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Kobayashi T, Kurebayashi N, Murayama T. The Ryanodine Receptor as a Sensor for Intracellular Environments in Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910795. [PMID: 34639137 PMCID: PMC8509754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a Ca2+ release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscles and plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling. The activity of the RyR is regulated by the changes in the level of many intracellular factors, such as divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), nucleotides, associated proteins, and reactive oxygen species. Since these intracellular factors change depending on the condition of the muscle, e.g., exercise, fatigue, or disease states, the RyR channel activity will be altered accordingly. In this review, we describe how the RyR channel is regulated under various conditions and discuss the possibility that the RyR acts as a sensor for changes in the intracellular environments in muscles.
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Takahashi R, Fujita K, Kobayashi Y, Ogawa T, Teranishi M, Kawamura M. Effect of muscle fatigue on brain activity in healthy individuals. Brain Res 2021; 1764:147469. [PMID: 33838129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is affected by both peripheral and central factors. However, the interrelationship between muscle fatigue and brain activity has not yet been clarified. This study aimed to clarify the effect of muscle fatigue due to sustained pinch movement on brain activity in healthy individuals using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Ten healthy adults participated in the study. Pinch movement of isometric contraction was the task to be performed, and electromyogram of the first dorsal interosseous muscle and brain activity by fNIRS were measured in this period. The median power frequency (MdPF) was calculated as an index of muscle fatigue and the oxygen-Hb value in the bilateral premotor and motor areas was calculated as an index of brain activity. As a result, MdPF showed a significant decrease in the middle and later phases compared with that in the early phase (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively) and a significant decrease in the later phase compared with that in the middle phase (p < 0.05). The oxygen-Hb values in the motor cortex were not significantly different between the analysis sections. The oxygen-Hb values in the premotor cortex was significantly increased in the later phase (p < 0.05) compared with that in the early phase. The premotor cortex was found to be specifically activated during muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takahashi
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kobayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogawa
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masanobu Teranishi
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mimpei Kawamura
- Department of Medical and Social, Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Japan
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Erythromycin has therapeutic efficacy on muscle fatigue acting specifically on orosomucoid to increase muscle bioenergetics and physiological parameters of endurance. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sun Y, Qin Z, Wan JJ, Wang PY, Yang YL, Yu JG, Hu BH, Su DF, Luo ZM, Liu X. Estrogen weakens muscle endurance via estrogen receptor-p38 MAPK-mediated orosomucoid (ORM) suppression. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e463. [PMID: 29869624 PMCID: PMC5898901 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in fatigue manifest as females being more prone to feel exhaustion and having lower muscle endurance. However, the mechanisms of these effects remain unclear. We investigated whether orosomucoid, an endogenous anti-fatigue protein that enhances muscle endurance, is involved in this regulation. Female rats exhibited lower muscle endurance, and this gender difference disappeared in orosomucoid-1-deficient mice. Female rats also exhibited weaker orosomucoid induction in serum, liver and muscle in response to fatigue compared with male rats. Ovariectomy elevated orosomucoid levels and increased swimming time, and estrogen replenishment reversed these effects. Exogenous estrogen treatment in male and female mice produced opposite effects. Estrogen decreased orosomucoid expression and its promoter activity in C2C12 muscle and Chang liver cells in vitro, and estrogen receptor or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase blockade abolished this effect. Therefore, estrogen negatively regulates orosomucoid expression that is responsible for the weaker muscle endurance in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Han Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Fatigue-induced Orosomucoid 1 Acts on C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 to Enhance Muscle Endurance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18839. [PMID: 26740279 PMCID: PMC4703980 DOI: 10.1038/srep18839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding and managing fatigue is a significant challenge in clinic and society. In attempting to explore how the body responds to and regulates fatigue, we found in rodent fatigue models that orosomucoid 1 (ORM1) was significantly increased in multiple tissues, including blood and muscle. Interestingly, administration of exogenous ORM1 increased muscle glycogen and enhanced muscle endurance, whereas ORM1 deficiency resulted in a significant decrease of muscle endurance both in vivo and in vitro, which could largely be restored by exogenous ORM1. Further studies demonstrated that ORM1 can bind to C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) on muscle cells and deletion of the receptor abolished the effect of ORM1. Thus, fatigue upregulates the level of ORM1, which in turn functions as an anti-fatigue protein to enhance muscle endurance via the CCR5 pathway. Modulation of the level of ORM1 and CCR5 signaling could be a novel strategy for the management of fatigue.
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Kirby BS, Crecelius AR, Richards JC, Dinenno FA. Sources of intravascular ATP during exercise in humans: critical role for skeletal muscle perfusion. Exp Physiol 2013; 98:988-98. [PMID: 23315195 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.071555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercise hyperaemia is regulated by several factors, and one factor known to increase with exercise that evokes a powerful vasomotor action is extracellular ATP. The origin of ATP detected in plasma from exercising muscle of humans is, however, a matter of debate, and ATP has been suggested to arise from sympathetic nerves, blood sources (e.g. erythrocytes), endothelial cells and skeletal myocytes, among others. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that acute augmentation of sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA) results in elevated plasma ATP draining skeletal muscle, and that SNA superimposition during exercise increases ATP more than exercise alone. We showed that increased SNA via -40 mmHg lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at rest did not increase plasma ATP (51±8 nmol l(-1) at rest versus 58±7 nmol l(-1) with LBNP), nor did it increase [ATP] above levels observed during rhythmic hand-grip exercise (79±11 nmol l(-1) with exercise alone versus 71±8 nmol l(-1) with LBNP). Next, we tested the hypothesis that active perfusion of skeletal muscle is essential to observe increased plasma ATP during exercise. We showed that complete obstruction of blood flow to contracting muscle abolished exercise-mediated increases in plasma ATP (from 90±19 to 49±12 nmol l(-1)), and that cessation of blood flow prior to exercise completely inhibited the typical rise in ATP (3 versus 61%, obstructed versus intact perfusion). The lack of change in ATP during occlusion occurred in the face of continued muscular work and elevated SNA, indicating that the rise of intravascular ATP did not result from these extravascular sources. Our collective observations indicated that the elevation in extracellular ATP observed in blood during exercise was unlikely to originate from sympathetic nerves or the contacting muscle itself, but rather was dependent on intact skeletal muscle perfusion. We conclude that an intravascular source for ATP is essential, which indicates an important role for blood sources (e.g. red blood cells) in augmenting and maintaining elevated plasma ATP during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S Kirby
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 220 Moby-B Complex, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1582, USA
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Tanaka M, Shigihara Y, Watanabe Y. Central inhibition regulates motor output during physical fatigue. Brain Res 2011; 1412:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tanaka M, Watanabe Y. Neural compensation mechanisms to regulate motor output during physical fatigue. Brain Res 2011; 1395:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tsutsumi K, Tanaka M, Shigihara Y, Watanabe Y. Central regulation of physical fatigue via mirror visual feedback. Eur J Sport Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.499974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jin G, Kataoka Y, Tanaka M, Mizuma H, Nozaki S, Tahara T, Mizuno K, Yamato M, Watanabe Y. Changes in plasma and tissue amino acid levels in an animal model of complex fatigue. Nutrition 2009; 25:597-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Giannesini B, Izquierdo M, Dalmasso C, Le Fur Y, Cozzone PJ, Verleye M, Le Guern ME, Gillardin JM, Bendahan D. Endotoxemia causes a paradoxical intracellular pH recovery in exercising rat skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve 2007; 36:505-14. [PMID: 17626288 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In resting skeletal muscle, endotoxemia causes disturbances in energy metabolism that could potentially disturb intracellular pH (pH(i)) during muscular activity. We tested this hypothesis using in situ (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in contracting rat gastrocnemius muscle. Endotoxemia was induced by injecting rats intraperitoneally at t(0) and t(0) + 24 h with Klebsiella pneumoniae endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides at 3 mg/kg) or saline vehicle. Muscle function was investigated strictly noninvasively at t(0) + 48 h through a transcutaneous electrical stimulation protocol consisting of 5.7 minutes of repeated isometric contraction at 3.3 HZ, and force production was measured with an ergometer. At rest, endotoxin treatment did not affect pH(i) and adenosine triphosphate concentration, but significantly reduced phosphocreatine and glycogen contents. Endotoxemia produced both a reduction of isometric force production and a marked linear recovery (0.08 +/- 0.01 pH unit/min) of pH(i) during the second part of the stimulation period. This recovery was not due to any phenomenon of fiber inactivation linked to development of muscle fatigue, and was not associated with any change in intracellular proton buffering, net proton efflux from the cell, or proton turnovers through creatine kinase reaction and oxidative phosphorylation. This paradoxical pH(i) recovery in exercising rat skeletal muscle under endotoxemia is likely due to slowing of glycolytic flux following the reduction in intramuscular glycogen content. These findings may be useful in the follow-up of septic patients and in the assessment of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Giannesini
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR CNRS 6612, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Oelberg DA, Evans AB, Hrovat MI, Pappagianopoulos PP, Patz S, Systrom DM. Skeletal muscle chemoreflex and pHi in exercise ventilatory control. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84:676-82. [PMID: 9475880 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.2.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether skeletal muscle hydrogen ion mediates ventilatory drive in humans during exercise, 12 healthy subjects performed three bouts of isotonic submaximal quadriceps exercise on each of 2 days in a 1.5-T magnet for 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS). Bilateral lower extremity positive pressure cuffs were inflated to 45 Torr during exercise (BLPPex) or recovery (BLPPrec) in a randomized order to accentuate a muscle chemoreflex. Simultaneous measurements were made of breath-by-breath expired gases and minute ventilation, arterialized venous blood, and by 31P-MRS of the vastus medialis, acquired from the average of 12 radio-frequency pulses at a repetition time of 2.5 s. With BLPPex, end-exercise minute ventilation was higher (53.3 +/- 3.8 vs. 37.3 +/- 2.2 l/min; P < 0.0001), arterialized PCO2 lower (33 +/- 1 vs. 36 +/- 1 Torr; P = 0.0009), and quadriceps intracellular pH (pHi) more acid (6.44 +/- 0.07 vs. 6.62 +/- 0.07; P = 0.004), compared with BLPPrec. Blood lactate was modestly increased with BLPPex but without a change in arterialized pH. For each subject, pHi was linearly related to minute ventilation during exercise but not to arterialized pH. These data suggest that skeletal muscle hydrogen ion contributes to the exercise ventilatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Oelberg
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Gozal D, Thiriet P, Cottet-Emard JM, Wouassi D, Bitanga E, Geyssant A, Pequignot JM, Sagnol M. Glucose administration before exercise modulates catecholaminergic responses in glycogen-depleted subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997; 82:248-56. [PMID: 9029223 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In glycogen-depleted subjects (GD) a nonlinear increase in epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) parallels blood lactate (La) during graded exercise. The effect of glucose (Glc) supplementation and route of administration on these relationships was studied in 26 GD athletes who were randomly assigned to receive 1.3 g/kg Glc by slow intravenous infusion (IV; n = 9), oral administration (PO; n = 9), or artificially sweetened placebo in 1 liter of water (Asp; n = 8) in the 2 h preceding a graded maximal exercise. Performance and La were similar among the three groups in normal glycogen (NG) or GD conditions. However, slightly improved performances were observed in GD compared with NG and were associated with a shift to the right in La curves. Blood Glc concentrations were higher in IV and PO before exercise, but they rapidly decreased to lowest levels in IV, gradually decreased over time in PO, and remained stable in Asp or NG. Insulin concentrations were highest in IV and lowest in Asp and NG at onset of exercise, rapidly decreasing in IV and PO although remaining at higher levels than in Asp or NG. In contrast, higher serum levels of free fatty acids were measured during exercise in Asp with no significant differences in glucagon or glycerol among the three groups. Free and sulfated NE increases were smaller in IV than in PO and Asp on exhaustion. In contrast, free and conjugated Epi were most increased in IV, with smallest increases in Asp. Dopamine levels were most increased in IV at exhaustion. We conclude that the changes of Epi and NE concentrations, associated with the activation of glucoregulatory mechanisms, including hyperinsulinemia, display different magnitude and time courses during exercise in GD subjects who receive oral vs. intravenous load of Glc before exercise. We speculate that the magnitude of insulin surge after acutely increased Glc before exercise in GD subjects may exert dissociative effects on adrenal-dependent glycogenolysis and on sympathetic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Guthrie BM, Frostick SP, Goodman J, Mikulis DJ, Plyley MJ, Marshall KW. Endurance-trained and untrained skeletal muscle bioenergetics observed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 1996; 21:251-63. [PMID: 8853467 DOI: 10.1139/h96-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Resting and submaximal isometric exercise 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was carried out on 7 endurance-trained males (26.0 +/- 3 yrs) and 7 sedentary males (27.0 +/- 4 yrs). Spectral analysis provided peak areas of phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the chemical shift of Pi relative to PCr. The ratio of PCr/Pi was moderately lower during rest (preexercise p = .13, postexercise p = .18), and significantly higher during exercise (p < .05) in the trained subjects. Intracellular pH patterns were the same for both groups; a transient alkalosis was observed at the onset of exercise with a return to resting levels after 2 min. Differences suggest improved ATP resynthesis rate in the trained subjects during exercise. Intracellular pH changes can be attributed to the utilization of hydrogen ions that accompany PCr hydrolysis during work. The findings are congruent with previous reports indicating a superior oxidative capacity in trained skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Guthrie
- Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL 61825-5076, USA
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Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell TG, Shelton ED. Optimization of molecular design in the evolution of metabolism: the glycogen molecule. Biochem J 1993; 295 ( Pt 2):477-83. [PMID: 8240246 PMCID: PMC1134905 DOI: 10.1042/bj2950477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The animal glycogen molecule has to be designed in accordance with its metabolic function as a very effective fuel store allowing quick release of large amounts of glucose. In addition, the design should account for a high capacity of glucose storage in the least possible space. We have studied the optimization of these variables by means of a mathematical model of the glycogen molecule. Our results demonstrate that the structure is optimized to maximize (a) the total glucose stored in the smallest possible volume, (b) the proportion of it that can be directly released by phosphorylase before any debranching occurs, and (c) the number of non-reducing ends (points of attack for phosphorylase), which maximizes the speed of fuel release. The optimization of these four variables is achieved with appropriate values for two key parameters in glycogen design: the degree of branching and the length of the chains. The optimal values of these two parameters are precisely those found in cellular glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meléndez-Hevia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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