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Borrelli C, Aimo A, Mirizzi G, Passino C, Vergaro G, Emdin M, Giannoni A. How to take arms against central apneas in heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:743-755. [PMID: 28777017 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1364626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite being a risk mediator in several observational studies, central apneas are currently orphan of treatment in heart failure. After the neutral effects on survival of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) based on the use of positive airway pressure (the CANPAP and SERVE-HF trials), two alternative hypotheses have been formulated: 1) Periodic breathing/Cheyne-Stokes respiration (PB/CSR) in HF is protective. Indeed, the Naughton's hypothesis assumes that hyperventilation leads to increased cardiac output, lung volume, oxygen storage and reduced muscle sympathetic nerve activity, while central apnea to respiratory muscle rest and hypoxia-induced erythropoiesis. 2) The use of positive airway pressure is just a wrong treatment for PB/CSR. If this is the case, the search for novel potential alternative treatment approaches is mandatory in HF. Areas covered This review will focus on the crucial issue of whether PB/CSR should be treated or not in HF, first by outlining the ideal design of pathophysiological studies to test the Naughton's hypothesis and second by summarizing the treatment strategies so far proposed for PB/CSR in HF and identifying the most promising options to be tested in future RCTs. Expert commentary It is likely that PB/CSR may be compensatory in some cases, but after a certain threshold (to be defined) it becomes maladaptive with negative prognostic meaning in HF. The development of a pathophysiologically based treatment targeting feedback resetting and neurohormonal activation underlying PB/CSR is likely to be the best option to obtain survival benefits in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borrelli
- a Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department , Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio , Pisa , Italy
| | - Alberto Aimo
- b Cardiology Division , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Gianluca Mirizzi
- a Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department , Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio , Pisa , Italy.,c Institute of Life Sciences , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pisa , Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- a Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department , Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio , Pisa , Italy.,c Institute of Life Sciences , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pisa , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- a Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department , Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio , Pisa , Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- a Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department , Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio , Pisa , Italy.,c Institute of Life Sciences , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pisa , Italy
| | - Alberto Giannoni
- a Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Department , Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio , Pisa , Italy.,c Institute of Life Sciences , Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pisa , Italy
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Suda S, Kasai T, Kato M, Kawana F, Kato T, Ichikawa R, Hayashi H, Kawata T, Sekita G, Itoh S, Daida H. Bradyarrhythmias may induce central sleep apnea in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea. Heart Vessels 2015; 30:554-557. [PMID: 24748048 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between central sleep apnea (CSA) and bradyarrhythmia remains unclear. We report the case of a 70-year-old man with severe obstructive sleep apnea and bradyarrhythmia due to sick sinus syndrome in whom concomitant CSA was alleviated after pacemaker implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Suda
- Department of Cardiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Baruah R, Giannoni A, Willson K, Manisty CH, Mebrate Y, Kyriacou A, Yadav H, Unsworth B, Sutton R, Mayet J, Hughes AD, Francis DP. Novel cardiac pacemaker-based human model of periodic breathing to develop real-time, pre-emptive technology for carbon dioxide stabilisation. Open Heart 2014; 1:e000055. [PMID: 25332798 PMCID: PMC4189223 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constant flow and concentration CO2 has previously been efficacious in attenuating ventilatory oscillations in periodic breathing (PB) where oscillations in CO2 drive ventilatory oscillations. However, it has the undesirable effect of increasing end-tidal CO2, and ventilation. We tested, in a model of PB, a dynamic CO2 therapy that aims to attenuate pacemaker-induced ventilatory oscillations while minimising CO2 dose. METHODS First, pacemakers were manipulated in 12 pacemaker recipients, 6 with heart failure (ejection fraction (EF)=23.7±7.3%) and 6 without heart failure, to experimentally induce PB. Second, we applied a real-time algorithm of pre-emptive dynamic exogenous CO2 administration, and tested different timings. RESULTS We found that cardiac output alternation using pacemakers successfully induced PB. Dynamic CO2 therapy, when delivered coincident with hyperventilation, attenuated 57% of the experimentally induced oscillations in end-tidal CO2: SD/mean 0.06±0.01 untreated versus 0.04±0.01 with treatment (p<0.0001) and 0.02±0.01 in baseline non-modified breathing. This translated to a 56% reduction in induced ventilatory oscillations: SD/mean 0.19±0.09 untreated versus 0.14±0.06 with treatment (p=0.001) and 0.10±0.03 at baseline. Of note, end-tidal CO2 did not significantly rise when dynamic CO2 was applied to the model (4.84±0.47 vs 4.91± 0.45 kPa, p=0.08). Furthermore, mean ventilation was also not significantly increased by dynamic CO2 compared with untreated (7.8±1.2 vs 8.4±1.2 L/min, p=0.17). CONCLUSIONS Cardiac pacemaker manipulation can be used to induce PB experimentally. In this induced PB, delivering CO2 coincident with hyperventilation, ventilatory oscillations can be substantially attenuated without a significant increase in end-tidal CO2 or ventilation. Dynamic CO2 administration might be developed into a clinical treatment for PB. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN29344450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham Baruah
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Alberto Giannoni
- Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio and Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Pisa , Italy
| | - Keith Willson
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Charlotte H Manisty
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK ; The Heart Hospital, University College London , UK
| | - Yoseph Mebrate
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK ; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS FoundationTrust , London , UK
| | - Andreas Kyriacou
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK ; Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS FoundationTrust , London , UK
| | - Hemang Yadav
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK ; Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota USA
| | - Beth Unsworth
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Richard Sutton
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Jamil Mayet
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK ; Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London , UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College , London , UK
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Kasai T, Motwani SS, Yumino D, Gabriel JM, Montemurro LT, Amirthalingam V, Floras JS, Bradley TD. Contrasting effects of lower body positive pressure on upper airways resistance and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in men with heart failure and obstructive or central sleep apnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1157-1166. [PMID: 23375931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to test the effects of rostral fluid displacement from the legs on transpharyngeal resistance (Rph), minute volume of ventilation (Vmin), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in men with heart failure (HF) and either obstructive (OSA) or central sleep apnea (CSA). BACKGROUND Overnight rostral fluid shift relates to severity of OSA and CSA in men with HF. Rostral fluid displacement may facilitate OSA if it shifts into the neck and increases Rph, because pharyngeal obstruction causes OSA. Rostral fluid displacement may also facilitate CSA if it shifts into the lungs and induces reflex augmentation of ventilation and reduces PCO2, because a decrease in PCO2 below the apnea threshold causes CSA. METHODS Men with HF were divided into those with mainly OSA (obstructive-dominant, n = 18) and those with mainly CSA (central-dominant, n = 10). While patients were supine, antishock trousers were deflated (control) or inflated for 15 min (lower body positive pressure [LBPP]) in random order. RESULTS LBPP reduced leg fluid volume and increased neck circumference in both obstructive- and central-dominant groups. However, in contrast to the obstructive-dominant group in whom LBPP induced an increase in Rph, a decrease in Vmin, and an increase in PCO2, in the central-dominant group, LBPP induced a reduction in Rph, an increase in Vmin, and a reduction in PCO2. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest mechanisms by which rostral fluid shift contributes to the pathogenesis of OSA and CSA in men with HF. Rostral fluid shift could facilitate OSA if it induces pharyngeal obstruction, but could also facilitate CSA if it augments ventilation and lowers PCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Kasai
- Sleep Research Laboratory of the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Giannoni A, Baruah R, Willson K, Mebrate Y, Mayet J, Emdin M, Hughes AD, Manisty CH, Francis DP. Real-time dynamic carbon dioxide administration: a novel treatment strategy for stabilization of periodic breathing with potential application to central sleep apnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:1832-7. [PMID: 21087712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study targeted carbon dioxide (CO(2)) oscillations seen in oscillatory ventilation with dynamic pre-emptive CO(2) administration. BACKGROUND Oscillations in end-tidal CO(2) (et-CO(2)) drive the ventilatory oscillations of periodic breathing (PB) and central sleep apnea in heart failure (HF). METHODS Seven healthy volunteers simulated PB, while undergoing dynamic CO(2) administration delivered by an automated algorithm at different concentrations and phases within the PB cycle. The algorithm was then tested in 7 patients with HF and PB. RESULTS In voluntary PB, the greatest reduction (74%, p < 0.0001) in et-CO(2) oscillations was achieved when dynamic CO(2) was delivered at hyperventilation; when delivered at the opposite phase, the amplitude of et-CO(2) oscillations increased (35%, p = 0.001). In HF patients, oscillations in et-CO(2) were reduced by 43% and ventilatory oscillations by 68% (both p < 0.05). During dynamic CO(2) administration, mean et-CO(2) and ventilation levels remained unchanged. Static CO(2) (2%, constant flow) administration also attenuated spontaneous PB in HF patients (p = 0.02) but increased mean et-CO(2) (p = 0.03) and ventilation (by 45%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic CO(2) administration, delivered at an appropriate time during PB, can almost eliminate oscillations in et-CO(2) and ventilation. This dynamic approach might be developed to treat central sleep apnea, as well as minimizing undesirable increases in et-CO(2) and ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Giannoni
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, St. Mary's Hospital and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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Baruah R, Manisty CH, Giannoni A, Willson K, Mebrate Y, Baksi AJ, Unsworth B, Hadjiloizou N, Sutton R, Mayet J, Francis DP. Novel use of cardiac pacemakers in heart failure to dynamically manipulate the respiratory system through algorithmic changes in cardiac output. Circ Heart Fail 2009; 2:166-74. [PMID: 19808336 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.108.806588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternation of heart rate between 2 values using a pacemaker generates oscillations in end-tidal CO(2) (et-CO(2)). This study examined (a) whether modulating atrioventricular delay can also do this, and (b) whether more gradual variation of cardiac output can achieve comparable changes in et-CO(2) with less-sudden changes in blood pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS We applied pacemaker fluctuations by adjusting heart rate (by 30 bpm) or atrioventricular delay (between optimal and nonoptimal values) or both, with period of 60 s in 19 heart failure patients (age 73+/-11, EF 29+/-12%). The changes in cardiac output, by either heart rate or atrioventricular delay or both, were made either as a step ("square wave") or more gradually ("sine wave"). We obtained changes in cardiac output sufficient to engender comparable oscillations in et-CO(2) (P=NS) in all 19 patients either by manipulation of heart rate (14), or by atrioventricular delay (2) or both (3). The square wave produced 191% larger and 250% more sudden changes in blood pressure than the sine wave alternations (22.4+/-11.7 versus 13.6+/-4.5 mm Hg, P<0.01 and 19.8+/-10.0 versus 7.9+/-3.2 mm Hg over 5 s, P<0.01), but peak-to-trough et-CO(2) elicited was only 45% higher (0.45+/-0.18 versus 0.31+/-0.13 kPa, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that cardiac output is the key to dynamically manipulating the respiratory system with pacing sequences. When manipulating respiration by this route, a sine wave pattern may be preferable to a square wave, because it minimizes sudden blood pressure fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resham Baruah
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, St Mary's Hospital and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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