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The Impact of Modern Therapeutic Methods on the Oxidant-Antioxidant Equilibrium and Activities of Selected Lysosomal Enzymes and Serine Protease Inhibitor in Amateur Athletes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9792836. [PMID: 32884626 PMCID: PMC7455809 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9792836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deep electromagnetic stimulation (DEMS) and low-frequency ultrasound (US) are new physical therapy methods used in the rehabilitation of the musculoskeletal system and wound healing. They are applied locally to treat the injured tissues. The beneficial effects of these methods in supportive care have been documented, but accurate biochemical effects are not known. The goal was to assess the effect of single DEMS and US sessions on the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium, as well as the activities of lysosomal hydrolases and α 1-antitrypsin (AAT) in peripheral blood of juvenile injured amateur athletes. In the athletes with low back pain (DEMS treated, N = 16) and pain in the shoulder or ankle joint (US treated, N = 14), as well as in healthy control amateur athletes (DEMS treated, N = 14; US treated, N = 17), before the sessions and 30 minutes and 24 hours after them, the levels of the following parameters were determined: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in erythrocytes and plasma, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes, as well as acid phosphatase (AcP), arylsulfatase (ASA), cathepsin D (CTS D), and α 1-antitrypsin (AAT) in serum. After both procedures, the levels of parameters changed in a negligible manner, excluding the cathepsin D activity, which was statistically significantly lower 30 min and 24 h after US in the control athletes compared to the baseline activity determined directly before the procedure (47.5% and 55.7% differences, respectively). Similar tendency was observed after DEMS (p > 0.05). The procedures, especially low-frequency US, decrease lysosomal proteolytic activity and do not significantly disrupt the oxidant-antioxidant and lysosomal equilibriums in the peripheral blood both of healthy and injured athletes. No systemic acute-phase response of AAT was also detected in the athletes after both procedures. This trial is registered with CTRI/2018/01/011344.
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a dreadful, devastating and incurable motor neuron disease. Aetiologically, it is a multigenic, multifactorial and multiorgan disease. Despite intense research, ALS pathology remains unexplained. Following extensive literature review, this paper posits a new integrative explanation. This framework proposes that ammonia neurotoxicity is a main player in ALS pathogenesis. According to this explanation, a combination of impaired ammonia removal- mainly because of impaired hepatic urea cycle dysfunction-and increased ammoniagenesis- mainly because of impaired glycolytic metabolism in fast twitch skeletal muscle-causes chronic hyperammonia in ALS. In the absence of neuroprotective calcium binding proteins (calbindin, calreticulin and parvalbumin), elevated ammonia-a neurotoxin-damages motor neurons. Ammonia-induced motor neuron damage occurs through multiple mechanisms such as macroautophagy-endolysosomal impairment, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, CDK5 activation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the regional pattern of calcium binding proteins' loss, owing to either ER stress and/or impaired oxidative metabolism, determines clinical variability of ALS. Most importantly, this new framework can be generalised to explain other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease and Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Fang JKH, Wu RSS, Chan AKY, Yip CKM, Shin PKS. Influences of ammonia-nitrogen and dissolved oxygen on lysosomal integrity in green-lipped mussel Perna viridis: laboratory evaluation and field validation in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:2052-2058. [PMID: 18789457 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal integrity in mussels has been applied as a biomarker to detect the pollution of trace organics and metals in the natural environments. However, few studies have examined the effects of water quality on the response of lysosomal integrity, in particular total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) and dissolved oxygen (DO). This study demonstrated that high level of TAN (2.0mg/l) and low DO (2.5mg O(2)/l) could significantly reduce the lysosomal integrity in green-lipped mussel Perna viridis, respectively by 33% and 38%, whereas the mussel lysosomal integrity decreased by 70% in the combined treatment of TAN and low DO under laboratory conditions after one week. The mussel lysosomal integrity of all treatment groups could return to the control level after a three week recovery period. In the field validation in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong during an one-year study period, lysosomal integrity in P. viridis identified the cleanest site east to the harbour, where the lowest TAN and highest DO concentrations were found. While lysosomal integrity in mussels seemed not affected by seasonal changes, approximately 40% of the variation of this biomarker could be attributable to the changes in TAN and DO in seawater. In conclusion, the response of the mussel lysosomal integrity can be confounded by both TAN and DO prevailing in the natural environments and thus caution must be exercised in relating the observed changes in lysosomal integrity to any specific pollutant in coastal water quality monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K H Fang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Gosset G, Satre M, Blaive B, Clément JL, Martin JB, Culcasi M, Pietri S. Investigation of subcellular acidic compartments using α-aminophosphonate 31P nuclear magnetic resonance probes. Anal Biochem 2008; 380:184-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wozniak A, Wozniak B, Drewa G, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Rakowski A. The effect of whole-body cryostimulation on lysosomal enzyme activity in kayakers during training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100:137-42. [PMID: 17458576 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Effects of whole-body cryostimulation on lysosomal enzyme activity: acid phosphatase (AcP), arylsulphatase (ASA) and cathepsin D (CTS D), as well as on the creatine kinase (CK), and the cortisol concentration in the serum of kayakers during training were studied. Additionally, the effect of a single cryostimulation treatment in untrained men was evaluated. The kayakers were subjected to a ten-day training cycle, in which training sessions were preceded by whole-body cryostimulation at a temperature ranging from -120 to -140 degrees C, and to a control training without cryostimulation. Blood samples were taken from the kayakers before the training and after the sixth and tenth day of training and from untrained men before and after cryostimulation. The single cryostimulation caused a 30% (P < 0.05) decrease in the CK activity in untrained men. After the sixth day of training with cryostimulation, the activity of ASA was 46% (P < 0.001), AcP 32% (P < 0.05) and CK 34% lower (P < 0.05) than after the sixth day of training without cryostimulation. The results support that preceding training with whole-body cryostimulation alleviates exertion stress by a stabilisation of lysosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Wozniak
- The Chair of Medical Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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de Alba E, Weiler S, Tjandra N. Solution structure of human saposin C: pH-dependent interaction with phospholipid vesicles. Biochemistry 2004; 42:14729-40. [PMID: 14674747 DOI: 10.1021/bi0301338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saposin C binds to membranes to activate lipid degradation in lysosomes. To get insights into saposin C's function, we have determined its three-dimensional structure by NMR and investigated its interaction with phospholipid vesicles. Saposin C adopts the saposin-fold common to other members of the family. In contrast, the electrostatic surface revealed by the NMR structure is remarkably different. We suggest that charge distribution in the protein surface can modulate membrane interaction leading to the functional diversity of this family. We find that the binding of saposin C to phospholipid vesicles is a pH-controlled reversible process. The pH dependence of this interaction is sigmoidal, with an apparent pK(a) for binding close to 5.3. The pK(a) values of many solvent-exposed Glu residues are anomalously high and close to the binding pK(a). Our NMR data are consistent with the absence of a conformational change prior to membrane binding. All this information suggests that the negatively charged electrostatic surface of saposin C needs to be partially neutralized to trigger membrane binding. We have studied the membrane-binding behavior of a mutant of saposin C designed to decrease the negative charge of the electrostatic surface. The results support our conclusion on the importance of protein surface neutralization in binding. Since saposin C is a lysosomal protein and pH gradients occur in lysosomes, we propose that lipid degradation in the lysosome could be switched on and off by saposin C's reversible binding to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Alba
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Behavioural, cognitive and memory dysfunctions are characteristic symptoms of AD. The formation of amyloid plaques is currently considered as the key event of AD. Other histological hallmarks of the disease are the formation of fibrillary tangles, astrocytosis, and loss of certain neuronal systems in cortical areas of the brain. A great number of possible aetiologic and pathogenetic factors of AD have been published in the course of the last two decades. Among the toxic factors, which have been considered to contribute to the symptoms and progression of AD, ammonia deserves special interest for the following reasons: (a) Ammonia is formed in nearly all tissues and organs of the vertebrate organism; it is the most common endogenous neurotoxic compounds. Its effects on glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal systems, the two prevailing neuronal systems of the cortical structures, are known for many years. (b) The impairment of ammonia detoxification invariably leads to severe pathology. Several symptoms and histologic aberrations of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), of which ammonia has been recognised as a pathogenetic factor, resemble those of AD. (c) The excessive formation of ammonia in the brains of AD patients has been demonstrated, and it has been shown that some AD patients exhibit elevated blood ammonia concentrations. (d) There is evidence for the involvement of aberrant lysosomal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in the formation of amyloid deposits. Ammonia is the most important natural modulator of lysosomal protein processing. (e) Inflammatory processes and activation of microglia are widely believed to be implicated in the pathology of AD. Ammonia is able to affect the characteristic functions of microglia, such as endocytosis, and cytokine production. Based on these facts, an ammonia hypothesis of AD has first been suggested in 1993. In the present review old and new observations are discussed, which are in support of the notion that ammonia is a factor able to produce symptoms of AD and to affect the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Seiler
- Laboratory of Nutritional Oncology, Institut de Recherche Contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif, Strasbourg, France.
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Tassi C, Mancuso F, Gambelunghe C, Rufini S, Feligioni L, Biondi R, Rossi R, Capodicasa E. Beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity and isoenzyme profile in the kidney and urine of trained rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23:573-83. [PMID: 11792016 DOI: 10.1081/iph-100108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes play an important role in the immune system functioning and are involved in different aspects of inflammatory reaction, repair processes and tissue damage at various levels. Among various effects, it is known that physical exercise influences the release of different lysosomal components. The aim of this study was to evaluate enzyme activity and isoenzymatic profile of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase both in kidney and urine of normal and trained rats. Enzyme activity was measured by fluorimetric assay while beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase isoenzymes were separated using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Hexosaminidase specific activity was significantly increased in urine of trained rats whereas there was no increase in the kidneys of trained rats. Indeed, no significant differences were observed in the isoenzyme profile of kidney and urine extracts from normal and trained rats. Our findings suggest the exercise-induced release of lysosomal enzymes is a functional effect and not due to disruption of lysosomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Universita degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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Ceddia MA, Voss EW, Woods JA. Intracellular mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced suppression of macrophage antigen presentation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 88:804-10. [PMID: 10658054 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated that exhaustive exercise suppressed peritoneal macrophage antigen presentation (AP). In this study, we explored the intracellular mechanism(s) responsible for this suppression. Pathogen-free male BALB/c mice (8 +/- 2 wk) were randomly assigned to either home cage control (HCC) or exhaustive exercise stress (Exh, 18-30 m/min for 3 h/day) treatment groups. The mice underwent treatments for a period of 4 days during induced peritoneal thioglycollate inflammation. Elicited macrophages were harvested, purified, and incubated with chicken ovalbumin (C-Ova, 2. 5 and 10 mg/ml) for 18 h. After macrophages were washed, they were cocultured with C-Ova-specific T cells for 48 h at which time the supernates were harvested and analyzed via ELISA for interleukin (IL)-2 as an indication of macrophage AP. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in macrophage AP between cells fixed with paraformaldehyde vs. those that remained unfixed, suggesting that Exh did not affect production of soluble factors influencing macrophage AP (i.e., IL-1, IL-4, PGE(2)). The ability of macrophages to generate C-Ova immunogenic peptides was analyzed using FITC-labeled C-Ova, which shows fluorescence only when degraded intracellularly. There was a significant ( approximately 20%, P < 0. 05) suppression in fluorescence in the Exh compared with HCC, indicating a possible defect in the ability of macrophages from Exh to degrade C-Ova into immunogenic peptides. Macrophages were also incubated with C-Ova immunogenic peptide in a manner identical to that for native C-Ova. We found a similar suppression ( approximately 22-38%, P < 0.05) in macrophage AP using a C-Ova peptide when compared with native C-Ova in the Exh group, indicating reduced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II loading and/or C-Ova-MHC II complex cell surface expression. In conclusion, these data indicate an intracellular defect in the macrophage antigen processing pathway induced by Exh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ceddia
- Physical Fitness Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Lee AY, Gulnik SV, Erickson JW. Conformational switching in an aspartic proteinase. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1998; 5:866-71. [PMID: 9783744 DOI: 10.1038/2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of a catalytically inactive form of cathepsin D (CatDhi) has been obtained at pH 7.5. The N-terminal strand relocates by 30 A from its position in the interdomain beta-sheet and inserts into the active site cleft, effectively blocking substrate access. CatDhi has a five-stranded interdomain beta-sheet and resembles Intermediate 3, a hypothetical structure proposed to be transiently formed during proteolytic activation of the proenzyme precursor. Interconversion between active and inactive forms of CatD is reversible and may be regulated by an ionizable switch involving the carboxylate side chains of Glu 5, Glu 180, and Asp 187. Our findings provide a structural basis for the pH-dependent regulation of aspartic proteinase activity and suggest a novel mechanism for pH-dependent modulation of substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Structural Biochemistry Program, SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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Marzella L, Lee HK. Chapter 5 Role of lysosomes in cell injury. PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY A MULTI-VOLUME WORK, VOLUME 13 1998. [PMCID: PMC7149001 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-2582(98)80007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic intracellular vacuoles of heterogeneous shape, size, and content. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids derived from intracellular (through autophagy) and extracellular (through heterophagy) sources. Lysosomal degradation regulates several physiological cell functions. These include turnover of cellular organelles and extracellular constituents; amino acid and glucose homeostasis; processing of proteins; lipid metabolism; cell growth, differentiation, and involution; host defenses against microorganisms and other pathogens; and removal of necrotic and foreign material from the circulation and from tissues. Lysosomal degradation also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute and chronic cell injury, inflammation and repair, and tumor growth and metastasis. The participation of the lysosomes in the specific types of cell injury we have discussed is due to altered regulation of one or more of the following processes: turnover of cellular organelles by autophagic degradation; levels and activities of lysosomal hydrolases; levels of intracellular and extracellular lysosomal hydrolase inhibitors; transport of degradation products from the lysosomal matrix to the cytosol; permeability of the lysosomal membrane to hydrolases; lysosomal vacuolar acidification; transport of degradable substrates and of pathogens to the lysosomes; transport and processing of secretory proteins and lysosomal hydrolases during biogenesis; traffic and fusion of lysosomal vacuoles and vesicles; secretion of lysosomal hydrolases; and accumulation of metals, particularly iron, acidotropic agents, and undegraded and/or undegradable materials in lysosomes.
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Seiler N. An ammonia hypothesis of Alzheimer disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 420:235-55. [PMID: 9286438 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5945-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Seiler
- URA, CNRS 1529 Institut de Recherche Contre le Cancer, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes, France
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