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Ferguson BS, Rogatzki MJ, Goodwin ML, Kane DA, Rightmire Z, Gladden LB. Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:691-728. [PMID: 29322250 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactate (La-) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La- has often been erroneously viewed as simply a hypoxic waste product with multiple deleterious effects. Not until the 1980s, with the introduction of the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle did a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of La- in metabolism begin. The evidence for La- as a major player in the coordination of whole-body metabolism has since grown rapidly. La- is a readily combusted fuel that is shuttled throughout the body, and it is a potent signal for angiogenesis irrespective of oxygen tension. Despite this, many fundamental discoveries about La- are still working their way into mainstream research, clinical care, and practice. The purpose of this review is to synthesize current understanding of La- metabolism via an appraisal of its robust experimental history, particularly in exercise physiology. That La- production increases during dysoxia is beyond debate, but this condition is the exception rather than the rule. Fluctuations in blood [La-] in health and disease are not typically due to low oxygen tension, a principle first demonstrated with exercise and now understood to varying degrees across disciplines. From its role in coordinating whole-body metabolism as a fuel to its role as a signaling molecule in tumors, the study of La- metabolism continues to expand and holds potential for multiple clinical applications. This review highlights La-'s central role in metabolism and amplifies our understanding of past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Ferguson
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Matthew L Goodwin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Canada
| | - Zachary Rightmire
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - L Bruce Gladden
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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McGinley C, Bishop DJ. Distinct protein and mRNA kinetics of skeletal muscle proton transporters following exercise can influence interpretation of adaptations to training. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1565-1580. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cian McGinley
- College of Sport and Exercise Science; Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - David J. Bishop
- College of Sport and Exercise Science; Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Institute of Sport; Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Schnurr TM, Reynolds AJ, Komac AM, Duffy LK, Dunlap KL. The effect of acute exercise on GLUT4 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sled dogs. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:45-49. [PMID: 26339686 PMCID: PMC4554329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Using sled dogs as exercise model, our objectives of this study were to (1) assess the effects of one acute bout of high-intensity exercise on surface GLUT4 concentrations on easily accessible peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and (2) compare our findings with published research on exercise induced GLUT4 in skeletal muscle. During the exercise bout, dogs ran 5 miles at approximately 90% of VO2 max. PMBC were collected before exercise (baseline), immediately after exercise and after 24 h recovery.GLUT4 was measured via ELISA. Acute exercise resulted in a significant increase on surface GLUT4 content on PBMC. GLUT4 was increased significantly immediately after exercise (~50%; p<0.05) and reduced slightly by 24 h post-exercise as compared to baseline (~22%; p>0.05). An effect of acute exercise on GLUT4 levels translocated to the cell membrane was observed, with GLUT4 levels not yet returned to baseline after 24 h post-exercise. In conclusion, the present investigation demonstrated that acute high-intensity exercise increased GLUT4 content at the surface of PBMC of sled dogs as it has been reported in skeletal muscle in other species. Our findings underline the potential use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell GLUT4 protein content as minimally invasive proxy to investigate relationships between insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, GLUT4 expression and glucose metabolism. Acute exercise increased GLUT4 translocation in peripheral mononuclear cells GLUT4 translocation in peripheral mononuclear cells was insulin independent Mononuclear cells are a potential proxy tissue to study GLUT4 translocation
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia M Schnurr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Arleigh J Reynolds
- Veterinary Medical Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Alyssa M Komac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Lawrence K Duffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Kriya L Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Green HJ, Ranney D, Burnett M, Galvin P, Kyle N, Lounsbury D, Ouyang J, Smith IC, Stewart R, Tick H, Tupling AR. Preliminary observations on high energy phosphates and metabolic pathway and transporter potentials in extensor carpi radialis brevis and trapezius muscles of women with work-related myalgia. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:953-60. [PMID: 25358071 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study compared both the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and the trapezius (TRAP) muscles of women with work-related myalgia (WRM) with healthy controls (CON) to determine whether abnormalities existed in cellular energy status and the potentials of the various metabolic pathways and segments involved in energy production and substrate transport. For both the ECRB (CON, n = 6-9; WRM, n = 13) and the TRAP (CON, n = 6-7; WRM, n = 10), no differences (P > 0.05) were found for the concentrations (in millimoles per kilogram of dry mass) of ATP, PCr, lactate, and glycogen. Similarly, with one exception, the maximal activities (in moles per milligram of protein per hour) of mitochondrial enzymes representative of the citric acid cycle (CAC), the electron transport chain (ETC), and β-oxidation, as well as the cytosolic enzymes involved in high energy phosphate transfer, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, lactate oxidation, and glucose phosphorylation were not different (P > 0.05). The glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, and the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4, were also normal in WRM. It is concluded that, in general, abnormalities in the resting energy and substrate state, the potential of the different metabolic pathways and segments, as well as the glucose and monocarboxylate transporters do not appear to be involved in the cellular pathophysiology of WRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Green
- a Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Gallagher PM, Touchberry CD, Teson K, McCabe E, Tehel M, Wacker MJ. Effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on fiber-type specific GLUT4 and IGF-1R expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:581-6. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of resistance exercise on fiber-type–specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was determined in 6 healthy males. The expression of both genes increased in Type I fibers (p < 0.05), but only GLUT4 increased (p < 0.05) in Type II fibers. These data demonstrates that an acute bout of resistance exercise can up-regulate mechanisms of glucose uptake in slow and fast-twitch fibers, but the IGF signaling axis may not be as effective in fast-twitch fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Gallagher
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Chad D. Touchberry
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Kelli Teson
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Everlee McCabe
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michelle Tehel
- Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael J. Wacker
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Thomas C, Bishop DJ, Lambert K, Mercier J, Brooks GA. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on sarcolemmal MCT1 and MCT4 contents in human skeletal muscles: current status. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R1-14. [PMID: 22012699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two lactate/proton cotransporter isoforms (monocarboxylate transporters, MCT1 and MCT4) are present in the plasma (sarcolemmal) membranes of skeletal muscle. Both isoforms are symports and are involved in both muscle pH and lactate regulation. Accordingly, sarcolemmal MCT isoform expression may play an important role in exercise performance. Acute exercise alters human MCT content, within the first 24 h from the onset of exercise. The regulation of MCT protein expression is complex after acute exercise, since there is not a simple concordance between changes in mRNA abundance and protein levels. In general, exercise produces greater increases in MCT1 than in MCT4 content. Chronic exercise also affects MCT1 and MCT4 content, regardless of the initial fitness of subjects. On the basis of cross-sectional studies, intensity would appear to be the most important factor regulating exercise-induced changes in MCT content. Regulation of skeletal muscle MCT1 and MCT4 content by a variety of stimuli inducing an elevation of lactate level (exercise, hypoxia, nutrition, metabolic perturbations) has been demonstrated. Dissociation between the regulation of MCT content and lactate transport activity has been reported in a number of studies, and changes in MCT content are more common in response to contractile activity, whereas changes in lactate transport capacity typically occur in response to changes in metabolic pathways. Muscle MCT expression is involved in, but is not the sole determinant of, muscle H(+) and lactate anion exchange during physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, "Physiologie et Médecine expérimentale du coeur et des muscles", Montpellier, France.
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Green HJ, Bombardier E, Burnett ME, D'Arsigny CL, Iqbal S, Webb KA, Ouyang J, O'Donnell DE. Cellular assessment of muscle in COPD: case studies of two males. Int J Gen Med 2009; 2:227-42. [PMID: 20360908 PMCID: PMC2840564 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s5981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent developments in muscle physiology and biochemistry in general, and with respect to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) specifically. As a way of illustration, we have presented data on the remodeling that occurs in vastus lateralis in two patients with COPD (COPD #1, forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC] = 63%; COPD #2, FEV1/FVC = 41%) exhibiting differences in muscle wasting as compared to healthy controls (CON; FEV1/FVC = 111 ± 2.2%, n = 4). Type I fibers percentages were lower in both COPD #1 (16.7) and COPD #2 (24.9) compared to CON (57.3 ± 5.2). Cross sectional area of the type I fibers of the patients ranged between 65%–68% of CON and for the type II subtypes (IIA, IIAX, IIX) between 74% and 89% (COPD #1) and 17%–32% (COPD #2). A lower number of capillary contacts were observed for all fiber types in COPD #1 but not COPD #2. Lower concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (24%–26%) and phosphocreatine (18%–20%), but not lactate occurred in COPD. In contrast to COPD #1, who displayed normal glucose transporter content, GLUT1 and GLUT4 were only 71% and 54%, respectively of CON in COPD #2. Lower monocarboxylate contents were found for MCT1 in both COPD #1 (63%) and COPD #2 (41%) and for MCT4 (78%) in COPD #1. Maximal oxidative enzyme activities (Vmax) for COPD #2 ranged between 37% (succinic dehydrogenase) and 70% (cytochrome C oxidase) of CON. For the cytosolic enzymes, Vmax ranged between 89% (hexokinase) to 31% (pyruvate kinase) of CON. Depressions were also observed in Vmax of the Na+-K+-ATPase for COPD #1 (66% of CON) but not COPD #2 (92% of CON) while Vmax of the Ca2+-ATPase was near normal in COPD #1 (84% CON). It is concluded that disturbances can occur in muscle to a wide range of excitation, contraction and metabolic processes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Green
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Green HJ, Bombardier E, Duhamel TA, Stewart RD, Tupling AR, Ouyang J. Metabolic, enzymatic, and transporter responses in human muscle during three consecutive days of exercise and recovery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1238-50. [PMID: 18650322 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00171.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the responses in substrate- and energy-based properties to repetitive days of prolonged submaximal exercise and recovery. Twelve untrained volunteers (Vo(2)(peak) = 44.8 +/- 2.0 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), mean +/- SE) cycled ( approximately 60 Vo(2)(peak)) on three consecutive days followed by 3 days of recovery. Tissue samples were extracted from the vastus lateralis both pre- and postexercise on day 1 (E1), day 3 (E3), and during recovery (R1, R2, R3) and were analyzed for changes in metabolism, substrate, and enzymatic and transporter responses. For the metabolic properties (mmol/kg(-1) dry wt), exercise on E1 resulted in reductions (P < 0.05) in phosphocreatine (PCr; 80 +/- 1.9 vs. 41.2 +/- 3.0) and increases (P < 0.05) in inosine monophosphate (IMP; 0.13 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.2) and lactate (3.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 19.2 +/- 4.3). At E3, both IMP and lactate were lower (P < 0.05) during exercise. For the transporters, the experimental protocol resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1; 29% by R1), an increase in GLUT4 (29% by E3), and increases (P < 0.05) for both monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) (for MCT1, 23% by R2 and for MCT4, 18% by R1). Of the mitochondrial and cytosolic enzyme activities examined, cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and hexokinase were both reduced (P < 0.05) by exercise at E1 and in the case of hexokinase and phosphorylase by exercise on E3. With the exception at COX, which was lower (P < 0.05) at R1, no differences in enzyme activities existed at rest between E, E3, and recovery days. Results suggest that the glucose and lactate transporters are among the earliest adaptive responses of substrate and metabolic properties studied to the sudden onset of regular low-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Green
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Green HJ, Burnett ME, D'Arsigny CL, O'Donnell DE, Ouyang J, Webb KA. Altered metabolic and transporter characteristics of vastus lateralis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:879-86. [PMID: 18635880 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90458.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate energy metabolic and transporter characteristics in resting muscle of patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD; forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) = 42 +/- 6.0% (mean +/- SE)], tissue was extracted from resting vastus lateralis (VL) of 9 COPD patients and compared with that of 12 healthy control subjects (FEV(1) = 114 +/- 3.4%). Compared with controls, lower (P < 0.05) concentrations (mmol/kg dry wt) of ATP (19.6 +/- 0.65 vs. 17.8 +/- 0.69) and phosphocreatine (81.3 +/- 2.3 vs. 69.1 +/- 4.2) were observed in COPD, which occurred in the absence of differences in the total adenine nucleotide and total creatine pools. Higher concentrations were observed in COPD for several glycolytic metabolites (glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, pyruvate) but not lactate. Glycogen storage was not affected by the disease (289 +/- 20 vs. 269 +/- 20 mmol glucosyl units/kg dry wt). Although no difference between groups was observed for the glucose transporter GLUT1, GLUT4 was reduced by 28% in COPD. For the monocarboxylate transporters, MCT4 was 35% lower in COPD, with no differences observed for MCT1. These results indicate that in resting VL, moderate to severe COPD results in a reduction in phosphorylation potential, an apparent elevation of glycolytic flux rate, and a potential defect in glucose and lactate transport as a result of reduced levels of the principal isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Green
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Karnieli E, Armoni M. Transcriptional regulation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 gene: from physiology to pathology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E38-45. [PMID: 18492767 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90306.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) plays a key role in glucose uptake and metabolism in insulin target tissues. Being a rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism, the expression and function of the GLUT4 isoform has been extensively studied and found to be tightly regulated at both mRNA and protein levels. Adaptation to states of enhanced metabolic demand is associated with increased glucose metabolism and GLUT4 gene expression, whereas states of insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity, and aging are associated with impaired regulation of GLUT4 gene expression and function. The present review focuses on the interplay among hormonal, nutritional, and transcription factors in the regulation of GLUT4 transcription in health and sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy Karnieli
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 12 Haliah St., PO Box 9602, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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