1
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Frum T, Hsu PP, Hein RFC, Conchola AS, Zhang CJ, Utter OR, Anand A, Zhang Y, Clark SG, Glass I, Sexton JZ, Spence JR. Opposing roles for TGFβ- and BMP-signaling during nascent alveolar differentiation in the developing human lung. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.05.539573. [PMID: 37205521 PMCID: PMC10187311 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells function as stem cells in the adult lung and aid in repair after injury. The current study aimed to understand the signaling events that control differentiation of this therapeutically relevant cell type during human development. Using lung explant and organoid models, we identified opposing effects of TGFβ- and BMP-signaling, where inhibition of TGFβ- and activation of BMP-signaling in the context of high WNT- and FGF-signaling efficiently differentiated early lung progenitors into AT2-like cells in vitro . AT2-like cells differentiated in this manner exhibit surfactant processing and secretion capabilities, and long-term commitment to a mature AT2 phenotype when expanded in media optimized for primary AT2 culture. Comparing AT2-like cells differentiated with TGFβ-inhibition and BMP-activation to alternative differentiation approaches revealed improved specificity to the AT2 lineage and reduced off-target cell types. These findings reveal opposing roles for TGFβ- and BMP-signaling in AT2 differentiation and provide a new strategy to generate a therapeutically relevant cell type in vitro .
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2
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Danopoulos S, Belgacemi R, Hein RFC, Miller AJ, Deutsch GH, Glass I, Spence JR, Al Alam D. FGF18 promotes human lung branching morphogenesis through regulating mesenchymal progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L433-L444. [PMID: 36791060 PMCID: PMC10027085 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00316.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is known to play an important role in lung organogenesis. However, we recently demonstrated that FGF10 fails to induce branching in human fetal lungs as is observed in mouse. Our previous human fetal lung RNA sequencing data exhibited increased FGF18 during the pseudoglandular stage of development, suggestive of its importance in human lung branching morphogenesis. Whereas it has been previously reported that FGF18 is critical during alveologenesis, few studies have described its implication in lung branching, specifically in human. Therefore, we aimed to determine the role of FGF18 in human lung branching morphogenesis. Human fetal lung explants within the pseudoglandular stage of development were treated with recombinant human FGF18 in air-liquid interface culture. Explants were analyzed grossly to assess differences in branching pattern, as well as at the cellular and molecular levels. FGF18 treatment promoted branching in explant cultures and demonstrated increased epithelial proliferation as well as maintenance of the double positive SOX2/SOX9 distal bud progenitor cells, confirming its role in human lung branching morphogenesis. In addition, FGF18 treated explants displayed increased expression of SOX9, FN1, and COL2A1 within the mesenchyme, all factors that are important to chondrocyte differentiation. In humans, cartilaginous airways extend deep into the lung up to the 12th generation of branching whereas in mouse these are restricted to the trachea and main bronchi. Therefore, our data suggest that FGF18 promotes human lung branching morphogenesis through regulating mesenchymal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Randa Belgacemi
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Renee F C Hein
- Department of Cell and Developmental biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Alyssa J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Gail H Deutsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ian Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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3
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Khalaj K, Antounians L, Lopes Figueira R, Post M, Zani A. Autophagy is Impaired in Fetal Hypoplastic Lungs and Rescued by Administration of Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:476-487. [PMID: 35671495 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2168oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterized by reduced branching morphogenesis, which is responsible for poor clinical outcomes. Administration of amniotic fluid stem cell extracellular vesicles (AFSC-EVs) rescues branching morphogenesis in rodent fetal models of pulmonary hypoplasia. Herein, we hypothesized that AFSC-EVs exert their regenerative potential by affecting autophagy, a process required for normal lung development. OBJECTIVES To evaluate autophagy in hypoplastic lungs throughout gestation and establish whether AFSC-EV administration improves branching morphogenesis through autophagy-mediated mechanisms. METHODS EVs were isolated from c-kit+ AFSC conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation and characterized by size, morphology, and EV marker expression. Branching morphogenesis was inhibited in rat fetuses by nitrofen administration to dams and in human fetal lung explants by blocking RAC1 activity with NSC23766. Expression of autophagy activators (BECN1 and ATG5) and adaptor (SQSTM1) was analyzed in vitro (rat and human fetal lung explants) and in vivo (rat fetal lungs). Mechanistic studies on rat fetal primary lung epithelial cells were conducted using inhibitors for microRNA-17 and -20a contained in the AFSC-EV cargo and known to regulate autophagy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Rat and human models of fetal pulmonary hypoplasia showed reduced autophagy at different developmental stages. AFSC-EV administration restored autophagy levels in both pulmonary hypoplasia models by transferring miR-17~92 cluster members contained in the EV cargo. CONCLUSIONS AFSC-EV treatment rescues branching morphogenesis partly by restoring autophagy through miRNA cargo transfer. This study enhances our understanding of pulmonary hypoplasia pathogenesis and creates new opportunities for fetal therapeutic intervention in CDH babies. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Khalaj
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lina Antounians
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 7979, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, 7979, Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebeca Lopes Figueira
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Hospital for Sick Children, Lung Biology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Augusto Zani
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 7979, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, 7979, Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, 7979, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
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4
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Orchestrates Human Lung Branching Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095265. [PMID: 35563656 PMCID: PMC9100880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays an essential role in mouse lung development. We hypothesize that the HH pathway is necessary for branching during human lung development and is impaired in pulmonary hypoplasia. Single-cell, bulk RNA-sequencing data, and human fetal lung tissues were analyzed to determine the spatiotemporal localization of HH pathway actors. Distal human lung segments were cultured in an air-liquid interface and treated with an SHH inhibitor (5E1) to determine the effect of HH inhibition on human lung branching, epithelial-mesenchymal markers, and associated signaling pathways in vitro. Our results showed an early and regulated expression of HH pathway components during human lung development. Inhibiting HH signaling caused a reduction in branching during development and dysregulated epithelial (SOX2, SOX9) and mesenchymal (ACTA2) progenitor markers. FGF and Wnt pathways were also disrupted upon HH inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that HH signaling elements were downregulated in lung tissues of patients with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). In this study, we show for the first time that HH signaling inhibition alters important genes and proteins required for proper branching of the human developing lung. Understanding the role of the HH pathway on human lung development could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for childhood pulmonary diseases.
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5
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Bock F, Elias BC, Dong X, Parekh DV, Mernaugh G, Viquez OM, Hassan A, Amara VR, Liu J, Brown KL, Terker AS, Chiusa M, Gewin LS, Fogo AB, Brakebusch CH, Pozzi A, Zent R. Rac1 promotes kidney collecting duct integrity by limiting actomyosin activity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212704. [PMID: 34647970 PMCID: PMC8563289 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A polarized collecting duct (CD), formed from the branching ureteric bud (UB), is a prerequisite for an intact kidney. The small Rho GTPase Rac1 is critical for actin cytoskeletal regulation. We investigated the role of Rac1 in the kidney collecting system by selectively deleting it in mice at the initiation of UB development. The mice exhibited only a mild developmental phenotype; however, with aging, the CD developed a disruption of epithelial integrity and function. Despite intact integrin signaling, Rac1-null CD cells had profound adhesion and polarity abnormalities that were independent of the major downstream Rac1 effector, Pak1. These cells did however have a defect in the WAVE2–Arp2/3 actin nucleation and polymerization apparatus, resulting in actomyosin hyperactivity. The epithelial defects were reversible with direct myosin II inhibition. Furthermore, Rac1 controlled lateral membrane height and overall epithelial morphology by maintaining lateral F-actin and restricting actomyosin. Thus, Rac1 promotes CD epithelial integrity and morphology by restricting actomyosin via Arp2/3-dependent cytoskeletal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bock
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bertha C Elias
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Diptiben V Parekh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Glenda Mernaugh
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Olga M Viquez
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Anjana Hassan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Venkateswara Rao Amara
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kyle L Brown
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andrew S Terker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Manuel Chiusa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN
| | - Leslie S Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Roy Zent
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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6
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Baker MJ, Cooke M, Kreider-Letterman G, Garcia-Mata R, Janmey PA, Kazanietz MG. Evaluation of active Rac1 levels in cancer cells: A case of misleading conclusions from immunofluorescence analysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13698-13710. [PMID: 32817335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of aggressive cancer cell lines display elevated levels of activated Rac1, a small GTPase widely implicated in cytoskeleton reorganization, cell motility, and metastatic dissemination. A commonly accepted methodological approach for detecting Rac1 activation in cancer cells involves the use of a conformation-sensitive antibody that detects the active (GTP-bound) Rac1 without interacting with the GDP-bound inactive form. This antibody has been extensively used in fixed cell immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Taking advantage of prostate and pancreatic cancer cell models known to have high basal Rac1-GTP levels, here we have established that this antibody does not recognize Rac1 but rather detects the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Indeed, Rac1-null PC3 prostate cancer cells or cancer models with low levels of Rac1 activation still show a high signal with the anti-Rac1-GTP antibody, which is lost upon silencing of vimentin expression. Moreover, this antibody was unable to detect activated Rac1 in membrane ruffles induced by epidermal growth factor stimulation. These results have profound implications for the study of this key GTPase in cancer, particularly because a large number of cancer cell lines with characteristic mesenchymal features show simultaneous up-regulation of vimentin and high basal Rac1-GTP levels when measured biochemically. This misleading correlation can lead to assumptions about the validity of this antibody and inaccurate conclusions that may affect the development of appropriate therapeutic approaches for targeting the Rac1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Baker
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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7
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Conway RF, Frum T, Conchola AS, Spence JR. Understanding Human Lung Development through In Vitro Model Systems. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000006. [PMID: 32310312 PMCID: PMC7433239 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An abundance of information about lung development in animal models exists; however, comparatively little is known about lung development in humans. Recent advances using primary human lung tissue combined with the use of human in vitro model systems, such as human pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue, have led to a growing understanding of the mechanisms governing human lung development. They have illuminated key differences between animal models and humans, underscoring the need for continued advancements in modeling human lung development and utilizing human tissue. This review discusses the use of human tissue and the use of human in vitro model systems that have been leveraged to better understand key regulators of human lung development and that have identified uniquely human features of development. This review also examines the implementation and challenges of human model systems and discusses how they can be applied to address knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee F Conway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Tristan Frum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Ansley S Conchola
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB) Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
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8
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Tan S, Yi P, Wang H, Xia L, Han Y, Wang H, Zeng B, Tang L, Pan Q, Tian Y, Rao S, Oyang L, Liang J, Lin J, Su M, Shi Y, Liao Q, Zhou Y. RAC1 Involves in the Radioresistance by Mediating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:649. [PMID: 32411607 PMCID: PMC7198748 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a common and acceptable approach for lung cancer. Although the benefit of ionizing radiation (IR) is well-established, cancer cells can still survive via pro-survival and metastasis signaling pathways. Ras related C3 botulinum toxin substrate1 (RAC1), a member of Rho family GTPases, plays important roles in cell migration and survival. In the present study, we investigated the effects of RAC1 on the survival of lung cancer cells treated with irradiation. The results showed RAC1 is overexpressed in lung cancer cells and promoted cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, IR induced RAC1 expression and activity via the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and then enhancing cell proliferation, survival, migration and metastasis and increasing levels of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, which facilitated the cell survival and invasive phenotypes. In addition, overexpression of RAC1 attenuated the efficacy of irradiation, while inhibition of RAC1 enhanced sensitivity of irradiation in xenograft tumors in vivo. Collectively, we further found that RAC1 enhanced radioresistance by promoting EMT via targeting the PAK1-LIMK1-Cofilins signaling in lung cancer. Our finding provides the evidences to explore RAC1 as a therapeutic target for radioresistant lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Heran Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hepatology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Biao Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yutong Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Cancer Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shan Rao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Su
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingrui Shi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Danopoulos S, Bhattacharya S, Mariani TJ, Al Alam D. Transcriptional characterisation of human lung cells identifies novel mesenchymal lineage markers. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.00746-2019. [PMID: 31619469 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00746-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The lung mesenchyme gives rise to multiple distinct lineages of cells in the mature respiratory system, including smooth muscle cells of the airway and vasculature. However, a thorough understanding of the specification and mesenchymal cell diversity in the human lung is lacking. METHODS We completed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of fetal human lung tissues. Canonical correlation analysis, clustering, cluster marker gene identification and t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding representation was performed in Seurat. Cell populations were annotated using ToppFun. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation were used to validate spatiotemporal gene expression patterns for key marker genes. RESULTS We identified molecularly distinct populations representing "committed" fetal human lung endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells. Early endothelial lineages expressed "classic" endothelial cell markers (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule/CD31 and claudin 5), while pericytes expressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein and basement membrane molecules (collagen IV, laminin and proteoglycans). We observed a large population of "nonspecific" human lung mesenchymal progenitor cells characterised by expression of collagen I and multiple elastin fibre genes (ELN, MFAP2 and FBN1). We closely characterised the diversity of mesenchymal lineages defined by α2-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) expression. Two cell populations, with the highest levels of ACTA2 transcriptional activity, expressed unique sets of markers associated with airway or vascular smooth muscle cells. Spatiotemporal analysis of these marker genes confirmed early and persistent spatial specification of airway (HHIP, MYLK and IGF1) and vascular (NTRK3 and MEF2C) smooth muscle cells in the developing human lung. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that specification of distinct airway and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypes is established early in development and can be identified using the markers we provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Pediatric Molecular and Personalised Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Pediatric Molecular and Personalised Medicine Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Du Y, Clair GC, Al Alam D, Danopoulos S, Schnell D, Kitzmiller JA, Misra RS, Bhattacharya S, Warburton D, Mariani TJ, Pryhuber GS, Whitsett JA, Ansong C, Xu Y. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data identifies biological functions in cell populations from human infant lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L347-L360. [PMID: 31268347 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00475.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology uses computational approaches to integrate diverse data types to understand cell and organ behavior. Data derived from complementary technologies, for example transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, are providing new insights into development and disease. We compared mRNA and protein profiles from purified endothelial, epithelial, immune, and mesenchymal cells from normal human infant lung tissue. Signatures for each cell type were identified and compared at both mRNA and protein levels. Cell-specific biological processes and pathways were predicted by analysis of concordant and discordant RNA-protein pairs. Cell clustering and gene set enrichment comparisons identified shared versus unique processes associated with transcriptomic and/or proteomic data. Clear cell-cell correlations between mRNA and protein data were obtained from each cell type. Approximately 40% of RNA-protein pairs were coherently expressed. While the correlation between RNA and their protein products was relatively low (Spearman rank coefficient rs ~0.4), cell-specific signature genes involved in functional processes characteristic of each cell type were more highly correlated with their protein products. Consistency of cell-specific RNA-protein signatures indicated an essential framework for the function of each cell type. Visualization and reutilization of the protein and RNA profiles are supported by a new web application, "LungProteomics," which is freely accessible to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Du
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Schnell
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Heart Institute and Center for Translational Fibrosis Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph A Kitzmiller
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Division of Neonatology and Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Division of Neonatology and Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Gloria S Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Yan Xu
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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11
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Danopoulos S, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Frey MR, Warburton D, Bellusci S, Al Alam D. Discordant roles for FGF ligands in lung branching morphogenesis between human and mouse. J Pathol 2018; 247:254-265. [PMID: 30357827 DOI: 10.1002/path.5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in lung organogenesis. Over recent decades, FGF signaling in lung development has been extensively studied in animal models. However, little is known about the expression, localization, and functional roles of FGF ligands during human fetal lung development. Therefore, we aimed to determine the expression and function of several FGF ligands and receptors in human lung development. Using in situ hybridization (ISH) and RNA sequencing, we assessed their expression and distribution in native human fetal lung. Human fetal lung explants were treated with recombinant FGF7, FGF9, or FGF10 in air-liquid interface culture. Explants were analyzed grossly to observe differences in branching pattern as well as at the cellular and molecular level. ISH demonstrated that FGF7 is expressed in both the epithelium and mesenchyme; FGF9 is mainly localized in the distal epithelium, whereas FGF10 demonstrated diffuse expression throughout the parenchyma, with some expression in the smooth muscle cells (SMCs). FGFR2 expression was high in both proximal and distal epithelial cells as well as the SMCs. FGFR3 was expressed mostly in the epithelial cells, with lower expression in the mesenchyme, while FGFR4 was highly expressed throughout the mesenchyme and in the distal epithelium. Using recombinant FGFs, we demonstrated that FGF7 and FGF9 had similar effects on human fetal lung as on mouse fetal lung; however, FGF10 caused the human explants to expand and form cysts as opposed to inducing epithelial branching as seen in the mouse. In conjunction with decreased branching, treatment with recombinant FGF7, FGF9, and FGF10 also resulted in decreased double-positive SOX2/SOX9 progenitor cells, which are exclusively present in the distal epithelial tips in early human fetal lung. Although FGF ligand localization may be somewhat comparable between developing mouse and human lungs, their functional roles may differ substantially. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Frey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Warburton
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Danopoulos S, Alonso I, Thornton ME, Grubbs BH, Bellusci S, Warburton D, Al Alam D. Human lung branching morphogenesis is orchestrated by the spatiotemporal distribution of ACTA2, SOX2, and SOX9. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L144-L149. [PMID: 28971977 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00379.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung morphogenesis relies on a number of important processes, including proximal-distal patterning, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In mouse lung development, SOX2+ cells are localized in the proximal epithelium, whereas SOX9+ cells are present in the distal epithelium. We show that, in human lung, expression of these transcription factors differs, in that during the pseudoglandular stage distal epithelial progenitors at the tips coexpress SOX2 and SOX9. This double-positive population was no longer present by the canalicular stages of development. As in mouse, the human proximal epithelial progenitors express solely SOX2 and are surrounded by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) both in the proximal airways and at the epithelial clefts. Upon Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 inhibition, we noted decreased branching, as well as increased SMC differentiation, attenuated peristalsis, and a reduction in the distal double-positive SOX2/SOX9 progenitor cell population. Thus, the presence of SOX2/SOX9 double-positive progenitor cells in the distal epithelium during the pseudoglandular stage of human lung development appears to be critical to proximal-distal patterning and lung branching. Moreover, SMCs promote a SOX2 proximal phenotype and seem to suppress the SOX9+ population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Irving Alonso
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew E Thornton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Brendan H Grubbs
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research , Giessen , Germany
| | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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13
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He H, Huang M, Sun S, Wu Y, Lin X. Epithelial heparan sulfate regulates Sonic Hedgehog signaling in lung development. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006992. [PMID: 28859094 PMCID: PMC5597256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree-like structure of the mammalian lung is generated from branching morphogenesis, a reiterative process that is precisely regulated by numerous factors. How the cell surface and extra cellular matrix (ECM) molecules regulate this process is still poorly understood. Herein, we show that epithelial deletion of Heparan Sulfate (HS) synthetase Ext1 resulted in expanded branching tips and reduced branching number, associated with several mesenchymal developmental defects. We further demonstrate an expanded Fgf10 expression and increased FGF signaling activity in Ext1 mutant lungs, suggesting a cell non-autonomous mechanism. Consistent with this, we observed reduced levels of SHH signaling which is responsible for suppressing Fgf10 expression. Moreover, reactivating SHH signaling in mutant lungs rescued the tip dilation phenotype and attenuated FGF signaling. Importantly, the reduced SHH signaling activity did not appear to be caused by decreased Shh expression or protein stability; instead, biologically active form of SHH proteins were reduced in both the Ext1 mutant epithelium and surrounding wild type mesenchymal cells. Together, our study highlights the epithelial HS as a key player for dictating SHH signaling critical for lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shenfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- * E-mail: ,
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