with a specific cardiomyopathy. Hitherto, it has been widely understood that acromegaly carries an increased risk of arrhythmia. PURPOSE In this review we show that evidences are limited to a small number of case-control studies that reported increased rates of premature ventricular beats (PVB) but no more significant arrhythmia. In contrast, there are several studies that have reported impaired preclinical markers of arrhythmia, including reduced heart rate variability, increased late potentials, QT interval dispersion, impaired heart rate recovery after physical exercise and left ventricular dysynchrony. Whilst these markers are associated with an adverse cardiovascular prognosis in the general population, they do not have a high independent positive predictive accuracy for arrhythmia. In acromegaly, case reports have described sudden cardiac death, ventricular tachyarrhythmia and advanced atrio-ventricular block that required implantation of a cardio-defibrillator or permanent pacemaker. Treatment with somatostatin analogues can reduce cardiac dysrhythmia in some cases by reducing heart rate, PVBs and QT interval. Pegvisomant reduces mean heart rate. Pasireotide is associated with QT prolongation. In the absence of good quality data on risk of arrhythmia in acromegaly, the majority of position statements and guidelines suggest routine 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in every patient at diagnosis and then follow up dependent on initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Parolin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Clinica Medica 3, via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - F Dassie
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Clinica Medica 3, via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - R Vettor
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Clinica Medica 3, via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - R P Steeds
- University Hospital Birmingham and University of Birmingham, Cardiology, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - P Maffei
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Clinica Medica 3, via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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Campostrini G, Bonzanni M, Lissoni A, Bazzini C, Milanesi R, Vezzoli E, Francolini M, Baruscotti M, Bucchi A, Rivolta I, Fantini M, Severi S, Cappato R, Crotti L, J Schwartz P, DiFrancesco D, Barbuti A. The expression of the rare caveolin-3 variant T78M alters cardiac ion channels function and membrane excitability. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1256-1265. [PMID: 28898996 PMCID: PMC5852518 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Caveolinopathies are a family of genetic disorders arising from alterations of the caveolin-3 (cav-3) gene. The T78M cav-3 variant has been associated with both skeletal and cardiac muscle pathologies but its functional contribution, especially to cardiac diseases, is still controversial. Here, we evaluated the effect of the T78M cav-3 variant on cardiac ion channel function and membrane excitability. Methods and results We transfected either the wild type (WT) or T78M cav-3 in caveolin-1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts and found by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy that both are expressed at the plasma membrane and form caveolae. Two ion channels known to interact and co-immunoprecipitate with the cav-3, hKv1.5 and hHCN4, interact also with T78M cav-3 and reside in lipid rafts. Electrophysiological analysis showed that the T78M cav-3 causes hKv1.5 channels to activate and inactivate at more hyperpolarized potentials and the hHCN4 channels to activate at more depolarized potentials, in a dominant way. In spontaneously beating neonatal cardiomyocytes, the expression of the T78M cav-3 significantly increased action potential peak-to-peak variability without altering neither the mean rate nor the maximum diastolic potential. We also found that in a small cohort of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias, the T78M cav-3 variant is more frequent than in the general population. Finally, in silico analysis of both sinoatrial and atrial cell models confirmed that the T78M-dependent changes are compatible with a pro-arrhythmic effect. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the T78M cav-3 induces complex modifications in ion channel function that ultimately alter membrane excitability. The presence of the T78M cav-3 can thus generate a susceptible substrate that, in concert with other structural alterations and/or genetic mutations, may become arrhythmogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Campostrini
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Bonzanni
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Lissoni
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Bazzini
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Milanesi
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirko Baruscotti
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Medicina Molecolare e Biofisica Applicata (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bucchi
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- Department of Health Science, Università di Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Matteo Fantini
- Cellular and Molecular Engineering Laboratory 'S. Cavalcanti', Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Severi
- Cellular and Molecular Engineering Laboratory 'S. Cavalcanti', Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cappato
- Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Unit II, Humanitas Gavazzeni Clinics, Bergamo, Italy.,Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Research Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Lia Crotti
- Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario DiFrancesco
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Medicina Molecolare e Biofisica Applicata (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences, The PaceLab, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Medicina Molecolare e Biofisica Applicata (CIMMBA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Effects of IGF-1 on I(K) and I(K1) Channels via PI3K/Akt Signaling in Neonatal Cardiac Myocytes. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:712153. [PMID: 22761619 PMCID: PMC3385609 DOI: 10.1155/2012/712153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that sarcolemmal potassium currents play important roles in cardiac hypertrophy. IGF-1 contributes to cardiac hypertrophy via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. However, the relationships between IGF-1, PI3K/Akt signaling and sarcolemmal potassium currents remain unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that IGF-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling, independently, decrease sarcolemmal potassium currents in cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. We compared the delayed outward rectifier (IK) and the inward rectifier (IK) current densities resulting from IGF-1 treatments to those resulting from simulation of PI3K/Akt signaling using adenoviral (Ad) BD110 and wild-type Akt and to those resulting from inhibition of PI3K signaling by LY294002. Ad.BD110 and Ad.Akt decreased IK and these decrements were attenuated by LY 294002. The IGF-1 treatments decreased both IK and IK1 but only the IK decrement was attenuated by LY294002. These findings demonstrate that IGF-1 may contribute to cardiac hypertrophy by PI3K/Akt signal transduction mechanisms in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Failure of LY294002 to effectively antagonize IGF-1 induced decrements in IK1 suggests that a signal pathway adjunct to PI3K/Akt contributes to IGF-1 protection against arrhythmogenesis in these myocytes. Our findings imply that sarcolemmal outward and inward rectifier potassium channels are substrates for IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signal transduction molecules.
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Teos LY, Zhao A, Alvin Z, Laurence GG, Li C, Haddad GE. Basal and IGF-I-dependent regulation of potassium channels by MAP kinases and PI3-kinase during eccentric cardiac hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1834-45. [PMID: 18757484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.321.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The potassium channels I(K) and I(K1), responsible for the action potential repolarization and resting potential respectively, are altered during cardiac hypertrophy. The activation of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) during hypertrophy may affect channel activity. The aim was to examine the modulatory effects of IGF-I on I(K) and I(K1) through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways during hypertrophy. With the use of specific inhibitors for ERK1/2 (PD98059), p38 MAPK (SB203580) and PI3K/Akt (LY294002), Western blot and whole cell patch-clamp were conducted on sham and aorto-caval shunt-induced hypertrophy adult rat myocytes. Basal activation levels of MAPKs and Akt were increased during hypertrophy. Acute IGF-I (10(-8) M) enhanced basal activation levels of these kinases in normal hearts but only those of Akt in hypertrophied ones. I(K) and I(K1) activities were lowered by IGF-I. Inhibition of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, or Akt reduced basal I(K) activity by 70, 32, or 50%, respectively, in normal cardiomyocytes vs. 53, 34, or 52% in hypertrophied ones. However, basal activity of I(K1) was reduced by 45, 48, or 45% in the former vs. 63, 43, or 24% in the latter. The inhibition of either MAPKs or Akt alleviated IGF-I effects on I(K) and I(K1). We conclude that basal I(K) and I(K1) are positively maintained by steady-state Akt and ERK activities. K+ channels seem to be regulated in a dichotomic manner by acutely stimulated MAPKs and Akt. Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy may be associated with a change in the regulation of the steady-state basal activities of K+ channels towards MAPKs, while that of the acute IGF-I-stimulated ones toward Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Y Teos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Abi-Char J, El-Haou S, Balse E, Neyroud N, Vranckx R, Coulombe A, Hatem SN. The anchoring protein SAP97 retains Kv1.5 channels in the plasma membrane of cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1851-61. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01045.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane- associated guanylate kinase proteins (MAGUKs) are important determinants of localization and organization of ion channels into specific plasma membrane domains. However, their exact role in channel function and cardiac excitability is not known. We examined the effect of synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), a MAGUK abundantly expressed in the heart, on the function and localization of Kv1.5 subunits in cardiac myocytes. Recombinant SAP97 or Kv1.5 subunits tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were overexpressed in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells from adenoviral or plasmidic vectors. Immunocytochemistry, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and patch-clamp techniques were used to study the effects of SAP97 on the localization, mobility, and function of Kv1.5 subunits. Adenovirus-mediated SAP97 overexpression in cardiac myocytes resulted in the clustering of endogenous Kv1.5 subunits at myocyte-myocyte contacts and an increase in both the maintained component of the outward K+current, IKur(5.64 ± 0.57 pA/pF in SAP97 myocytes vs. 3.23 ± 0.43 pA/pF in controls) and the number of 4-aminopyridine-sensitive potassium channels in cell-attached membrane patches. In live myocytes, GFP-Kv1.5 subunits were mobile and organized in clusters at the basal plasma membrane, whereas SAP97 overexpression reduced their mobility. In CHO cells, Kv1.5 channels were diffusely distributed throughout the cell body and freely mobile. When coexpressed with SAP97, Kv subunits were organized in plaquelike clusters and poorly mobile. In conclusion, SAP97 regulates the K+current in cardiac myocytes by retaining and immobilizing Kv1.5 subunits in the plasma membrane. This new regulatory mechanism may contribute to the targeting of Kv channels in cardiac myocytes.
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Cheng M, Park H, Engelmayr GC, Moretti M, Freed LE. Effects of regulatory factors on engineered cardiac tissue in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:2709-19. [PMID: 17708718 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that supplemental regulatory factors can improve the contractile properties and viability of cardiac tissue constructs cultured in vitro. Neonatal rat heart cells were cultured on porous collagen sponges for up to 8 days in basal medium or medium supplemented with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF), insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF), or angiopoietin-1 (ANG). IGF and ITS enhanced contractile properties of the 8-day constructs significantly more than with unsupplemented controls according to contractile amplitude and excitation threshold, and IGF also significantly increased the amount of cardiac troponin-I and enhanced cell viability according to different assays (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL)). PDGF significantly increased the contractile amplitude of 4-day constructs and enhanced cell viability according to MTT, LDH, and TUNEL; ANG enhanced cell viability according to the LDH assay. Our results demonstrate that supplemental regulatory molecules can differentially enhance properties of cardiac tissue constructs and imply that these constructs can provide a platform for systematic in vitro studies of the effects of complex stimuli that occur in vivo to improve our basic understanding of cardiogenesis and identify underlying mechanisms that can potentially be exploited to enhance myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Cheng
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Massion PB, Balligand JL. Modulation of cardiac contraction, relaxation and rate by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS): lessons from genetically modified mice. J Physiol 2003; 546:63-75. [PMID: 12509479 PMCID: PMC2342468 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.025973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulatory role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) on heart contraction, relaxation and rate is examined in light of recent studies using genetic deletion or overexpression in mice under specific conditions. Unstressed eNOS-/- hearts in basal conditions exhibit a normal inotropic and lusitropic function, with either decreased or unchanged heart rate. Under stimulation with catecholamines, eNOS-/- mice predominantly show a potentiation in their beta-adrenergic inotropic and lusitropic responsiveness. A similar phenotype is observed in beta 3-adrenoceptor deficient mice, pointing to a key role of this receptor subtype for eNOS coupling. The effect of eNOS on the muscarinic cholinergic modulation of cardiac function probably operates in conjunction with other NO-independent mechanisms, the persistence of which may explain the apparent dispensability of this isoform for the effect of acetylcholine in some eNOS-/- mouse strains. eNOS-/- hearts submitted to short term ischaemia-reperfusion exhibit variable alterations in systolic and diastolic function and infarct size, while those submitted to myocardial infarction present a worsened ventricular remodelling, increased 1 month mortality and loss of benefit from ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist therapy. Although non-conditional eNOS gene deletion may engender phenotypic adaptations (e.g. ventricular hypertrophy resulting from chronic hypertension, or upregulation of the other NOS isoforms) potentially confounding the interpretation of comparative studies, the use of eNOS-/- mice has undoubtedly advanced (and will probably continue to improve) our understanding of the complex role of eNOS (in conjunction with the other NOSs) in the regulation of cardiac function. The challenge is now to confirm the emerging paradigms in human cardiac physiology and hopefully translate them into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Massion
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Brickman
- Children's Memorial Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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Han X, Kubota I, Feron O, Opel DJ, Arstall MA, Zhao YY, Huang P, Fishman MC, Michel T, Kelly RA. Muscarinic cholinergic regulation of cardiac myocyte ICa-L is absent in mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6510-5. [PMID: 9600997 PMCID: PMC27837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myocytes have been shown to express constitutively endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (nitric oxide synthase 3), the activation of which has been implicated in the regulation of myocyte L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel current (ICa-L) and myocyte contractile responsiveness to parasympathetic nervous system signaling, although this implication remains controversial. Therefore, we examined the effect of the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) on ICa-L and contractile amplitude in isoproterenol (ISO)-prestimulated ventricular myocytes isolated from adult mice, designated eNOSnull mice, with targeted disruption of the eNOS gene. Although both eNOSnull and wild-type (WT) ventricular myocytes exhibited similar increases in ICa-L in response to ISO, there was no measurable suppression of ICa-L by CCh in cells from eNOSnull mice, in contrast to cells from WT mice. These results were reflected in the absence of an effect of CCh on the positive inotropic effect of ISO in eNOSnull myocytes. Also, unlike myocytes from WT animals, eNOSnull myocytes failed to exhibit an increase in cGMP content in response to CCh. Nevertheless, the pharmacologic nitric oxide donors 3-morpholino-sydnonimine and S-nitroso-acetyl-cystein increased cGMP generation and suppressed ISO-augmented ICa-L in eNOSnull cells, suggesting that the signal transduction pathway(s) downstream of eNOS remained intact. Of importance, activation of the acetylcholine-activated K+ channel by CCh was unaffected in atrial and ventricular eNOSnull myocytes. These results confirm the obligatory role of eNOS in coupling muscarinic receptor activation to cGMP-dependent control of ICa-L in cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Han
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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