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Paditsaeree K, Mitranun W. Acute Effects of Combining Weight and Elastic Resistance Exercise on Vascular Function in Older Adults. Geriatrics (Basel) 2024; 9:56. [PMID: 38804313 PMCID: PMC11130816 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Prior research has suggested that resistance exercise may result in a temporary decrease in vascular function, as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), among untrained young individuals. However, the immediate impact of combined elastic and weight resistance training on older adults remains insufficiently explored. We assessed vascular function before, after, and 30 min after acute exercise under three resistance conditions to evaluate whether a combination of weight and elastic resistance exercises has an acute effect on vascular function in older adults. Fourteen older adults (65.6 ± 2.9 years) executed three sets of 12 repetitions at 65% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) of the bench press (BP) exercise. Testing was performed on three separate days as follows: (1) barbell alone (BA); (2) barbell plus elastic bands (10% of 65% 1 RM) (BE10); and (3) barbell plus elastic bands (20% of 65% 1 RM) (BE20). A two-way (time × condition) repeated measures analysis of variance was employed to assess the time and condition effects on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). At 0 min post-exercise, FMD was significantly higher during BE10 than during BA (p < 0.05); however, at 30 min post-exercise, no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was observed between the three conditions. In each condition, FMD results did not differ significantly at different times (p ≥ 0.05). For FMD, the main effect of the condition (F[2,26] = 3.86, p = 0.034) and that of the time and condition (F[4,52] = 3.66, p = 0.011) were significant. For PWV, only the difference between the BA and BE10 conditions was significant at 0 min (p < 0.05). PWV increased from baseline in the BA condition (p < 0.05) but not significantly in the BE10 and BE20 conditions (p ≥ 0.05). Therefore, BA, BE10, and BE20 demonstrated various changes in vascular function. Long-term training intervention studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampanart Paditsaeree
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Phuket Rajabhat University, Phuket 83000, Thailand;
| | - Witid Mitranun
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Physical Education, Sports, and Health, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
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McIntosh MC, Anglin DA, Robinson AT, Beck DT, Roberts MD. Making the case for resistance training in improving vascular function and skeletal muscle capillarization. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1338507. [PMID: 38405119 PMCID: PMC10884331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1338507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Through decades of empirical data, it has become evident that resistance training (RT) can improve strength/power and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Yet, until recently, vascular outcomes have historically been underemphasized in RT studies, which is underscored by several exercise-related reviews supporting the benefits of endurance training on vascular measures. Several lines of evidence suggest large artery diameter and blood flow velocity increase after a single bout of resistance exercise, and these events are mediated by vasoactive substances released from endothelial cells and myofibers (e.g., nitric oxide). Weeks to months of RT can also improve basal limb blood flow and arterial diameter while lowering blood pressure. Although several older investigations suggested RT reduces skeletal muscle capillary density, this is likely due to most of these studies being cross-sectional in nature. Critically, newer evidence from longitudinal studies contradicts these findings, and a growing body of mechanistic rodent and human data suggest skeletal muscle capillarity is related to mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. In this review, we will discuss methods used by our laboratories and others to assess large artery size/function and skeletal muscle capillary characteristics. Next, we will discuss data by our groups and others examining large artery and capillary responses to a single bout of resistance exercise and chronic RT paradigms. Finally, we will discuss RT-induced mechanisms associated with acute and chronic vascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derick A. Anglin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | | | - Darren T. Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, United States
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Bane A, Wilson L, Jumper J, Spindler L, Wyatt P, Willoughby D. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training on Autonomic and Endothelial Function in Persons with Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:761-775. [PMID: 38701159 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Autonomic dysfunction precedes endothelial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) and causes blood pressure and circulation abnormalities that are highly disruptive to one's quality of life. While exercise interventions have proven helpful for motor symptoms of PD, improving associated non-motor symptoms is limited. Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (LIRT-BFR) improves autonomic dysfunction in non-PD patients and high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) is recommended for motor symptom improvements for people with PD (PwPD). Objective To determine the effects of LIRT-BFR and HIRT on homocysteine and autonomic and endothelial function in PwPD and to determine the hemodynamic loads during LIRT-BFR and HIRT in PwPD using a novel exercise protocol. Methods Thirty-eight PwPD were assigned LIRT-BFR, HIRT or to a control (CNTRL) group. The LIRT-BFR and HIRT groups exercised three days per week for four weeks. The LIRT-BFR protocol used 60% limb occlusion pressure (LOP) and performed three sets of 20 repetitions at 20% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM). The HIRT group performed three sets of eight repetitions at 80% 1RM. The CNTRL group was asked to continue their normal daily routines. Results LIRT-BFR significantly improved orthostatic hypotension (p = 0.026), homocysteine levels (p < 0.001), peripheral circulation (p = 0.003), supine blood pressure (p = 0.028) and heart rate variability (p = 0.041); LIRT-BFR improved homocysteine levels (p < 0.018), peripheral circulation (p = 0.005), supine blood pressure (p = 0.007) and heart rate variability (p = 0.047) more than HIRT; and hemodynamic loads for LIRT-BFR and HIRT were similar. Conclusions LIRT-BFR may be more effective than HIRT for autonomic and endothelial function improvements in PwPD and hemodynamic loads may be lessened in LIRT-BFR protocols using single-joint exercises with intermittent blood flow restriction. Further research is needed to determine if non-motor symptoms improve over time and if results are sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bane
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Jill Jumper
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Spindler
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Recreation, Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Pricilla Wyatt
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Darryn Willoughby
- Physicians Assistant Program and the Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
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Effects of dynamic, isometric and combined resistance training on blood pressure and its mechanisms in hypertensive men. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1031-1043. [PMID: 36759659 PMCID: PMC9909153 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Although dynamic resistance training (DRT) and isometric handgrip training (IHT) may decrease blood pressure (BP) in hypertensives, the effects of these types of training have not been directly compared, and a possible additive effect of combining IHT to DRT (combined resistance training-CRT), has not been investigated. Thus, this study compared the effects of DRT, IHT and CRT on BP, systemic hemodynamics, vascular function, and cardiovascular autonomic modulation. Sixty-two middle-aged men with treated hypertension were randomly allocated among four groups: DRT (8 exercises, 50% of 1RM, 3 sets until moderate fatigue), IHT (30% of MVC, 4 sets of 2 min), CRT (DRT + IHT) and control (CON - stretching). In all groups, the interventions were administered 3 times/week for 10 weeks. Pre- and post-interventions, BP, systemic hemodynamics, vascular function and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were assessed. ANOVAs and ANCOVAs adjusted for pre-intervention values were employed for analysis. Systolic BP decreased similarly with DRT and CRT (125 ± 11 vs. 119 ± 12 and 128 ± 12 vs. 119 ± 12 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05), while peak blood flow during reactive hyperaemia (a marker of microvascular function) increased similarly in these groups (774 ± 377 vs. 1067 ± 461 and 654 ± 321 vs. 954 ± 464 mL/min, respectively, P < 0.05). DRT and CRT did not change systemic hemodynamics, flow-mediated dilation, and cardiovascular autonomic modulation. In addition, none of the variables were changed by IHT. In conclusion, DRT, but not IHT, improved BP and microvascular function in treated hypertensive men. CRT did not have any additional effect in comparison with DRT alone.
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Briceño-Torres JM, Carpio-Rivera E, Solera-Herrera A, Forsse J, Grandjean PW, Moncada-Jiménez J. Low-Intensity Resistance Training Improves Flow-Mediated Dilation in Young Hispanic Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:298-304. [PMID: 35640016 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Briceño-Torres, JM, Carpio-Rivera, E, Solera-Herrera, A, Forsse, J, Grandjean, PW, and Moncada-Jiménez, J. Low-intensity resistance training improves flow-mediated dilation in young hispanic adults. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 298-304, 2023-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 resistance exercise training (RET) intensities on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in sedentary males. Thirty-four men (age = 20.6 ± 1.8 years, height = 171.3 ± 5.2 cm, body mass = 65.2 ± 10.6 kg, and DXA fat mass = 22.3 ± 7.4%) were randomly assigned to a control group (no exercise CTRL, n = 12), RET at 50% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) (RET50%, n = 12), and RET at 80% 1RM (RET80%, n = 10). The RET program was performed twice per week for 8 weeks; subjects performed the same RET exercises at similar total workloads (1920 arbitrary units [AUs] for the RET80% and 1950 AUs for the RET50%). The FMD% was measured before and after 8 weeks by ultrasound. Mixed factorial analysis of variance (3 groups × 2 measurements), effect size (ES), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed for FMD%. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase ( p = 0.001) was found on post-test FMD% in RET50% (mean = 9.9 ± 3.7%, ES = 1.9, and 95% CIs = 2.8-0.9) compared with CTRL (mean = 5.7 ± 1.7%, ES = 0.2, and 95% CIs = -0.4 to 0.8), and there were no significant differences found between RET50% and RET80% and between RET80% and CTRL. Results support the concept of training specificity and provide preliminary evidence that lower resistance and higher repetition RET elicit greater short-term reduced endothelium dysfunction than higher intensity RET at similar training volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Briceño-Torres
- School of Physical Education and Sports, College of Education, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth Carpio-Rivera
- School of Physical Education and Sports, College of Education, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrea Solera-Herrera
- School of Physical Education and Sports, College of Education, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jeffrey Forsse
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
| | - Peter W Grandjean
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, School of Applied Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi; and
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- School of Physical Education and Sports, College of Education, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), School of Physical Education and Sports, College of Education, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Stanford DM, Mouser JG, Chatlaong MA, Jessee MB. A narrative review of the effects of blood flow restriction on vascular structure and function. Physiol Int 2022; 109:186-203. [PMID: 35587387 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction is growing in popularity as a tool for increasing muscular size and strength. Currently, guidelines exist for using blood flow restriction alone and in combination with endurance and resistance exercise. However, only about 1.3% of practitioners familiar with blood flow restriction applications have utilized it for vascular changes, suggesting many of the guidelines are based on skeletal muscle outcomes. Thus, this narrative review is intended to explore the literature available in which blood flow restriction, or a similar application, assess the changes in vascular structure or function. Based on the literature, there is a knowledge gap in how applying blood flow restriction with relative pressures may alter the vasculature when applied alone, with endurance exercise, and with resistance exercise. In many instances, the application of blood flow restriction was not in accordance with the current guidelines, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions as to how the vascular system would be affected. Additionally, several studies report no change in vascular structure or function, but few studies look at variables for both outcomes. By examining outcomes for both structure and function, investigators would be able to generate recommendations for the use of blood flow restriction to improve vascular structure and/or function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphney M Stanford
- 1 The Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- 2 Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Applied Physiology Laboratory, Troy University, Troy, AL, USA
| | - Matthew A Chatlaong
- 1 The Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- 1 The Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS, USA
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Associations between duration and volume of muscle-strengthening exercise and clinically assessed hypertension among 10 519 UK adults: a cross-sectional study. J Hypertens 2022; 40:947-955. [PMID: 35191415 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evidence shows that muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) is important for the treatment and management of hypertension. However, the links between MSE and hypertension in epidemiological research are currently poorly understood. This study examines the association between MSE duration and volume with clinically assessed hypertension. METHODS Cross-sectional data (n = 10 519, adults ≥16 years) were pooled from the Health Survey for England (2012, 2016). Self-reported MSE mode (own bodyweight; gym-based), duration, and volume were tested for associations with sphygmomanometer measured hypertension (SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg). Poisson regressions with robust error variance were used to calculate the prevalence ratios of hypertension (outcome variable) across MSE (exposure variables: duration (minutes [0 (reference); 10-20; 21-59; ≥60/session]); and volume [0 (reference); low <mean; high ≥mean/week]) for each mode and the modes combined. RESULTS Most adults (81.1%) did no MSE. However, in those who did (n = 1984), undertaking any MSE, regardless of mode, duration, or volume, was associated with a reduced likelihood of hypertension (adjusted prevalence ratios 0.61-0.90). When compared with the reference groups (no MSE), some modes had more favourable associations (e.g. ≥60 min/session of own bodyweight MSE; ≥mean min/week of gym-based MSE). CONCLUSION Irrespective of duration or volume, MSE was associated with a lower prevalence of clinically assessed hypertension. Public-health campaigns and other interventions that successfully promote small-to-moderate increases in MSE participation may reduce the prevalence of hypertension.
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Zhang Y, Zhang YJ, Ye W, Korivi M. Low-to-Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise Effectively Improves Arterial Stiffness in Adults: Evidence From Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738489. [PMID: 34708090 PMCID: PMC8544752 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: Resistance exercise (RE) is known to improve cardiovascular health, but the role of RE variables on arterial stiffness is inconclusive. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated the influence of RE and its intensities on arterial stiffness measured as pulse wave velocity (PWV) in young and middle-aged adults. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies. RE trials that reported PWV data, and compared with respective controls were included. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Data were synthesized from a total of 20 studies, involving 981 participants from control (n = 462) and exercise (n = 519) trials. The test for overall effect (pooled outcome) showed RE intervention had no effect on arterial stiffness (SMD = -0.09; 95% CI: -0.32, 0.13; P = 0.42), but risk of heterogeneity (I 2) was 64%. Meta-regression results revealed a significant correlation (P = 0.042) between RE intensity and PWV changes. Consequently, the trials were subgrouped into high-intensity and low-to-moderate-intensity to identify the effective RE intensity. Subgroup analysis showed that low-to-moderate-intensity significantly decreased PWV (SMD = -0.34; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.17; P < 0.0001), while high-intensity had no effect (SMD = 0.24; 95% CI: -0.18, 0.67; P = 0.26). When trials separated into young and middle-aged, low-to-moderate-intensity notably decreased PWV in young (SMD = -0.41; 95% CI: -0.77, -0.04; P = 0.03) and middle-aged adults (SMD = -0.32; 95% CI: -0.51, -0.14; P = 0.0007), whereas high-intensity had no effect in both age groups. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that RE intensity is the key variable in improving arterial stiffness. Low-to-moderate-intensity can prescribe as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to treat cardiovascular complications in young and middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weibing Ye
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang YJ, Zhang HW, Ye WB, Korivi M. Low-to-Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise Is More Effective than High-Intensity at Improving Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136723. [PMID: 34206463 PMCID: PMC8297299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has been confirmed to improve endothelial function (EF). However, the effect of resistance exercise (RE) on EF remains controversial. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the effect of RE and its intensities on EF. We searched Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library, and included 15 articles (17 trials) for the synthesis. Overall, RE intervention significantly improved flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in brachial artery (SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.05; p < 0.00001), which represents improved EF. Meta-regression showed that the RE intensity was correlated with changes in FMD (Coef. = −0.274, T = −2.18, p = 0.045). We found both intensities of RE improved FMD, but the effect size for the low- to moderate-intensity (30–70%1RM) was bigger (SMD = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.43; p < 0.0001) than for the high-intensity (≥70%1RM; SMD = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.74; p = 0.005). We further noticed that RE had a beneficial effect (SMD = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.13, 1.09; p = 0.01) on the brachial artery baseline diameter at rest (BADrest), and the age variable was correlated with the changes in BADrest after RE (Coef. = −0.032, T = −2.33, p = 0.038). Young individuals (<40 years) presented with a bigger effect size for BADrest (SMD = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.30, 2.15; p = 0.009), while middle-aged to elderly (≥40 years) were not responsive to RE (SMD = 0.07; 95% CI: −0.28, 0.42; p = 0.70). Based on our findings, we conclude that RE intervention can improve the EF, and low- to moderate-intensity is more effective than high-intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China;
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.Z.); (H.-W.Z.)
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.Z.); (H.-W.Z.)
| | - Wei-Bing Ye
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.-B.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.-B.Y.); (M.K.)
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Is there an athlete's artery? A comparison of brachial and femoral artery structure and function in male strength, power and endurance athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:635-640. [PMID: 33840624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise places physiological demands upon the cardiovascular system, subsequently leading to adaptations in structure and function. Different exercise modalities (endurance, strength and power) lead to distinct hemodynamic demands and, possibly, different patterns of adaptation. Our aim was to assess and compare brachial and femoral artery function and structure in elite level athletes engaged in endurance, strength and power sports. DESIGN cross sectional comparison. METHODS 30 male elite athletes (runners n=10, powerlifters n=11, weightlifters n=9) and 23 healthy controls were recruited. Brachial and femoral arterial diameters were assessed using ultrasound. Arterial function (brachial and femoral arteries) was determined using the flow mediated dilation (FMD) technique and body composition using body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS Weightlifters had significantly larger brachial arterial diameters compared to controls (4.39±0.34 vs 3.86±0.42mm, p<0.01). As weightlifter and power athletes had significantly higher body mass, BMI and BSA, we adjusted diameter for BSA. BSA-correction ameliorated differences in brachial artery resting diameters between athletes and controls. However, BSA-corrected femoral artery diameter was significantly larger in runners compared to controls (3.51±0.28 vs 3.25±0.34mm, p<0.05). There were no differences in brachial FMD between groups. Femoral artery FMD was significantly higher in runners and weightlifters compared to controls (p<0.05 for both groups). CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneous, limb-specific structural and functional vascular adaptation is evident in athletes, which may be influenced by exercise modality. Further, vascular remodelling relates to differences in body shape, specifically body composition, which should be accounted for when comparing athletes.
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EFFECT OF BLOOD FLOW RESTRICTION TRAINING ON MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE, PAIN AND VASCULAR FUNCTION. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:892-900. [PMID: 33344005 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood flow restriction (BFR) training enhances muscular strength and hypertrophy in several populations including older adults and injured athletes. However, the efficacy of emerging BFR technologies on muscular adaptations, vascular health, and pain is unclear. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine muscular performance, pain and vascular function in response to eight weeks of BFR compared to traditional resistance training and a control group. Study Design Randomized control trial. Methods Thirty-one overtly healthy participants (age: 23 ± 4y, 65% female) underwent eight weeks of supervised high load resistance training (RES), low load resistance training with BFR (BFR) or no training (control, CON). RES and BFR (with pneumatic bands) performed seven upper and lower body exercises, two to three sessions per week at 60% and 30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), respectively. Twenty-four hours post-exercise, general muscle soreness was assessed via a visual analog scale (VAS) and present pain intensity (PPI) of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. At baseline and after eight weeks, participants underwent one-repetition maximum (1RM), and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) testing. Results At baseline all groups exhibited similar muscle strength and endurance and vascular function. At the end of training, RES and BFR groups significantly increased muscle strength (1RM) to a similar magnitude as compared to the CON group (p < 0.0001), but did not alter body composition. FMD significantly increased in RES and BFR groups compared to CON group (p = 0.006). VAS and PPI were similar between RES and BFR groups throughout the exercise sessions until VAS decreased in the BFR group after the last session compared to the RES group (p = 0.02). Conclusion Compared to RES, BFR resulted in similar muscular performance (strength and endurance) and vascular improvements at a lower exercise intensity, suggesting BFR is an effective alternative to high load resistance training. Further longitudinal studies may gain greater understanding regarding general muscle pain and soreness when using BFR. Level of Evidence Therapy, Level 2.
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Thomas KN, Kissling LS, Gibbons TD, Akerman AP, Rij AM, Cotter JD. The acute effect of resistance exercise on limb blood flow. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2099-2109. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate N. Thomas
- Department of Surgical Sciences Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lorenz S. Kissling
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Travis D. Gibbons
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Ashley P. Akerman
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Andre M. Rij
- Department of Surgical Sciences Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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Eichner NZM, Gaitán JM, Gilbertson NM, Khurshid M, Weltman A, Malin SK. Postprandial augmentation index is reduced in adults with prediabetes following continuous and interval exercise training. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:264-271. [PMID: 30537411 DOI: 10.1113/ep087305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We compared high-intensity interval versus continuous training on fasting and postprandial arterial stiffness in people with prediabetes. What is the main finding and its importance? We show, for the first time, that exercise improves the augmentation index during the postprandial state, but not the fasted state, in adults with prediabetes. However, the fasted augmentation index improved in relationship to exercise dose, as assessed by kilocalories per session. Collectively, these findings suggest that short-term exercise can improve arterial compliance in adults with prediabetes. Therefore, lifestyle interventions designed to reduce arterial stiffness could have considerable clinical impact. ABSTRACT People with prediabetes have elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, in part, owing to arterial stiffness mediated by low insulin sensitivity. However, the effect the intensity and/or amount (i.e. kilocalories per session) of short-term exercise training on fasting and postprandial arterial stiffness is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that increased intensity and dose (i.e. amount) of exercise would be correlated with reduced fasting and postprandial arterial stiffness in obese adults with prediabetes. After randomization, 31 adults (age 61.4 ± 8.3 years, body mass index 32.1 ± 5.4 kg m-2 ) with prediabetes performed supervised continuous (CONT; n = 17; 70% of peak heart rate) or interval (INT; n = 14; 3 min at 50% of peak heart rate and 3 min at 90% of peak heart rate) cycling training for 60 min day-1 over 2 weeks. The amount of exercise was calculated using regression equations derived from oxygen uptake (V ̇ O 2 ) and heart rate. Arterial stiffness [augmentation index (AI) and cartoid-femoral pulse wave velocity], insulin and glucose were determined during a 180 min 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and analysed by the total area under the curve (tAUC) pre- versus post-training. The simple index of insulin sensitivity, (SIIS )OGTT, was calculated; aerobic fitness (peakV ̇ O 2 ) and body mass were also assessed. Short-term training had no effect on weight but did improve peakV ̇ O 2 (P = 0.003), glucose tAUC180min (P = 0.01) and insulin sensitivity (P = 0.002), independent of intensity. The CONT and INT exercise significantly reduced AI 2 h postprandial (P = 0.008) and tAUC180min (P = 0.03). Reductions in fasted AI were related to exercise dose (trend: r = -0.37, P = 0.055). Increased peakV ̇ O 2 was linked to reduced fasted (r = -0.47, P = 0.01) and tAUC180min AI (r = -0.39, P = 0.05). Decreased AI tAUC180min was correlated with increased insulin sensitivity (r = -0.50, P = 0.009). Short-term CONT and INT training reduced postprandial arterial stiffness comparably in adults with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian M Gaitán
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Mahnoor Khurshid
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Rech A, Botton CE, Lopez P, Quincozes-Santos A, Umpierre D, Pinto RS. Effects of short-term resistance training on endothelial function and inflammation markers in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2019; 118:19-25. [PMID: 30611727 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of 12-weeks of strength training on endothelial function and inflammatory markers in elderly individuals with T2DM. METHODS Forty-four elderly patients with T2DM were screened for participation. After completion of the baseline assessment, participants were randomly assigned to either the resistance training group (RT) or an active control group (AC). Inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and CRP) and blood lipid profiles, glycated hemoglobin, basal artery diameter and flow mediated dilation were evaluated before and after the intervention. Comparisons between groups were obtained from the generalized estimation equation and all tests were two-tailed and the alpha level for significance set at 0.05. RESULTS TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased in both groups, while no interactions were found for flow mediated dilation and basal artery diameter. No significant differences were found for blood lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin for both groups after the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS No significant changes were found between the RT and AC groups, regarding inflammatory profile and endothelial function, which does not prove the superiority of this intervention model in the studied period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Rech
- Life Sciences Center, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil; Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Phisiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia Ehlers Botton
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Phisiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Pedro Lopez
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Phisiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Bairro Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniel Umpierre
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-007, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Phisiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90690-200, Brazil
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15
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Impact of high- and low-intensity resistance training on arterial stiffness and blood pressure in adults across the lifespan: a review. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:467-478. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Nakamura N, Muraoka I. Resistance Training Augments Cerebral Blood Flow Pulsatility: Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:811-817. [PMID: 29506139 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased central arterial stiffness and/or decreased compliance reduces buffer function and increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) pulsatility, which leads to increased cerebral microvascular damage, resulting in the augmentation of the risk of cerebrovascular diseases. Resistance-trained men showed higher central arterial stiffness and lower arterial compliance than age-matched, sedentary men. This study examined the effect of increased central arterial stiffness and/or decreased arterial compliance on CBF pulsatility. METHODS The study participants included 31 young healthy men (15 resistance-trained men, aged 21 ± 1 years; and 16 controls, aged 23 ± 1 years). β-Stiffness index and arterial compliance were measured in the right carotid artery as index of central arterial stiffness and compliance, respectively. The pulsatility index (PI) was measured in the middle cerebral artery as index of CBF pulsatility. RESULTS β-Stiffness index and PI were significantly higher in the resistance-trained group than in the control group (β-stiffness index: 5.3 ± 0.3 vs. 3.5 ± 0.3 a.u., P < 0.05, PI: 0.80 ± 0.02 vs. 0.70 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). The resistance-trained group showed significantly lower arterial compliance than the control group (0.16 ± 0.01 vs. 0.23 ± 0.01 mm2/mm Hg, P < 0.05). Positive and negative correlations were observed between β-stiffness index and PI (r = 0.39, P < 0.05), and between arterial compliance and PI (r = -0.59, P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The resistance-trained group showed higher central arterial stiffness and PI and lower arterial compliance. Central arterial stiffness and arterial compliance were associated with PI. Increased arterial stiffness and decreased arterial compliance with resistance training impair buffer function, resulting in increased CBF pulsatility. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial Number UMIN000023816 URL: http://www.umin.ac.jp/icdr/index.html Official scientific title of the study: effect of increase arterial stiffness by resistance training on cerebral hemodynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Isao Muraoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Bertuzzi R, Gáspari AF, Trojbicz LR, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Lima-Silva AE, Billaut F, Girard O, Millet GP, Bossi AH, Hopker J, Pandeló DR, Fulton TJ, Paris HL, Chapman RF, Grosicki GJ, Murach KA, Hureau TJ, Dufour SP, Favret F, Kruse NT, Nicolò A, Sacchetti M, Pedralli M, Pinheiro FA, Tricoli V, Brietzke C, Pires FO, Sandford GN, Pearson S, Kilding AE, Ross A, Laursen PB, da Silveira ALB, Olivares EL, de Azevedo Cruz Seara F, Miguel-dos-Santos R, Mesquita TRR, Nelatury S, Vagula M. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Resistance training and exercise tolerance during high-intensity exercise: moving beyond just running economy and muscle strength. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:529-535. [PMID: 29480788 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur F. Gáspari
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Trojbicz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Silva-Cavalcante
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriano E. Lima-Silva
- Sport Science Research Group, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil,Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Oliver Girard
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, England
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent, England
| | - Domingos R. Pandeló
- Federal University of São Paulo Centro de Alta Performance (High Performance Center)
| | | | | | | | - Gregory J. Grosicki
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thomas J. Hureau
- University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane P. Dufour
- University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Favret
- University of Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicholas T. Kruse
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Marinei Pedralli
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, Cardiovascular Aging Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Fabiano A. Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Adaptation to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valmor Tricoli
- Laboratory of Adaptation to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gareth N. Sandford
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand,Athletics New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Andrew E. Kilding
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angus Ross
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand,Athletics New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul B. Laursen
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anderson Luiz B. da Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Lopes Olivares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Azevedo Cruz Seara
- Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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HOLLOWAY TANYAM, SNIJDERS TIM, VAN KRANENBURG JANNEAU, VAN LOON LUCJC, VERDIJK LEXB. Temporal Response of Angiogenesis and Hypertrophy to Resistance Training in Young Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:36-45. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE Flow-mediated dilation, a barometer of cardiovascular (CV) health, is reported to increase with exercise training (ET); however, the potential moderating factors of ET are not clear to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ET assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD). METHODS Authors searched PubMed between January 1999 and December 2013, bibliographies, and reviews to identify studies examining ET and BAFMD. Two independent reviewers extracted quality, descriptive, exercise, and outcome data of eligible studies. Data were presented as weighted effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence limits. RESULTS Analysis included 66 studies reporting BAFMD data (1865 ET and 635 control subjects). Overall, ET had significant improvements in BAFMD compared with controls (P < .0001). Exercise training at higher ET intensities resulted in a greater increase in BAFMD (9.29; 95% CI, 5.09-13.47) than lower ET intensities (3.63; 95% CI, -0.56 to 7.83) or control (-0.42; 95% CI, -2.06 to 1.21). Subjects whose ET duration was ≥150 min/wk (11.33; 95% CI, 7.15-15.51) had a significant improvement in BAFMD compared with those with <150 min/wk (4.79; 95% CI, 3.08-6.51) or control (-0.30; 95% CI, -1.99 to 1.39). Age (P = .11) and baseline artery diameter (P = .31) did not modify the BAFMD response to ET. CONCLUSION Exercise training contributes to a significant increase in BAFMD. These results provide indirect evidence that ET alters a well-known factor associated with the primary and secondary prevention of CV diseases. Exercise training interventions, including greater intensity and duration, may optimize the increase in BAFMD.
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20
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Rakobowchuk M, Ritter O, Wilhelm EN, Isacco L, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Tordi N, Mourot L. Divergent endothelial function but similar platelet microvesicle responses following eccentric and concentric cycling at a similar aerobic power output. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1031-1039. [PMID: 28153942 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00602.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function and microvesicle concentration changes after acute bouts of continuous eccentric exercise have not been assessed previously nor compared with concentric exercise at similar aerobic power outputs. This method of training may be useful among some clinical populations, but acute responses are not well described. As such, 12 healthy males completed 2 experimental sessions of either 45 min of eccentric or concentric cycling at a matched aerobic power output below the ventilatory threshold. Brachial artery vascular function was assessed throughout 5 min of forearm ischemia and 3 min thereafter, before and at 5 and 40 min of recovery following each exercise session [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)]. Venous blood samples were acquired before each vascular function assessment. FMD significantly decreased after eccentric cycling by 40 min of recovery (P < 0.05), but was unaltered after concentric exercise. No differences in peak hyperemic blood flow velocity occurred neither between modalities nor at any time point (P > 0.05). Platelet-derived microvesicles increased by ~20% after both exercise modalities (P < 0.05) while endothelial-derived microvesicles were unchanged (P > 0.05). Moderate relationships with cardiac output, a surrogate for shear stress, and norepinephrine were apparent (P < 0.05), but there were no relationships with inflammatory or acute phase proteins. In summary, eccentric endurance exercise induced macrovascular endothelial dysfunction; however, endothelial activation determined by endothelial microvesicles did not occur suggesting that this modality may induce oxidative stress but no significant endothelial damage. In addition, the increase in platelet microvesicle concentrations may induce beneficial microvascular adaptations as suggested by previous research.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Continuous eccentric cycling exercise induces substantial skeletal muscle, tendon, and bone strain providing a potentially beneficial stimulus among clinical populations. This modality also induces temporary endothelial dysfunction but no apparent damage or activation of the endothelium indicated by microvesicle production, whereas proangiogenic platelet microvesicles are released similarly following both concentric and eccentric cycling and may relate to the shear stress and catecholamine response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rakobowchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, Canada;
| | - Ophélie Ritter
- EA 4267 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besancon, France
| | - Eurico Nestor Wilhelm
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Laurie Isacco
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Malika Bouhaddi
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Bruno Degano
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- EA 4267 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besancon, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
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AU JASONS, OIKAWA SARAY, Morton RW, MACDONALD MAUREENJ, PHILLIPS STUARTM. Arterial Stiffness Is Reduced Regardless of Resistance Training Load in Young Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:342-348. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Lipford GF, Evans RK, Acevedo EO, Wolfe LG, Franco RL. Excess Blood Flow Response to Acute Resistance Exercise in Individuals Who are Obese or Nonobese. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:3120-3127. [PMID: 27941490 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipford, GF, Evans, RK, Acevedo, EO, Wolfe, LG, and Franco, RL. Excess blood flow response to acute resistance exercise in individuals who are obese or nonobese. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3120-3127, 2017-Resistance exercise (RE) is a commonly recommended treatment option for obese individuals. However, little is known regarding alterations in vasodilatory responses to RE, which could impair exercise tolerance. No studies to date have compared microvascular vasodilatory capacity, assessed by excess blood flow (EBF), responses in individuals who are obese or nonobese following acute RE. The purpose of the study was to evaluate EBF before and up to 24-hour after a single RE bout in obese (n = 18, 38.1 ± 7.64% body fat) and nonobese (n = 10, 23.6 ± 4.03% body fat) individuals who volunteered to participate. Each subject completed a leg flexion and knee extension one repetition maximum (1RM) test, and subsequently completed 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% of 1RM. Excess blood flow, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were evaluated at baseline (PRE-RE), immediately after (POST-RE), and 1 (POST-1) and 24 (POST-24) hours after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction for EBF between the 2 groups (p = 0.029). The estimated marginal means plot suggested that obese individuals had a significant increase in POST-RE EBF in comparison with PRE-RE EBF (428.54 ± 261.59 vs. 547.00 ± 311.15 ml/100 ml/min·s; p = 0.046). In addition, EBF significantly decreased at POST-24 in comparison with POST-RE in the obese individuals (547.00 ± 311.15 vs. 389.33 ± 252.32 ml/100 ml/min·s; p = 0.011). Changes in EBF were not related to adiponectin or TNF-α. An acute bout of RE resulted in an opposite EBF response between nonobese and obese individuals immediately after RE. Furthermore, only the obese individuals displayed a significant increase in EBF immediately after RE, which was significantly reduced 24 hours after the RE bout. Microvascular vasodilatory capacity may alter the adaptive exercise response associated with RE, requiring alterations to frequency, intensity, and/or duration that are specific to populations of various body composition profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson F Lipford
- 1Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Methodist University, Fayetteville, North Carolina; 2Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and 3Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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23
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Choi Y, Akazawa N, Zempo-Miyaki A, Ra SG, Shiraki H, Ajisaka R, Maeda S. Acute Effect of High-Intensity Eccentric Exercise on Vascular Endothelial Function in Young Men. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2279-85. [PMID: 24832967 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Choi, Y, Akazawa, N, Zempo-Miyaki, A, Ra, S-G, Shiraki, H, Ajisaka, R, and Maeda, S. Acute effect of high-intensity eccentric exercise on vascular endothelial function in young men. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2279-2285, 2016-Increased central arterial stiffness is as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Evidence regarding the effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on vascular endothelial function and central arterial stiffness is conflicting. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute high-intensity eccentric exercise on vascular endothelial function and central arterial stiffness. We evaluated the acute changes in endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD), low-flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC), and arterial stiffness after high-intensity eccentric exercise. Seven healthy, sedentary men (age, 24 ± 1 year) performed maximal eccentric elbow flexor exercise using their nondominant arm. Before and 45 minutes after eccentric exercise, carotid arterial compliance and brachial artery FMD and L-FMC in the nonexercised arm were measured. Carotid arterial compliance was significantly decreased, and β-stiffness index significantly increased after eccentric exercise. Brachial FMD was significantly reduced after eccentric exercise, whereas there was no significant difference in brachial L-FMC before and after eccentric exercise. A positive correlation was detected between change in arterial compliance and change in FMD (r = 0.779; p ≤ 0.05), and a negative correlation was detected between change in β-stiffness index and change in FMD (r = -0.891; p < 0.01) with eccentric exercise. In this study, acute high-intensity eccentric exercise increased central arterial stiffness; this increase was accompanied by a decrease in endothelial function caused by reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation but not by a change in endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Choi
- 1Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; 2Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; and 3Division of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Figueroa A, Jaime SJ, Alvarez-Alvarado S. Whole-body vibration as a potential countermeasure for dynapenia and arterial stiffness. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:204-211. [PMID: 28462119 PMCID: PMC5390453 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decreases in muscle mass and strength are associated with decreased mobility, quality of life, and increased cardiovascular risk. Coupled with the prevalence of obesity, the risk of death becomes substantially greater. Resistance training (RT) has a well-documented beneficial impact on muscle mass and strength in young and older adults, although the high-intensity needed to elicit these adaptations may have a detrimental or negligible impact on vascular function, specifically on arterial stiffness. Increased arterial stiffness is associated with systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and myocardial ischemia. Therefore, improvements of muscle strength and arterial function are important in older adults. Recently, whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise, a novel modality of strength training, has shown to exhibit similar results on muscle strength as RT in a wide-variety of populations, with the greatest impact in elderly individuals with limited muscle function. Additionally, WBV training has been shown to have beneficial effects on vascular function by reducing arterial stiffness. This article reviews relevant publications reporting the effects of WBV on muscle strength and/or arterial stiffness. Findings from current studies suggest the use of WBV training as an alternative modality to traditional RT to countermeasure the age-related detriments in muscle strength and arterial stiffness in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Salvador J Jaime
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Stacey Alvarez-Alvarado
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Sawyer BJ, Tucker WJ, Bhammar DM, Ryder JR, Sweazea KL, Gaesser GA. Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:279-88. [PMID: 27255523 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) at improving endothelial function and maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) in obese adults. Eighteen participants [35.1 ± 8.1 (SD) yr; body mass index = 36.0 ± 5.0 kg/m(2)] were randomized to 8 wk (3 sessions/wk) of either HIIT [10 × 1 min, 90-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax), 1-min active recovery] or MICT (30 min, 70-75% HRmax). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) increased after HIIT (5.13 ± 2.80% vs. 8.98 ± 2.86%, P = 0.02) but not after MICT (5.23 ± 2.82% vs. 3.05 ± 2.76%, P = 0.16). Resting artery diameter increased after MICT (3.68 ± 0.58 mm vs. 3.86 ± 0.58 mm, P = 0.02) but not after HIIT (4.04 ± 0.70 mm vs. 4.09 ± 0.70 mm; P = 0.63). There was a significant (P = 0.02) group × time interaction in low flow-mediated constriction (L-FMC) between MICT (0.63 ± 2.00% vs. -2.79 ± 3.20%; P = 0.03) and HIIT (-1.04 ± 4.09% vs. 1.74 ± 3.46%; P = 0.29). V̇o2 max increased (P < 0.01) similarly after HIIT (2.19 ± 0.65 l/min vs. 2.64 ± 0.88 l/min) and MICT (2.24 ± 0.48 l/min vs. 2.55 ± 0.61 l/min). Biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and endothelial function were unchanged. HIIT and MICT produced different vascular adaptations in obese adults, with HIIT improving FMD and MICT increasing resting artery diameter and enhancing L-FMC. HIIT required 27.5% less total exercise time and ∼25% less energy expenditure than MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Sawyer
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Wesley J Tucker
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Dharini M Bhammar
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Glenn A Gaesser
- Arizona State University, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Phoenix, Arizona
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Füssenich LM, Boddy LM, Green DJ, Graves LEF, Foweather L, Dagger RM, McWhannell N, Henaghan J, Ridgers ND, Stratton G, Hopkins ND. Physical activity guidelines and cardiovascular risk in children: a cross sectional analysis to determine whether 60 minutes is enough. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:67. [PMID: 26801090 PMCID: PMC4724140 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity reduces cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends children engage in 60 min daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The effect of compliance with this recommendation on childhood cardiovascular risk has not been empirically tested. To evaluate whether achieving recommendations results in reduced composite-cardiovascular risk score (CCVR) in children, and to examine if vigorous PA (VPA) has independent risk-reduction effects. METHODS PA was measured using accelerometry in 182 children (9-11 years). Subjects were grouped according to achievement of 60 min daily MVPA (active) or not (inactive). CCVR was calculated (sum of z-scores: DXA body fat %, blood pressure, VO2peak, flow mediated dilation, left ventricular diastolic function; CVR score ≥ 1SD indicated 'higher risk'). The cohort was further split into quintiles for VPA and odds ratios (OR) calculated for each quintile. RESULTS Active children (92 (53 boys)) undertook more MVPA (38 ± 11 min, P < 0.001), had greater VO2peak (4.5 ± 0.8 ml/kg/min P < 0.001), and lower fat % (3.9 ± 1.1 %, P < 0.001) than inactive. No difference were observed between active and inactive for CCVR or OR (P > 0.05). CCVR in the lowest VPA quintile was significantly greater than the highest quintile (3.9 ± 0.6, P < 0.05), and the OR was 4.7 times higher. CONCLUSION Achievement of current guidelines has positive effects on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness, but not CCVR. Vigorous physical activity appears to have beneficial effects on CVD risk, independent of moderate PA, implying a more prescriptive approach may be needed for future VPA guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Füssenich
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L M Boddy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - D J Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK.,School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - L E F Graves
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - L Foweather
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - R M Dagger
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
| | - N McWhannell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - J Henaghan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - N D Ridgers
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3175, Australia
| | - G Stratton
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - N D Hopkins
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK.
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Influence of exercise training mode on arterial diameter: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 19:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Pelletier CA, Hicks AL, MacDonald MJ. Following the Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults With Spinal Cord Injury for 16 Weeks Does Not Improve Vascular Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96:1566-75. [PMID: 26070976 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of following the physical activity guidelines (PAG) for adults with spinal cord injury (SCI) for 16 weeks. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Community exercise program. PARTICIPANTS Individuals with SCI (N=23; neurological level of injury, C3-T11; American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A-C; time postinjury, 12.0±9.9 y; age, 41.4±11.6 y). INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomly assigned to PAG training (n=12) or active control (n=11) groups. PAG training involved ≥20 minutes of moderate-vigorous aerobic exercise (rating of perceived exertion 3-6 on 10-point scale) and 3×10 repetitions of upper-body strengthening exercises (50%-70% 1 repetition maximum) 2 times per week. The control group maintained existing physical activity levels with no guidance on training intensity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures were obtained pre- and postintervention. Vascular health indicators included arterial stiffness via carotid distensibility and pulse wave velocity, and endothelial function via flow-mediated-dilation. Fasted blood samples were analyzed for markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Body composition was assessed via anthropometrics and with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Twenty-one individuals completed the intervention (PAG=12, control=9). Group-by-time interactions were observed for whole-body mass (P=.03), whole-body fat (P=.04), visceral adipose tissue (P=.04), and carotid artery distensibility (P=.05), suggesting maintained body composition and carotid stiffness in the PAG group concurrent with declines in the control group. No changes were found in any other outcome measure. CONCLUSIONS While 16 weeks of adherence to the PAG in adults with SCI is insufficient to improve many markers of CVD risk, it may prevent declines in others. The PAG should continue to be promoted as a means to increase physical fitness and maintain body composition in individuals with SCI, but changes may be needed to achieve other health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey L Hicks
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Cocks M, Wagenmakers AJM. The effect of different training modes on skeletal muscle microvascular density and endothelial enzymes controlling NO availability. J Physiol 2015; 594:2245-57. [PMID: 25809076 DOI: 10.1113/jp270329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly apparent that a high vasodilator response of the skeletal muscle microvasculature to insulin and exercise is of critical importance for adequate muscle perfusion and long-term microvascular and muscle metabolic health. Previous research has shown that a sedentary lifestyle, obesity and ageing lead to impairments in the vasodilator response, while a physically active lifestyle keeps both microvascular density and vasodilator response high. To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind these impairments and the benefits of exercise training interventions, our laboratory has recently developed quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy methods to measure protein content of eNOS and NAD(P)Hoxidase specifically in the endothelial layer of capillaries and arterioles of human skeletal muscle. As eNOS produces nitric oxide (NO) and NAD(P)Hoxidase produces superoxide anions (O2 (-) , quenching NO) we propose that the eNOS/NAD(P)Hoxidase protein ratio is a marker of vasodilator capacity. The novel methods show that endurance training (ET) and high intensity interval training (HIT), generally regarded as a time-efficient alternative to ET, increase eNOS protein content and the eNOS/NADP(H)oxidase protein ratio in previously sedentary lean and obese young men. Resistance exercise training had smaller but qualitatively similar effects. Western blot data of other laboratories suggest that endurance exercise training leads to similar changes in sedentary elderly men. Future research will be required to investigate the relative importance of other sources and tissues in the balance between NO and O2 (-) production seen by the vascular smooth muscle layer of terminal arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Gkaliagkousi E, Gavriilaki E, Douma S. Effects of acute and chronic exercise in patients with essential hypertension: benefits and risks. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:429-39. [PMID: 25362114 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of regular physical activity in essential hypertension has been extensively investigated over the last decades and has emerged as a major modifiable factor contributing to optimal blood pressure control. Aerobic exercise exerts its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system by promoting traditional cardiovascular risk factor regulation, as well as by favorably regulating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, molecular effects, cardiac, and vascular function. Benefits of resistance exercise need further validation. On the other hand, acute exercise is now an established trigger of acute cardiac events. A number of possible pathophysiological links have been proposed, including SNS, vascular function, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function. In order to fully interpret this knowledge into clinical practice, we need to better understand the role of exercise intensity and duration in this pathophysiological cascade and in special populations. Further studies in hypertensive patients are also warranted in order to clarify the possibly favorable effect of antihypertensive treatment on exercise-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stella Douma
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Endothelial function increases after a 16-week diet and exercise intervention in overweight and obese young women. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:327395. [PMID: 24772421 PMCID: PMC3977448 DOI: 10.1155/2014/327395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss improves endothelial function in overweight individuals. The effects of weight loss through combined aerobic and resistance training and caloric restriction on in vivo vascular measures and blood markers associated with the regulation of endothelial function have not been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we investigated brachial artery endothelial function and potential regulatory blood markers in twenty overweight women (30.3 ± 2.0 years) who participated in 16 weeks of aerobic (5 d/wk) and resistance training (2 d/wk) (combined: ≥250 kcal/d) and caloric restriction (−500 kcal/d versus requirement). Resting brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) and circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed at baseline and following the intervention. Relative and absolute FMD increased (before: 4.0 ± 0.5% versus after: 6.9 ± 0.6%, P < 0.05, and before: 0.14 ± 0.02 mm versus after: 0.23 ± 0.02 mm, P < 0.05, resp.), while body mass decreased (before: 86.9 ± 2.4 kg versus after: 81.1 ± 2.4 kg, P < 0.05) following the intervention. There were no changes in either blood marker (IL-6: before: 1.5 ± 0.2 pg/mL versus after: 1.5 ± 0.1 pg/mL, P > 0.05, and ET-1: before: 0.55 ± 0.05 pg/mL versus after: 0.59 ± 0.09 pg/mL, P > 0.05). 16 weeks of combined aerobic/resistance training and diet-induced weight loss improved endothelial function in overweight and obese young women, but this increase was not associated with changes in blood markers of vasoconstriction or inflammation.
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Nader GA, von Walden F, Liu C, Lindvall J, Gutmann L, Pistilli EE, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise training modulates acute gene expression during human skeletal muscle hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:693-702. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01366.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine whether acute resistance exercise (RE)-induced gene expression is modified by RE training. We studied the expression patterns of a select group of genes following an acute bout of RE in naïve and hypertrophying muscle. Thirteen untrained subjects underwent supervised RE training for 12 wk of the nondominant arm and performed an acute bout of RE 1 wk after the last bout of the training program ( training+acute). The dominant arm was either unexercised ( control) or subjected to the same acute exercise bout as the trained arm ( acute RE). Following training, men (14.8 ± 2.8%; P < 0.05) and women (12.6 ± 2.4%; P < 0.05) underwent muscle hypertrophy with increases in dynamic strength in the trained arm (48.2 ± 5.4% and 72.1 ± 9.1%, respectively; P < 0.01). RE training resulted in attenuated anabolic signaling as reflected by a reduction in rpS6 phosphorylation following acute RE. Changes in mRNA levels of genes involved in hypertrophic growth, protein degradation, angiogenesis, and metabolism commonly expressed in both men and women was determined 4 h following acute RE. We show that RE training can modify acute RE-induced gene expression in a divergent and gene-specific manner even in genes belonging to the same ontology. Changes in gene expression following acute RE are multidimensional, and may not necessarily reflect the actual adaptive response taking place during the training process. Thus RE training can selectively modify the acute response to RE, thereby challenging the use of gene expression as a marker of exercise-induced adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. von Walden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Lindvall
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - L. Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - E. E. Pistilli
- Byrd Health Science Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and
| | - P. M. Gordon
- School of Education, Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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33
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Long-term intense resistance training in men is associated with preserved cardiac structure/function, decreased aortic stiffness, and lower central augmentation pressure. J Hypertens 2014; 32:286-93. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lin TY, Lin LL, Ho TC, Chen JJJ. Investigating the adaptation of muscle oxygenation to resistance training for elders and young men using near-infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:187-96. [PMID: 24189687 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in resistance training adaptation on muscle oxygenation between young and elderly subjects. Groups of eleven trained young, untrained young, trained elderly, and untrained elderly (UTE) were recruited. METHODS Muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle during 20 % maximal voluntary isometric contraction was observed using near-infrared spectroscopy. The oxygen saturation (SpO2) kinetics in the contraction and recovery phases was modeled with a tangential model to extract ΔSpO2 and inflection time (IF). The median frequencies of SpO2 data representing the change of tissue oxygenation oscillation were compared. RESULTS The ΔSpO2 values for the trained groups (12.00 ± 7.86%) were significantly higher than those for the untrained groups (5.91 ± 4.36%, P < 0.05), and those for the young groups (11.63 ± 7.52%) were significantly higher than those for the older groups (6.29 ± 4.70%, P < 0.05). In the recovery phase, the IF was significantly longer for the elderly groups (10.32 ± 4.39 s, P < 0.05) than that for the young groups (6.31 ± 3.69 s). The median frequency of tissue oxygenation oscillation was significantly lower for the TE group (0.41 ± 0.12 Hz, P < 0.05) than that for the UTE group (0.57 ± 0.13 Hz). CONCLUSIONS The increased ΔSpO2 in trained groups during muscle contraction may be due to lower microvascular O2 pressure. The lower median frequency for the TE group indicates that tissue oxygenation oscillation significantly trended toward low-frequency oscillation, possibly resulting from the enhancement of vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No 1. Ta-Hsueh Rd, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
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Croymans DM, Krell SL, Oh CS, Katiraie M, Lam CY, Harris RA, Roberts CK. Effects of resistance training on central blood pressure in obese young men. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:157-64. [PMID: 24005959 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Central blood pressure is a predictor of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the effects of resistance training (RT) on central blood pressure are largely unknown. This study explored the effects of high-intensity RT on central blood pressure, indices of arterial stiffness and wave reflection and inflammatory/atherogenic markers in overweight or obese, sedentary young men. Thirty-six participants were randomized to RT (12 weeks of training, 3/wk, n=28) or control groups (C, 12 weeks of no training, n=8) and assessed for changes in central and brachial blood pressures, augmentation index (AIx), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), body composition, lipids and inflammatory/atherogenic markers. High-intensity RT resulted in decreased central and brachial systolic/diastolic blood pressures (all P0.03), despite not altering AIx (P=0.34) or cfPWV (P=0.43). The vascular endothelial growth factor increased (P=0.03) after RT, without any change in cIMT, C-reactive protein, oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or other inflammatory markers (all P0.1). Changes in the central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) were positively correlated with changes in oxLDL (r=0.42, P=0.03) and soluble E-selectin (r=0.41, P=0.04). In overweight/obese young men, high-intensity RT decreases cSBP, independently of weight loss and changes in arterial stiffness. The cardioprotective effects of RT may be related to effects on central blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Croymans
- 1] David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2] Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S L Krell
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C S Oh
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Katiraie
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Y Lam
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R A Harris
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Curran-Everett D. Explorations in statistics: the analysis of ratios and normalized data. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2013; 37:213-9. [PMID: 24022766 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00053.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This ninth installment of Explorations in Statistics explores the analysis of ratios and normalized-or standardized-data. As researchers, we compute a ratio-a numerator divided by a denominator-to compute a proportion for some biological response or to derive some standardized variable. In each situation, we want to control for differences in the denominator when the thing we really care about is the numerator. But there is peril lurking in a ratio: only if the relationship between numerator and denominator is a straight line through the origin will the ratio be meaningful. If not, the ratio will misrepresent the true relationship between numerator and denominator. In contrast, regression techniques-these include analysis of covariance-are versatile: they can accommodate an analysis of the relationship between numerator and denominator when a ratio is useless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Curran-Everett
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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Hunt JEA, Galea D, Tufft G, Bunce D, Ferguson RA. Time course of regional vascular adaptations to low load resistance training with blood flow restriction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:403-11. [PMID: 23703116 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00040.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Distortion to hemodynamic and ischemic stimuli during blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise may influence regional vascular adaptation. We examined changes at the conduit, resistance, and capillary level in response to low load resistance exercise with BFR. Eleven males (22 ± 3 yr, 178 ± 4 cm, 78 ± 9 kg) completed 6 wk (3 days/wk) unilateral plantar flexion training with BFR at 30% 1 repetition maximum (1-RM). The contralateral leg acted as a nonexercised control (CON). Popliteal artery function [flow-mediated dilation, FMD%] and structure [maximal diameter] and resistance vessel structure [peak reactive hyperemia] were assessed using Doppler ultrasound before and at 2-wk intervals. Calf filtration capacity was assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography before and after training. BFR training elicited an early increase in peak reactive hyperemia (1,400 ± 278 vs. 1,716 ± 362 ml/min at 0 vs. 2 wk; t-test: P = 0.047), a transient improvement in popliteal FMD% (5.0 ± 2.1, 7.6 ± 2.9, 6.6 ± 2.1, 5.7 ± 1.6% at 0, 2, 4 and 6 wk, respectively; ANOVA: P = 0.002), and an increase in maximum diameter (6.06 ± 0.44 vs. 6.26 ± 0.39 mm at 0 vs. 6 wk; Bonferroni t-test: P = 0.048). Capillary filtration increased after 6 wk BFR training (P = 0.043). No changes in the CON leg were observed. Adaptation occurred at all levels of the vascular tree in response to low load resistance exercise with BFR. Enhanced peak reactive hyperemia and transient improvement in popliteal artery function occurred before changes in artery structural capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E A Hunt
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Okamoto T, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Min S, Miura T, Iwasaki T. Acute effect of brisk walking with graduated compression stockings on vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 33:455-62. [PMID: 23701492 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of brisk walking with and without graduated compression stockings (GCSs) on vascular endothelial function and oxidative stress. Ten young healthy subjects walked briskly for 30 min with (GCS trial) and without (CON trial) GCSs in a randomized crossover trial. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured as the per cent rise in the peak diameter from the baseline value at prior occlusion at each FMD measurement using B-mode ultrasonography before and 30 min after walking in the two trials. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM), as an index of products of reactive oxygen species, and biological anti-oxidant potential (BAP), as an index of anti-oxidant potential, were also measured using a free radical elective evaluator before and 30 min after walking in both trials. FMD significantly decreased after brisk walking in both trials (P<0·05). However, FMD after brisk walking in the GCS trial was significantly higher than that in the CON trial (P<0·05). The d-ROM did not change before and after both trials, whereas the BAP significantly increased after walking in the GCS trial (P<0·05). These findings demonstrate that brisk walking while wearing GCSs suppresses the decrease in FMD and increases BAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Okamoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Influence of training on markers of platelet activation in response to a bout of heavy resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2203-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, Fuchs FD, Hughes JW, Lackland DT, Staffileno BA, Townsend RR, Rajagopalan S. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the american heart association. Hypertension 2013; 61:1360-83. [PMID: 23608661 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0b013e318293645f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many antihypertensive medications and lifestyle changes are proven to reduce blood pressure. Over the past few decades, numerous additional modalities have been evaluated in regard to their potential blood pressure-lowering abilities. However, these nondietary, nondrug treatments, collectively called alternative approaches, have generally undergone fewer and less rigorous trials. This American Heart Association scientific statement aims to summarize the blood pressure-lowering efficacy of several alternative approaches and to provide a class of recommendation for their implementation in clinical practice based on the available level of evidence from the published literature. Among behavioral therapies, Transcendental Meditation (Class IIB, Level of Evidence B), other meditation techniques (Class III, Level of Evidence C), yoga (Class III, Level of Evidence C), other relaxation therapies (Class III, Level of Evidence B), and biofeedback approaches (Class IIB, Level of Evidence B) generally had modest, mixed, or no consistent evidence demonstrating their efficacy. Between the noninvasive procedures and devices evaluated, device-guided breathing (Class IIA, Level of Evidence B) had greater support than acupuncture (Class III, Level of Evidence B). Exercise-based regimens, including aerobic (Class I, Level of Evidence A), dynamic resistance (Class IIA, Level of Evidence B), and isometric handgrip (Class IIB, Level of Evidence C) modalities, had relatively stronger supporting evidence. It is the consensus of the writing group that it is reasonable for all individuals with blood pressure levels >120/80 mm Hg to consider trials of alternative approaches as adjuvant methods to help lower blood pressure when clinically appropriate. A suggested management algorithm is provided, along with recommendations for prioritizing the use of the individual approaches in clinical practice based on their level of evidence for blood pressure lowering, risk-to-benefit ratio, potential ancillary health benefits, and practicality in a real-world setting. Finally, recommendations for future research priorities are outlined.
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Effects of isometric handgrip training dose on resting blood pressure and resistance vessel endothelial function in normotensive women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2091-100. [PMID: 23588257 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Isometric handgrip (IHG) training lowers resting blood pressure (BP) in both hypertensives and normotensives, yet the effect of training dose on the magnitude of reduction and the mechanisms associated with the hypotensive response are elusive. We investigated, in normotensive women, the effects of two different doses of IHG training on resting BP, and explored improved resistance vessel endothelial function and heart rate variability (HRV) as potential mechanisms of BP reduction. Resting BP, HRV, and resistance vessel endothelial function (venous strain-gauge plethysmography with reactive hyperemia) were assessed in 32 women before and after 4 and 8 weeks of 3×/week (n = 12) or 5×/week (n = 11) IHG training (four, 2-min unilateral contractions at 30 % maximal voluntary contraction), or 0×/week control (n = 9). IHG training decreased systolic BP in the 3×/week (94 ± 6 to 91 ± 6 to 88 ± 5 mmHg, pre- to mid- to post-training; P < 0.01) and 5×/week (97 ± 11 to 90 ± 9 to 91 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.01) groups, concomitant with increased forearm reactive hyperemic blood flow (26 ± 7 to 30 ± 8 to 36 ± 9 mL/min/100 mL tissue, P < 0.01; and 26 ± 7 to 29 ± 7 to 38 ± 13 mL/min/100 mL tissue, P < 0.01, respectively), yet both remained unchanged in the control group. No changes were observed in diastolic BP, mean arterial BP, or any indices of HRV in any group (all P > 0.05). In conclusion, IHG training lowers resting systolic BP and improves resistance vessel endothelial function independent of training dose in normotensive women.
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Murias JM, Dey A, Campos OA, Estaki M, Hall KE, Melling CWJ, Noble EG. High-intensity endurance training results in faster vessel-specific rate of vasorelaxation in type 1 diabetic rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59678. [PMID: 23527249 PMCID: PMC3602035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 6 weeks of moderate- (MD) and high-intensity endurance training (HD) and resistance training (RD) on the vasorelaxation responsiveness of the aorta, iliac, and femoral vessels in type 1 diabetic (D) rats. Vasorelaxation to acetylcholine was modeled as a mono-exponential function. A potential mediator of vasorelaxation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) was determined by Western blots. Vessel lumen-to-wall ratios were calculated from H&E stains. The vasorelaxation time-constant (τ) (s) was smaller in control (C) (7.2±3.7) compared to D (9.1±4.4) and it was smaller in HD (5.4±1.5) compared to C, D, RD (8.3±3.7) and MD (8.7±3.8) (p<0.05). The rate of vasorelaxation (%·s−1) was larger in HD (2.7±1.2) compared to C (2.0±1.2), D (2.0±1.5), RD (2.0±1.0), and MD (2.0±1.2) (p<0.05). τ vasorelaxation was smaller in the femoral (6.9±3.7) and iliac (6.9±4.7) than the aorta (9.0±5.0) (p<0.05). The rate of vasorelaxation was progressively larger from the femoral (3.1±1.4) to the iliac (2.0±0.9) and to the aorta (1.3±0.5) (p<0.05). e-NOS content (% of positive control) was greater in HD (104±90) compared to C (71±64), D (85±65), RD (69±43), and MD (76±44) (p<0.05). e-NOS normalized to lumen-to-wall ratio (%·mm−1) was larger in the femoral (11.7±11.1) compared to the aorta (3.2±1.9) (p<0.05). Although vasorelaxation responses were vessel-specific, high-intensity endurance training was the most effective exercise modality in restoring the diabetes-related loss of vascular responsiveness. Changes in the vasoresponsiveness seem to be endothelium-dependent as evidenced by the greater e-NOS content in HD and the greater normalized e-NOS content in the smaller vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Murias
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adwitia Dey
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oscar A. Campos
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehrbod Estaki
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katharine E. Hall
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher W. J. Melling
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Earl G. Noble
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Stebbings GK, Morse CI, McMahon GE, Onambele GL. Resting arterial diameter and blood flow changes with resistance training and detraining in healthy young individuals. J Athl Train 2013; 48:209-19. [PMID: 23672385 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Disruptions to habitual training routines are commonly due to injury or illness and can often lead to detraining adaptations. The implications of such adaptations to the human vasculature in a trained, asymptomatic population are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of local and systemic changes in arterial diameter and blood flow to resistance training and subsequent detraining in young adults. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING University physiology laboratory and fitness suite. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one healthy volunteers (aged 20.0 ± 2.8 years, 11 men and 10 women). INTERVENTION(S) Eight-week lower limb resistance training period and subsequent 4-week detraining period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Quadriceps and hamstrings concentric torque (strength), resting heart rate, arterial diameter, and blood flow velocity in the superficial femoral and carotid arteries were measured at 0, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. RESULTS Resistance training increased quadriceps and hamstring strength (32% and 35%, respectively, P < .001), whereas strength decreased during detraining (24% and 27%, respectively, P < .05). Resting heart rate decreased after resistance training (16%, P < .01) and increased during detraining (19%, P < .001). Additionally, resistance training significantly increased superficial femoral and carotid resting arterial diameters (27% and 13%, respectively, P < .001) and mean blood flow (53% and 55%, respectively, P < .001). Detraining resulted in a significant decrease in superficial femoral and carotid resting diameter (46% and 10%, respectively, P < .001) and mean blood flow (61% and 38%, respectively, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Resistance training initiated both local and systemic changes to arterial diameter and blood flow; these changes appeared to reverse after detraining. The local changes in response to detraining showed a worsening (beyond pretraining values) of the vascular dimensional and blood flow characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina K Stebbings
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
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Spence AL, Carter HH, Naylor LH, Green DJ. A prospective randomized longitudinal study involving 6 months of endurance or resistance exercise. Conduit artery adaptation in humans. J Physiol 2012; 591:1265-75. [PMID: 23247114 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This randomized trial evaluated the impact of different exercise training modalities on the function and size of conduit arteries in healthy volunteers. Young (27 ± 5 years) healthy male subjects were randomized to undertake 6 months of either endurance training (ET; n = 10) or resistance training (RT; n = 13). High-resolution ultrasound was used to determine brachial, femoral and carotid artery diameter and wall thickness (IMT) and femoral and brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)-mediated dilatation. Improvements in peak oxygen uptake occurred with ET (from 3.6 ± 0.7 to 3.8 ± 0.6 l min(-1), P = 0.024) but not RT. Upper body muscular strength increased following RT (from 57.8 ± 17.7 to 69.0 ± 19.5 kg, P < 0.001), but not ET. Both groups exhibited increases in lean body mass (ET, 1.4 ± 1.8 kg and RT, 2.3 ± 1.3 kg, P < 0.05). Resistance training increased brachial artery resting diameter (from 3.8 ± 0.5 to 4.1 ± 0.4 mm, P < 0.05), peak FMD diameter (+0.2 ± 0.2 mm, P < 0.05) and GTN-mediated diameter (+0.3 ± 0.3 mm, P < 0.01), as well as brachial FMD (from 5.1 ± 2.2 to 7.0 ± 3.9%, P < 0.05). No improvements in any brachial parameters were observed following ET. Conversely, ET increased femoral artery resting diameter (from 6.2 ± 0.7 to 6.4 ± 0.6 mm, P < 0.05), peak FMD diameter (+0.4 ± 0.4 mm, P < 0.05) and GTN-induced diameter (+0.3 ± 0.3 mm, P < 0.05), as well as femoral FMD-to-GTN ratio (from 0.6 ± 0.3 to 1.1 ± 0.8, P < 0.05). Resistance training did not induce changes in femoral artery parameters. Carotid artery IMT decreased in response to both forms of training. These findings indicate that 6 months of supervised exercise training induced changes in brachial and femoral artery size and function and decreased carotid artery IMT. These impacts of both RT and ET would be expected to translate to decreased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Spence
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health (M408), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Blood flow restricted exercise and vascular function. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:543218. [PMID: 23133756 PMCID: PMC3485988 DOI: 10.1155/2012/543218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that regular aerobic training improves vascular function, for example, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and arterial stiffness or compliance and thereby constitutes a preventative measure against cardiovascular disease. In contrast, high-intensity resistance training impairs vascular function, while the influence of moderate-intensity resistance training on vascular function is still controversial. However, aerobic training is insufficient to inhibit loss in muscular strength with advancing age; thus, resistance training is recommended to prevent sarcopenia. Recently, several lines of study have provided compelling data showing that exercise and training with blood flow restriction (BFR) leads to muscle hypertrophy and strength increase. As such, BFR training might be a novel means of overcoming the contradiction between aerobic and high-intensity resistance training. Although it is not enough evidence to obtain consensus about impact of BFR training on vascular function, available evidences suggested that BFR training did not change coagulation factors and arterial compliance though with inconsistence results in endothelial function. This paper is a review of the literature on the impact of BFR exercise and training on vascular function, such as endothelial function, arterial compliance, or other potential factors in comparison with those of aerobic and resistance training.
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Weber T, Beijer Å, Rosenberger A, Mulder E, Yang P, Schönau E, Bloch W, Rittweger J. Vascular adaptations induced by 6 weeks WBV resistance exercise training. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2012; 33:92-100. [PMID: 23383686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2012.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of whole-body vibration (WBV) upon the cardiovascular system is receiving increasing attention. Despite numerous studies addressing the acute cardiovascular effects of WBV training, very little is known regarding long-term adaptations in healthy humans. METHODS A 6-week training study, with a 70 days follow-up was designed to compare resistive exercise with or without super-imposed whole-body vibrations. Arterial diameter, intima media thickness and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were assessed by ultrasonography in the superficial femoral artery (SFA), the brachial (BA) and the carotid arteries (CA). RESULTS SFA resting diameter was increased from 6·22 mm (SD = 0·69 mm) at baseline to 6·52 mm (SD = 0·74 mm) at the end of the training period (P = 0·03) with no difference between groups (P = 0·48). Arterial wall thickness was significantly reduced by 4·3% (SD = 11%) in the CA only (P = 0·04). FMD was not affected by any of the interventions and in any of the investigated arteries. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this has been the first study to show that the superposition of vibration upon conventional resistance exercise does not have a specific effect upon long-term vascular adaptation in asymptomatic humans. Our findings seem to be at variance with the findings observed in a bed-rest setting. One possible explanation could be that the independently saturable effects of flow-mediated versus acceleration-related endothelial shear stresses on arterial structure and function differ between ambulatory and bed-rest conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weber
- Department of Space Physiology, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
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Rakobowchuk M, Harris E, Taylor A, Cubbon RM, Birch KM. Moderate and heavy metabolic stress interval training improve arterial stiffness and heart rate dynamics in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:839-49. [PMID: 22983616 PMCID: PMC3599166 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional continuous aerobic exercise training attenuates age-related increases of arterial stiffness, however, training studies have not determined whether metabolic stress impacts these favourable effects. Twenty untrained healthy participants (n = 11 heavy metabolic stress interval training, n = 9 moderate metabolic stress interval training) completed 6 weeks of moderate or heavy intensity interval training matched for total work and exercise duration. Carotid artery stiffness, blood pressure contour analysis, and linear and non-linear heart rate variability were assessed before and following training. Overall, carotid arterial stiffness was reduced (p < 0.01), but metabolic stress-specific alterations were not apparent. There was a trend for increased absolute high-frequency (HF) power (p = 0.10) whereas both absolute low-frequency (LF) power (p = 0.05) and overall power (p = 0.02) were increased to a similar degree following both training programmes. Non-linear heart rate dynamics such as detrended fluctuation analysis \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$({| {1 - \alpha_{1} }|})$$\end{document} also improved (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of interval training at improving arterial stiffness and autonomic function, however, the metabolic stress was not a mediator of this effect. In addition, these changes were also independent of improvements in aerobic capacity, which were only induced by training that involved a high metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rakobowchuk
- Health, Exercise and Active Life Research Unit, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Ozaki H, Yasuda T, Ogasawara R, Sakamaki-Sunaga M, Naito H, Abe T. Effects of high-intensity and blood flow-restricted low-intensity resistance training on carotid arterial compliance: role of blood pressure during training sessions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:167-74. [PMID: 22618304 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of high-intensity resistance training (HIT) and low-intensity blood flow-restricted (LI-BFR) resistance training on carotid arterial compliance. Nineteen young men were randomly divided into HIT (n = 9) or LI-BFR (n = 10) groups. The HIT and LI-BFR groups performed 75 and 30 %, respectively, of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press exercise, 3 days per week for 6 weeks. During the training sessions, the LI-BFR group wore elastic cuffs around the most proximal region of both arms. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), 1-RM strength, and carotid arterial compliance were measured before and 3 days after the final training session. Acute changes in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitrite/nitrate (NOx), and noradrenalin concentrations were also measured during and after a bout of training session. The training led to significant increases (P < 0.01) in bench press 1-RM and arm and chest muscle CSA in the two training groups. Carotid arterial compliance decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the HIT group, but not in the LI-BFR group. There was a significant correlation (r = -0.533, P < 0.05) between the change in carotid arterial compliance and the acute change in SAP during training sessions; however, ET-1 and NOx did not correlate with carotid arterial compliance. Our results suggest that muscle CSA and strength increased following 6 weeks of both HIT and LI-BFR training. However, carotid arterial compliance decreased in only the HIT group, and the changes were correlated with SAP elevations during exercise sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayao Ozaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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Angell P, Chester N, Green D, Somauroo J, Whyte G, George K. Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Risk. Sports Med 2012; 42:119-34. [DOI: 10.2165/11598060-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
Thickening of the carotid artery wall has been adopted as a surrogate marker of pre-clinical atherosclerosis, which is strongly related to increased cardiovascular risk. The cardioprotective effects of exercise training, including direct effects on vascular function and lumen dimension, have been consistently reported in asymptomatic subjects and those with cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. In the present review, we summarize evidence pertaining to the impact of exercise and physical activity on arterial wall remodelling of the carotid artery and peripheral arteries in the upper and lower limbs. We consider the potential role of exercise intensity, duration and modality in the context of putative mechanisms involved in wall remodelling, including haemodynamic forces. Finally, we discuss the impact of exercise training in terms of primary prevention of wall thickening in healthy subjects and remodelling of arteries in subjects with existing cardiovascular disease and risk factors.
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