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Gonçalves JS, Marçal AL, Marques BS, Costa FD, Laranjinha J, Rocha BS, Lourenço CF. Dietary nitrate supplementation and cognitive health: the nitric oxide-dependent neurovascular coupling hypothesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:279-289. [PMID: 38385536 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Diet is currently recognized as a major modifiable agent of human health. In particular, dietary nitrate has been increasingly explored as a strategy to modulate different physiological mechanisms with demonstrated benefits in multiple organs, including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine systems. An intriguing exception in this scenario has been the brain, for which the evidence of the nitrate benefits remains controversial. Upon consumption, nitrate can undergo sequential reduction reactions in vivo to produce nitric oxide (•NO), a ubiquitous paracrine messenger that supports multiple physiological events such as vasodilation and neuromodulation. In the brain, •NO plays a key role in neurovascular coupling, a fine process associated with the dynamic regulation of cerebral blood flow matching the metabolic needs of neurons and crucial for sustaining brain function. Neurovascular coupling dysregulation has been associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction during different pathological conditions and aging. We discuss the potential biological action of nitrate on brain health, concerning the molecular mechanisms underpinning this association, particularly via modulation of •NO-dependent neurovascular coupling. The impact of nitrate supplementation on cognitive performance was scrutinized through preclinical and clinical data, suggesting that intervention length and the health condition of the participants are determinants of the outcome. Also, it stresses the need for multimodal quantitative studies relating cellular and mechanistic approaches to function coupled with behavior clinical outputs to understand whether a mechanistic relationship between dietary nitrate and cognitive health is operative in the brain. If proven, it supports the exciting hypothesis of cognitive enhancement via diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- João S Gonçalves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Marçal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara S Marques
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa D Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara S Rocha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Christou H, Michael Z, Spyropoulos F, Chen Y, Rong D, Khalil RA. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition improves pulmonary artery reactivity and nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in sugen-hypoxia model of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R835-R850. [PMID: 33826428 PMCID: PMC8285620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00362.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious disease with pulmonary arterial fibrotic remodeling and limited responsiveness to vasodilators. Our data suggest that mild acidosis induced by carbonic anhydrase inhibition could ameliorate PH, but the vascular mechanisms are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that carbonic anhydrase inhibition ameliorates PH by improving pulmonary vascular reactivity and relaxation mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either control normoxic (Nx), or injected with Sugen 5416 (20 mg/kg, sc) and subjected to hypoxia (9% O2) (Su + Hx), or Su + Hx treated with acetazolamide (ACTZ, 100 mg/kg/day, in drinking water). After measuring the hemodynamics, right ventricular hypertrophy was assessed by Fulton's Index; vascular function was measured in pulmonary artery, aorta, and mesenteric arteries; and pulmonary arteriolar remodeling was assessed in lung sections. Right ventricular systolic pressure and Fulton's Index were increased in Su + Hx and reduced in Su + Hx + ACTZ rats. Pulmonary artery contraction to KCl and phenylephrine were reduced in Su + Hx and improved in Su + Hx + ACTZ. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation and nitrate/nitrite production were reduced in pulmonary artery of Su + Hx and improved in Su + Hx + ACTZ. ACh relaxation was blocked by nitric oxide (NO) synthase and guanylate cyclase inhibitors, supporting a role of NO-cGMP. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced relaxation was reduced in pulmonary artery of Su + Hx, and ACTZ enhanced relaxation to SNP. Contraction/relaxation were not different in aorta or mesenteric arteries of all groups. Pulmonary arterioles showed wall thickening in Su + Hx that was ameliorated in Su + Hx + ACTZ. Thus, amelioration of pulmonary hemodynamics during carbonic anhydrase inhibition involves improved pulmonary artery reactivity and NO-mediated relaxation and may enhance responsiveness to vasodilator therapies in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoe Michael
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fotios Spyropoulos
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Rong
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Fan JL, O’Donnell T, Lanford J, Croft K, Watson E, Smyth D, Koch H, Wong LK, Tzeng YC. Dietary nitrate reduces blood pressure and cerebral artery velocity fluctuations and improves cerebral autoregulation in transient ischemic attack patients. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:547-557. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We found dietary nitrate supplementation reduced blood pressure and brain blood flow fluctuations and improved the relationship between blood pressure and brain blood flow in transient ischemic attack patients. Meanwhile, dietary nitrate had no effects on the brain blood vessels’ response to CO2. We attribute the improved brain blood flow stability to the improved myogenic control of blood pressure with dietary nitrate. Our findings indicate that dietary nitrate could be an effective strategy for stabilizing blood pressure and brain blood flow following transient ischemic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Lin Fan
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Terrence O’Donnell
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy Lanford
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Croft
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Eloise Watson
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Smyth
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Henrietta Koch
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Lai-Kin Wong
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yu-Chieh Tzeng
- Wellington Medical Technology Group, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Rosenbaek JB, Pedersen EB, Bech JN. The effect of sodium nitrite infusion on renal function, brachial and central blood pressure during enzyme inhibition by allopurinol, enalapril or acetazolamide in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:244. [PMID: 30241504 PMCID: PMC6150994 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) causes vasodilation, presumably by enzymatic conversion to nitric oxide (NO). Several enzymes with nitrite reducing capabilities have been discovered in vitro, but their relative importance in vivo has not been investigated. We aimed to examine the effects of NaNO2 on blood pressure, fractional sodium excretion (FENa), free water clearance (CH2O) and GFR, after pre-inhibition of xanthine oxidase, carbonic anhydrase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The latter as an approach to upregulate endothelial NO synthase activity. Methods In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 16 healthy subjects were treated, in a randomized order, with placebo, allopurinol 150 mg twice daily (TD), enalapril 5 mg TD, or acetazolamide 250 mg TD. After 4 days of treatment and standardized diet, the subjects were examined at our lab. During intravenous infusion of 240 μg NaNO2/kg/hour for 2 h, we measured changes in brachial and central blood pressure (BP), plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate (P-cGMP), plasma and urine osmolality, GFR by 51Cr-EDTA clearance, FENa and urinary excretion rate of cGMP (U-cGMP) and nitrite and nitrate (U-NOx). Subjects were supine and orally water-loaded throughout the examination day. Results Irrespective of pretreatment, we observed an increase in FENa, heart rate, U-NOx, and a decrease in CH2O and brachial systolic BP during NaNO2 infusion. P-cGMP and U-cGMP did not change during infusion. We observed a consistent trend towards a reduction in central systolic BP, which was only significant after allopurinol. Conclusion This study showed a robust BP lowering, natriuretic and anti-aquaretic effect of intravenous NaNO2 regardless of preceding enzyme inhibition. None of the three enzyme inhibitors used convincingly modified the pharmacological effects of NaNO2. The steady cGMP indicates little or no conversion of nitrite to NO. Thus the effect of NaNO2 may not be mediated by NO generation. Trial registration EU Clinical Trials Register, 2013-003404-39. Registered December 3 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe B Rosenbaek
- University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Regional Hospital West Jutland and Aarhus University, Laegaardvej 12J, DK-7500, Holstebro, Denmark.
| | - Erling B Pedersen
- University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Regional Hospital West Jutland and Aarhus University, Laegaardvej 12J, DK-7500, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Jesper N Bech
- University Clinic in Nephrology and Hypertension, Regional Hospital West Jutland and Aarhus University, Laegaardvej 12J, DK-7500, Holstebro, Denmark
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Bondonno CP, Blekkenhorst LC, Liu AH, Bondonno NP, Ward NC, Croft KD, Hodgson JM. Vegetable-derived bioactive nitrate and cardiovascular health. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blekkenhorst LC, Bondonno NP, Liu AH, Ward NC, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Devine A, Croft KD, Hodgson JM, Bondonno CP. Nitrate, the oral microbiome, and cardiovascular health: a systematic literature review of human and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:504-522. [PMID: 29635489 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary nitrate is an important source of nitric oxide (NO), a molecule critical for cardiovascular health. Nitrate is sequentially reduced to NO through an enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway that involves the oral microbiome. This pathway is considered an important adjunct pathway to the classical l-arginine-NO synthase pathway. Objective The objective of this study was to systematically assess the evidence for dietary nitrate intake and improved cardiovascular health from both human and animal studies. Design A systematic literature search was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines by using key search terms in Medline and EMBASE databases and defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Thirty-seven articles on humans and 14 articles on animals were included from 12,541 screened references. Data on the effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure, endothelial function, ischemic reperfusion injury, arterial stiffness, platelet function, and cerebral blood flow in both human and animal models were identified. Beneficial effects of nitrate on vascular health have predominantly been observed in healthy human populations, whereas effects in populations at risk of cardiovascular disease are less clear. Few studies have investigated the long-term effects of dietary nitrate on cardiovascular disease clinical endpoints. In animal studies, there is evidence that nitrate improves blood pressure and endothelial function, particularly in animal models with reduced NO bioavailability. Nitrate dose seems to be a critical factor because there is evidence of cross-talk between the 2 pathways of NO production. Conclusions Evidence for a beneficial effect in humans at risk of cardiovascular disease is limited. Furthermore, there is a need to investigate the long-term effects of dietary nitrate on cardiovascular disease clinical endpoints. Further animal studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicola P Bondonno
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alex H Liu
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Medical Center Unit, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Medical School, Queen Elizabeth Medical Center Unit, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Devine
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Justice JN, Johnson LC, DeVan AE, Cruickshank-Quinn C, Reisdorph N, Bassett CJ, Evans TD, Brooks FA, Bryan NS, Chonchol MB, Giordano T, McQueen MB, Seals DR. Improved motor and cognitive performance with sodium nitrite supplementation is related to small metabolite signatures: a pilot trial in middle-aged and older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:1004-21. [PMID: 26626856 PMCID: PMC4694069 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Advancing age is associated with reductions in nitric oxide bioavailability and changes in metabolic activity, which are implicated in declines in motor and cognitive function. In preclinical models, sodium nitrite supplementation (SN) increases plasma nitrite and improves motor function, whereas other nitric oxide-boosting agents improve cognitive function. This pilot study was designed to translate these findings to middle-aged and older (MA/O) humans to provide proof-of-concept support for larger trials. SN (10 weeks, 80 or 160 mg/day capsules, TheraVasc, Inc.) acutely and chronically increased plasma nitrite and improved performance on measures of motor and cognitive outcomes (all p<0.05 or better) in healthy MA/O adults (62 ± 7 years). Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed that SN significantly altered 33 (160 mg/day) to 45 (80 mg/day) different metabolites, 13 of which were related to changes in functional outcomes; baseline concentrations of 99 different metabolites predicted functional improvements with SN. This pilot study provides the first evidence that SN improves aspects of motor and cognitive function in healthy MA/O adults, and that these improvements are associated with, and predicted by, the plasma metabolome. Our findings provide the necessary support for larger clinical trials on this promising pharmacological strategy for preserving physiological function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N Justice
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lawrence C Johnson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Allison E DeVan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Charmion Cruickshank-Quinn
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Hospital, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Hospital, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Candace J Bassett
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Trent D Evans
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Forrest A Brooks
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Michel B Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Matthew B McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Bailey JC, Feelisch M, Horowitz JD, Frenneaux MP, Madhani M. Pharmacology and therapeutic role of inorganic nitrite and nitrate in vasodilatation. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:303-20. [PMID: 24992304 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite has emerged as an important bioactive molecule that can be biotransformed to nitric oxide (NO) related metabolites in normoxia and reduced to NO under hypoxic and acidic conditions to exert vasodilatory effects and confer a variety of other benefits to the cardiovascular system. Abundant research is currently underway to understand the mechanisms involved and define the role of nitrite in health and disease. In this review we discuss the impact of nitrite and dietary nitrate on vascular function and the potential therapeutic role of nitrite in acute heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bailey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - M Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J D Horowitz
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M P Frenneaux
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - M Madhani
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Omar SA, Webb AJ. Nitrite reduction and cardiovascular protection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 73:57-69. [PMID: 24486197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrite, a metabolite of endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) from NO synthases (NOS), provides the largest endocrine source of directly bioavailable NO. The conversion of nitrite to NO occurs mainly through enzymatic reduction, mediated by a range of proteins, including haem-globins, molybdo-flavoproteins, mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and NOS. Such nitrite reduction is particularly favoured under hypoxia, when endogenous formation of NO from NOS is impaired. Under normoxic conditions, the majority of these nitrite reductases also scavenge NO, or diminish its bioavailability via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting an intricate balance. Moreover, nitrite, whether produced endogenously, or derived from exogenous nitrite or nitrate administration (including dietary sources via the Nitrate-Nitrite-NO pathway) beneficially modulates many key cardiovascular pathological processes. In this review, we highlight the landmark studies which revealed nitrite's function in biological systems, and inspect its evolving role in cardiovascular protection. Whilst these effects have mainly been ascribed to the activity of one or more nitrite reductases, we also discuss newly-identified mechanisms, including nitrite anhydration, the involvement of s-nitrosothiols, nitro-fatty acids, and direct nitrite normoxic signalling, involving modification of mitochondrial structure and function, and ROS production. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Redox Signalling in the Cardiovascular System".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A Omar
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4th Floor North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Andrew James Webb
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4th Floor North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK; Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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