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Vöröslakos M, Yaghmazadeh O, Alon L, Sodickson DK, Buzsáki G. Brain-implanted conductors amplify radiofrequency fields in rodents: Advantages and risks. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:139-155. [PMID: 37876116 PMCID: PMC10947979 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, daily exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields has been increasing due to the rapid development of wireless and medical imaging technologies. Under extreme circumstances, exposure to very strong RF energy can lead to heating of body tissue, even resulting in tissue injury. The presence of implanted devices, moreover, can amplify RF effects on surrounding tissue. Therefore, it is important to understand the interactions of RF fields with tissue in the presence of implants, in order to establish appropriate wireless safety protocols, and also to extend the benefits of medical imaging to increasing numbers of people with implanted medical devices. This study explored the neurological effects of RF exposure in rodents implanted with neuronal recording electrodes. We exposed freely moving and anesthetized rats and mice to 950 MHz RF energy while monitoring their brain activity, temperature, and behavior. We found that RF exposure could induce fast onset firing of single neurons without heat injury. In addition, brain implants enhanced the effect of RF stimulation resulting in reversible behavioral changes. Using an optical temperature measurement system, we found greater than tenfold increase in brain temperature in the vicinity of the implant. On the one hand, our results underline the importance of careful safety assessment for brain-implanted devices, but on the other hand, we also show that metal implants may be used for neurostimulation if brain temperature can be kept within safe limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Vöröslakos
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Omid Yaghmazadeh
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Leeor Alon
- Department of Radiology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel K. Sodickson
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Radiology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Canovi A, Orlacchio R, Poulletier de Gannes F, Lévêque P, Arnaud-Cormos D, Lagroye I, Garenne A, Percherancier Y, Lewis N. In vitro exposure of neuronal networks to the 5G-3.5 GHz signal. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1231360. [PMID: 37608978 PMCID: PMC10441122 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1231360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current deployment of the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communications raises new questions about the potential health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. So far, most of the established biological effects of RF have been known to be caused by heating. We previously reported inhibition of the spontaneous electrical activity of neuronal networks in vitro when exposed to 1.8 GHz signals at specific absorption rates (SAR) well above the guidelines. The present study aimed to assess the effects of RF fields at 3.5 GHz, one of the frequencies related to 5G, on neuronal activity in-vitro. Potential differences in the effects elicited by continuous-wave (CW) and 5G-modulated signals were also investigated. Methods Spontaneous activity of neuronal cultures from embryonic cortices was recorded using 60-electrode multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) between 17 and 27 days in vitro. The neuronal cultures were subjected to 15 min RF exposures at SAR of 1, 3, and 28 W/kg. Results At SAR close to the guidelines (1 and 3 W/kg), we found no conclusive evidence that 3.5 GHz RF exposure impacts the activity of neurons in vitro. On the contrary, CW and 5G-modulated signals elicited a clear decrease in bursting and total firing rates during RF exposure at high SAR levels (28 W/kg). Our experimental findings extend our previous results, showing that RF, at 1.8 to 3.5 GHz, inhibits the electrical activity of neurons in vitro at levels above environmental standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Canovi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
| | - Rosa Orlacchio
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Limoges, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Paris, France
| | - André Garenne
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
| | | | - Noëlle Lewis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence, France
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Scientific evidence invalidates health assumptions underlying the FCC and ICNIRP exposure limit determinations for radiofrequency radiation: implications for 5G. Environ Health 2022; 21:92. [PMID: 36253855 PMCID: PMC9576312 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the late-1990s, the FCC and ICNIRP adopted radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure limits to protect the public and workers from adverse effects of RFR. These limits were based on results from behavioral studies conducted in the 1980s involving 40-60-minute exposures in 5 monkeys and 8 rats, and then applying arbitrary safety factors to an apparent threshold specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg. The limits were also based on two major assumptions: any biological effects were due to excessive tissue heating and no effects would occur below the putative threshold SAR, as well as twelve assumptions that were not specified by either the FCC or ICNIRP. In this paper, we show how the past 25 years of extensive research on RFR demonstrates that the assumptions underlying the FCC's and ICNIRP's exposure limits are invalid and continue to present a public health harm. Adverse effects observed at exposures below the assumed threshold SAR include non-thermal induction of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, cardiomyopathy, carcinogenicity, sperm damage, and neurological effects, including electromagnetic hypersensitivity. Also, multiple human studies have found statistically significant associations between RFR exposure and increased brain and thyroid cancer risk. Yet, in 2020, and in light of the body of evidence reviewed in this article, the FCC and ICNIRP reaffirmed the same limits that were established in the 1990s. Consequently, these exposure limits, which are based on false suppositions, do not adequately protect workers, children, hypersensitive individuals, and the general population from short-term or long-term RFR exposures. Thus, urgently needed are health protective exposure limits for humans and the environment. These limits must be based on scientific evidence rather than on erroneous assumptions, especially given the increasing worldwide exposures of people and the environment to RFR, including novel forms of radiation from 5G telecommunications for which there are no adequate health effects studies.
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Lemercier CE, Garenne A, Poulletier de Gannes F, El Khoueiry C, Arnaud-Cormos D, Levêque P, Lagroye I, Percherancier Y, Lewis N. Comparative study between radiofrequency-induced and muscimol-induced inhibition of cultured networks of cortical neuron. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268605. [PMID: 36044461 PMCID: PMC9432733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that spontaneously active cultured networks of cortical neuron grown planar microelectrode arrays are sensitive to radiofrequency (RF) fields and exhibit an inhibitory response more pronounced as the exposure time and power increase. To better understand the mechanism behind the observed effects, we aimed at identifying similarities and differences between the inhibitory effect of RF fields (continuous wave, 1800 MHz) to the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agonist muscimol (MU). Inhibition of the network bursting activity in response to RF exposure became apparent at an SAR level of 28.6 W/kg and co-occurred with an elevation of the culture medium temperature of ~1°C. Exposure to RF fields preferentially inhibits bursting over spiking activity and exerts fewer constraints on neural network bursting synchrony, differentiating it from a pharmacological inhibition with MU. Network rebound excitation, a phenomenon relying on the intrinsic properties of cortical neurons, was observed following the removal of tonic hyperpolarization after washout of MU but not in response to cessation of RF exposure. This implies that hyperpolarization is not the main driving force mediating the inhibitory effects of RF fields. At the level of single neurons, network inhibition induced by MU and RF fields occurred with reduced action potential (AP) half-width. As changes in AP waveform strongly influence efficacy of synaptic transmission, the narrowing effect on AP seen under RF exposure might contribute to reducing network bursting activity. By pointing only to a partial overlap between the inhibitory hallmarks of these two forms of inhibition, our data suggest that the inhibitory mechanisms of the action of RF fields differ from the ones mediated by the activation of GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément E. Lemercier
- Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Department of Systems Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail: (CEL); (NL)
| | - André Garenne
- Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Corinne El Khoueiry
- Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, Limoges, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Lagroye
- Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
- Paris “Sciences et Lettres” Research University, Paris, France
| | - Yann Percherancier
- Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Noëlle Lewis
- Laboratoire de l’Intégration du Matériau au Système, CNRS UMR 5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
- * E-mail: (CEL); (NL)
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Yaghmazadeh O, Vöröslakos M, Alon L, Carluccio G, Collins C, Sodickson DK, Buzsáki G. Neuronal activity under transcranial radio-frequency stimulation in metal-free rodent brains in-vivo. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2022; 1:15. [PMID: 38125336 PMCID: PMC10732550 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-022-00014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
As the use of Radio Frequency (RF) technologies increases, the impact of RF radiation on neurological function continues to receive attention. Whether RF radiation can modulate ongoing neuronal activity by non-thermal mechanisms has been debated for decades. However, the interactions between radiated energy and metal-based neural probes during experimentation could impact neural activity, making interpretation of the results difficult. To address this problem, we modified a miniature 1-photon Ca2+ imaging device to record interference-free neural activity and compared the results to those acquired using metal-containing silicon probes. We monitored the neuronal activity of awake rodent-brains under RF energy exposure (at 950 MHz) and in sham control paradigms. Spiking activity was reliably affected by RF energy in metal containing systems. However, we did not observe neuronal responses using metal-free optical recordings at induced local electric field strengths up to 230 V/m. Our results suggest that RF exposure higher than levels that are allowed by regulatory limits in real-life scenarios do not affect neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Yaghmazadeh
- Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Omid Yaghmazadeh, Mihály Vöröslakos
| | - Mihály Vöröslakos
- Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Omid Yaghmazadeh, Mihály Vöröslakos
| | - Leeor Alon
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Giuseppe Carluccio
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christopher Collins
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel K. Sodickson
- Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Orlacchio R, Percherancier Y, Poulletier De Gannes F, Hurtier A, Lagroye I, Leveque P, Arnaud-Cormos D. In Vivo Functional Ultrasound (fUS) Real-Time Imaging and Dosimetry of Mice Brain Under Radiofrequency Exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:257-267. [PMID: 35485721 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze in real-time the potential modifications induced by low-level continuous-wave and Global System for Mobile Communications radiofrequency (RF) exposure at 1.8 GHz on brain activation in anesthetized mice. A specific in vivo experimental setup consisting of a dipole antenna for the local exposure of the brain was fully characterized. A unique neuroimaging technique based on a functional ultrasound (fUS) probe was used to observe the areas of mice brain activation simultaneously to the RF exposure with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution (~100 μm, 1 ms) following manual whisker stimulation using a brush. Numerical and experimental dosimetry was carried out to characterize the exposure and to guarantee the validity of the biological results. Our results show that the fUS probe can be efficiently used during in vivo exposure without interference with the dipole. In addition, we conclude that exposure to brain-averaged specific absorption rate levels of 2 and 6 W/kg does not introduce significant changes in the time course of the evoked fUS response in the left barrel field cortex. The proposed technique represents a valuable instrument for providing new insights into the possible effects induced on brain activation under RF exposure. For the first time, brain activity under mobile phone exposure was evaluated in vivo with fUS imaging, paving the way for more realistic exposure configurations, i.e. awake mice and new signals such as the 5 G networks. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Orlacchio
- CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, Limoges, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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7
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Exposure to 1800 MHz LTE electromagnetic fields under proinflammatory conditions decreases the response strength and increases the acoustic threshold of auditory cortical neurons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4063. [PMID: 35260711 PMCID: PMC8902282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased needs for mobile phone communications have raised successive generations (G) of wireless technologies, which could differentially affect biological systems. To test this, we exposed rats to single head-only exposure of a 4G long-term evolution (LTE)-1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) for 2 h. We then assessed the impact on microglial space coverage and electrophysiological neuronal activity in the primary auditory cortex (ACx), under acute neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide. The mean specific absorption rate in the ACx was 0.5 W/kg. Multiunit recording revealed that LTE-EMF triggered reduction in the response strength to pure tones and to natural vocalizations, together with an increase in acoustic threshold in the low and medium frequencies. Iba1 immunohistochemistry showed no change in the area covered by microglia cell bodies and processes. In healthy rats, the same LTE-exposure induced no change in response strength and acoustic threshold. Our data indicate that acute neuroinflammation sensitizes neuronal responses to LTE-EMF, which leads to an altered processing of acoustic stimuli in the ACx.
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8
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Echchgadda I, Cantu JC, Tolstykh GP, Butterworth JW, Payne JA, Ibey BL. Changes in the excitability of primary hippocampal neurons following exposure to 3.0 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3506. [PMID: 35241689 PMCID: PMC8894459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposures to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs, 100 kHz to 6 GHz) have been associated with both positive and negative effects on cognitive behavior. To elucidate the mechanism of RF-EMF interaction, a few studies have examined its impact on neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. However, there is still a need for additional basic research that further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of RF-EMFs on the neuronal system. The present study investigated changes in neuronal activity and synaptic transmission following a 60-min exposure to 3.0 GHz RF-EMF at a low dose (specific absorption rate (SAR) < 1 W/kg). We showed that RF-EMF exposure decreased the amplitude of action potential (AP), depolarized neuronal resting membrane potential (MP), and increased neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in cultured primary hippocampal neurons (PHNs). The results show that RF-EMF exposure can alter neuronal activity and highlight that more investigations should be performed to fully explore the RF-EMF effects and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Echchgadda
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 4141 Petroleum Road, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA.
| | - Jody C Cantu
- General Dynamics Information Technology, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 4141 Petroleum Road, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Gleb P Tolstykh
- General Dynamics Information Technology, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 4141 Petroleum Road, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Joseph W Butterworth
- General Dynamics Information Technology, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 4141 Petroleum Road, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Jason A Payne
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 4141 Petroleum Road, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
| | - Bennett L Ibey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 4141 Petroleum Road, San Antonio, TX, 78234, USA
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Joushomme A, Garenne A, Dufossée M, Renom R, Ruigrok HJ, Chappe YL, Canovi A, Patrignoni L, Hurtier A, Poulletier de Gannes F, Lagroye I, Lévêque P, Lewis N, Priault M, Arnaud-Cormos D, Percherancier Y. Label-Free Study of the Global Cell Behavior during Exposure to Environmental Radiofrequency Fields in the Presence or Absence of Pro-Apoptotic or Pro-Autophagic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020658. [PMID: 35054844 PMCID: PMC8776001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains controversial whether exposure to environmental radiofrequency signals (RF) impacts cell status or response to cellular stress such as apoptosis or autophagy. We used two label-free techniques, cellular impedancemetry and Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM), to assess the overall cellular response during RF exposure alone, or during co-exposure to RF and chemical treatments known to induce either apoptosis or autophagy. Two human cell lines (SH-SY5Y and HCT116) and two cultures of primary rat cortex cells (astrocytes and co-culture of neurons and glial cells) were exposed to RF using an 1800 MHz carrier wave modulated with various environmental signals (GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications, 2G signal), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 3G signal), LTE (Long-Term Evolution, 4G signal, and Wi-Fi) or unmodulated RF (continuous wave, CW). The specific absorption rates (S.A.R.) used were 1.5 and 6 W/kg during DHM experiments and ranged from 5 to 24 W/kg during the recording of cellular impedance. Cells were continuously exposed for three to five consecutive days while the temporal phenotypic signature of cells behavior was recorded at constant temperature. Statistical analysis of the results does not indicate that RF-EMF exposure impacted the global behavior of healthy, apoptotic, or autophagic cells, even at S.A.R. levels higher than the guidelines, provided that the temperature was kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Joushomme
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - André Garenne
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Mélody Dufossée
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC/UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Rémy Renom
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Hermanus Johannes Ruigrok
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Yann Loick Chappe
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Anne Canovi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Lorenza Patrignoni
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Annabelle Hurtier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Florence Poulletier de Gannes
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lévêque
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM/UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (P.L.); (D.A.-C.)
| | - Noëlle Lewis
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Muriel Priault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC/UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (M.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM/UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (P.L.); (D.A.-C.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yann Percherancier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS/UMR 5218, F-33400 Talence, France; (A.J.); (A.G.); (R.R.); (H.J.R.); (Y.L.C.); (A.C.); (L.P.); (A.H.); (F.P.d.G.); (I.L.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-40-00-27-24
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Li Y, Deng P, Chen C, Ma Q, Pi H, He M, Lu Y, Gao P, Zhou C, He Z, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Zhang L. 1,800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Irradiation Impairs Neurite Outgrowth With a Decrease in Rap1-GTP in Primary Mouse Hippocampal Neurons and Neuro2a Cells. Front Public Health 2021; 9:771508. [PMID: 34881219 PMCID: PMC8646047 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.771508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With the global popularity of communication devices such as mobile phones, there are increasing concerns regarding the effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the brain, one of the most important organs sensitive to RF-EMR exposure at 1,800 MHz. However, the effects of RF-EMR exposure on neuronal cells are unclear. Neurite outgrowth plays a critical role in brain development, therefore, determining the effects of 1,800 MHz RF-EMR exposure on neurite outgrowth is important for exploring its effects on brain development. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of 1,800 MHz RF-EMR exposure for 48 h on neurite outgrowth in neuronal cells and to explore the associated role of the Rap1 signaling pathway. Material and Methods: Primary hippocampal neurons from C57BL/6 mice and Neuro2a cells were exposed to 1,800 MHz RF-EMR at a specific absorption rate (SAR) value of 4 W/kg for 48 h. CCK-8 assays were used to determine the cell viability after 24, 48, and 72 h of irradiation. Neurite outgrowth of primary hippocampal neurons (DIV 2) and Neuro2a cells was observed with a 20 × optical microscope and recognized by ImageJ software. Rap1a and Rap1b gene expressions were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Rap1, Rap1a, Rap1b, Rap1GAP, and p-MEK1/2 protein expressions were detected by western blot. Rap1-GTP expression was detected by immunoprecipitation. The role of Rap1-GTP was assessed by transfecting a constitutively active mutant plasmid (Rap1-Gly_Val-GFP) into Neuro2a cells. Results: Exposure to 1,800 MHz RF-EMR for 24, 48, and 72 h at 4 W/kg did not influence cell viability. The neurite length, primary and secondary neurite numbers, and branch points of primary mouse hippocampal neurons were significantly impaired by 48-h RF-EMR exposure. The neurite-bearing cell percentage and neurite length of Neuro2a cells were also inhibited by 48-h RF-EMR exposure. Rap1 activity was inhibited by 48-h RF-EMR with no detectable alteration in either gene or protein expression of Rap1. The protein expression of Rap1GAP increased after 48-h RF-EMR exposure, while the expression of p-MEK1/2 protein decreased. Overexpression of constitutively active Rap1 reversed the decrease in Rap1-GTP and the neurite outgrowth impairment in Neuro2a cells induced by 1,800 MHz RF-EMR exposure for 48 h. Conclusion: Rap1 activity and related signaling pathways are involved in the disturbance of neurite outgrowth induced by 48-h 1,800 MHz RF-EMR exposure. The effects of RF-EMR exposure on neuronal development in infants and children deserve greater focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Department of Occupational Health, Ministry of Education, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chen C, Ma Q, Deng P, Lin M, Gao P, He M, Lu Y, Pi H, He Z, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Zhang L. 1800 MHz Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Impairs Neurite Outgrowth Through Inhibiting EPHA5 Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657623. [PMID: 33912567 PMCID: PMC8075058 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing intensity of environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) has increased public concern about its health effects. Of particular concern are the influences of RF-EMF exposure on the development of the brain. The mechanisms of how RF-EMF acts on the developing brain are not fully understood. Here, based on high-throughput RNA sequencing techniques, we revealed that transcripts related to neurite development were significantly influenced by 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure during neuronal differentiation. Exposure to RF-EMF remarkably decreased the total length of neurite and the number of branch points in neural stem cells-derived neurons and retinoic acid-induced Neuro-2A cells. The expression of Eph receptors 5 (EPHA5), which is required for neurite outgrowth, was inhibited remarkably after RF-EMF exposure. Enhancing EPHA5 signaling rescued the inhibitory effects of RF-EMF on neurite outgrowth. Besides, we identified that cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and RhoA were critical downstream factors of EPHA5 signaling in mediating the inhibitory effects of RF-EMF on neurite outgrowth. Together, our finding revealed that RF-EMF exposure impaired neurite outgrowth through EPHA5 signaling. This finding explored the effects and key mechanisms of how RF-EMF exposure impaired neurite outgrowth and also provided a new clue to understanding the influences of RF-EMF on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinglong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin He
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation Protection, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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12
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A Novel Microwave Treatment for Sleep Disorders and Classification of Sleep Stages Using Multi-Scale Entropy. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030347. [PMID: 33286121 PMCID: PMC7516818 DOI: 10.3390/e22030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an integrated system of non-contact sleep stage detection and sleep disorder treatment for health monitoring. Hence, a method of brain activity detection based on microwave scattering technology instead of scalp electroencephalogram was developed to evaluate the sleep stage. First, microwaves at a specific frequency were used to penetrate the functional sites of the brain in patients with sleep disorders to change the firing frequency of the activated areas of the brain and analyze and evaluate statistically the effects on sleep improvement. Then, a wavelet packet algorithm was used to decompose the microwave transmission signal, the refined composite multiscale sample entropy, the refined composite multiscale fluctuation-based dispersion entropy and multivariate multiscale weighted permutation entropy were obtained as features from the wavelet packet coefficient. Finally, the mutual information-principal component analysis feature selection method was used to optimize the feature set and random forest was used to classify and evaluate the sleep stage. The results show that after four times of microwave modulation treatment, sleep efficiency improved continuously, the overall maintenance was above 80%, and the insomnia rate was reduced gradually. The overall classification accuracy of the four sleep stages was 86.4%. The results indicate that the microwaves with a certain frequency can treat sleep disorders and detect abnormal brain activity. Therefore, the microwave scattering method is of great significance in the development of a new brain disease treatment, diagnosis and clinical application system.
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13
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Wallace J, Selmaoui B. Effect of mobile phone radiofrequency signal on the alpha rhythm of human waking EEG: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:274-286. [PMID: 31146099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In response to the exponential increase in mobile phone use and the resulting increase in exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), there have been several studies to investigate via electroencephalography (EEG) whether RF-EMF exposure affects brain activity. Data in the literature have shown that exposure to radiofrequency signals modifies the waking EEG with the main effect on the alpha band frequency (8-13 Hz). However, some studies have reported an increase in alpha band power, while others have shown a decrease, and other studies showed no effect on EEG power. Given that changes in the alpha amplitude are associated with attention and some cognitive aspects of human behavior, researchers deemed necessary to look whether alpha rhythm was modulated under RF-EMF exposure. The present review aims at comparing and discussing the main findings obtained so far regarding RF-EMF effects on alpha rhythm of human waking spontaneous EEG, focusing on differences in protocols between studies, which might explain the observed discrepancies and inconclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Wallace
- Experimental Toxicology Unit, National Institute of Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I-01, Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Brahim Selmaoui
- Experimental Toxicology Unit, National Institute of Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; PériTox Laboratory, UMR-I-01, Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
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14
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Zhao R, Liu Y, Liu S, Luo T, Zhong G, Liu A, Zeng Q, Xin X. [Millimeter wave exposure induces apoptosis in human melanoma A375 cells in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:76-81. [PMID: 30692070 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of millimeter wave (MMW) exposure on apoptosis of human melanoma A375 cells and explore the mechanisms. METHODS Through electromagnetic field calculation we simulated MMW exposure in cells and calculated the specific absorption rate (SAR). The optimal irradiation parameters were determined according to the uniformity and intensity of the SAR. A375 cells were then exposed to MMV for 15, 30, 60, or 90 min, with or without pretreatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor AC-DEVD-fmk (10 μmol/L) for 1 h at 90 min before the exposure. CCK-8 assay was used to assess the changes in the viability and Annexin-V/ PI staining was used to detect the apoptosis of the cells following the exposures; Western blotting was used to detect the expression of caspase-3 in the cells. RESULTS The results of electromagnetic field calculation showed that for optimal MMV exposure, the incident field needed to be perpendicular to the bottom of the plastic Petri dish with the antenna placed below the dish. CCk-8 assay showed that MMW exposure significantly inhibited the cell viability in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.05); exposures for 15, 30, 60, and 90 min all resulted in significantly increased apoptosis of the cells (P < 0.05). The cells with MMW exposure showed significantly increased expression of caspase-3. The inhibitory effect of MMW on the cell viability was antagonized significantly by pretreatment of the cells with AC-DEVD-fmk (P < 0.05), which increased the cell viability rate from (36.7±0.09)% to (59.8±0.06)% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 35.2 GHz millimeter wave irradiation induces apoptosis in A375 cells by activating the caspase-3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sida Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tong Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuegang Xin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510005, China
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